Lignosus rhinocerus

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Lignosus rhinocerus
Tiger Milk Mushroom.png
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Polyporaceae
Genus: Lignosus
Species:
L. rhinocerus
Binomial name
Lignosus rhinocerus
(Cooke) Ryvarden (1972)
Synonyms [1]
  • Polyporus rhinocerusCooke (1879)
  • Fomes rhinocerus(Cooke) Sacc. (1888)
  • Scindalma rhinocerus(Cooke) Kuntze (1898)
  • Polyporus sacer var. rhinocerus(Cooke) Lloyd (1920)
  • Polystictus rhinocerus(Cooke) Boedijn (1940)
  • Microporus rhinocerus(Cooke) Imazeki (1952)

Lignosus rhinocerus, commonly known as tiger milk mushroom, belongs to family Polyporaceae in the division Basidiomycota. [2] [3] [4] This fungus is geographically distributed only in tropical rainforests in the region of South China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea. [5] [6]

Contents

In Malaysia, the tiger milk mushroom is more often known as "Cendawan Susu Rimau". It has been used in traditional medicine.

History

The tiger milk mushroom was first reported in the West in 1664 when a European government agent was given this product upon sailing to the South East Asian Region. According to The Diary of John Evelyn (Publication dated 22 June 1664), this mushroom was named ‘Lac tygridis’, meaning "tiger’s milk". In his publication, Evelyn also recorded that this fungus was used by the local people to treat diseases for which European doctors found no cure. In 1890, Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley, the father of Malaya’s rubber industry, recorded that this fungus was an important medicinal mushroom used by local communities. [7] He even attempted to cultivate it but failed. In the same year, this fungus was scientifically documented by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke who named it as Fomes rhinocerotis based on a specimen found in Penang. [8] Today, it is known by the scientific name Lignosus rhinocerus.

Mycological description

Lignosus rhinocerus has a centrally stipulate pileus, meaning a mushroom cap which grows at the end of a stipe (stem) arising from a buried tuber or sclerotium. [9] Their growth is solitary, and typically only one fruit body can be found at a time.

Claimed benefits

A 2018 review of the testing of investigations into Lignosus rhinocerotis concluded that "there is a paucity of validation studies including human clinical trials of the mycochemicals of L. rhinocerotis." [10]

Aboriginal people boil it with Tongkat ali to be used as general tonic. [11]

Research

Research findings have revealed that tiger milk mushroom sclerotia contain various phytochemicals, such as polysaccharides, polysaccharides-protein complexes, and β-glucan. [12]

Cultivation

The mushroom was successfully cultivated using solid fermentation technology. [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporales</span> Order of fungi

The Polyporales are an order of about 1800 species of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. The order includes some polypores as well as many corticioid fungi and a few agarics. Many species within the order are saprotrophic, most of them wood-rotters. Some genera, such as Ganoderma and Fomes, contain species that attack living tissues and then continue to degrade the wood of their dead hosts. Those of economic importance include several important pathogens of trees and a few species that cause damage by rotting structural timber. Some of the Polyporales are commercially cultivated and marketed for use as food items or in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Polyporus</i> Genus of fungi

Polyporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills or gill-like structures. Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

<i>Oxyporus</i> Genus of fungi

Oxyporus is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Schizoporaceae. An individual family Oxyporaceae was described for the genus. A number of species in this genus are plant pathogens, causing a white rot. The genus is widely distributed.

<i>Fomitopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Fomitopsis is a genus of more than 40 species of bracket fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae.

<i>Phylloporia</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Phylloporia is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Hymenochaetaceae. A 2012 estimate placed 23 species in the genus; this number was increased to 30 by 2015.

<i>Haploporus</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Haploporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Ceriporia</i> Genus of fungi

Ceriporia is a widely distributed genus of crust fungi.

<i>Antrodiella</i> Genus of fungi

Antrodiella is a genus of fungi in the family Steccherinaceae of the order Polyporales.

<i>Coriolopsis</i> Genus of fungi

Coriolopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. The genus is cosmopolitan, with most species in tropical areas. The generic name combines the name Coriolus with the Ancient Greek word ὄψις ("appearance").

<i>Dichomitus</i> Genus of fungi

Dichomitus is a genus of poroid crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by English mycologist Derek Reid in 1965.

Grammothele is a genus of poroid crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Lignosus</i> Genus of fungi

Lignosus is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1920 by mycologists Curtis Gates Lloyd and Camille Torrend, with L. sacer as the type species.

<i>Microporellus</i> Genus of fungi

Microporellus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Nigroporus</i> Genus of fungi

Nigroporus is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. Nigroporus has a pantropical distribution. The genus name combines the Latin word niger ("black") with the Ancient Greek word πόρος ("pore").

<i>Skeletocutis</i> Genus of fungi

Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. It causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates, and the fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.

<i>Tyromyces</i> Genus of fungi

Tyromyces is a genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. It was circumscribed by mycologist Petter Karsten in 1881. The type species is the widely distributed Tyromyces chioneus, commonly known as the white cheese polypore. The phylogenetic position of Tyromyces within the Polyporales is uncertain, but it appears that it does not belong to the "core polyporoid clade". Tyromyces is polyphyletic as it is currently circumscribed, and has been described as "a dumping place for monomitic white-rot species with thin-walled spores."

<i>Nigroporus vinosus</i> Species of fungus

Nigroporus vinosus is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Nigroporus. Its fruit bodies have brownish caps with tinges of purple or red. The cap underside has a pore surface the same colour as the cap, and minute pores. Nigroporus vinosus has a pantropical distribution. It has been recorded from Africa, North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Oceania. It is a wood-decay fungus that causes a white rot.

Amyloporia is a genus of five species of crust fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Its main distinguishing characteristic is the amyloid reaction of the skeletal hyphae, although some authors do not consider this to be sufficient to distinguish Amyloporia from the related genus Antrodia.

<i>Datroniella scutellata</i> Species of fungus

Datroniella scutellata is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of genus Datroniella.

References

  1. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Lignosus rhinoceros (Cooke) Ryvarden". Species Fungorum. Kew Mycology. Retrieved 2016-11-10.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ Ryvarden, L. and Johansen, I. 1980. A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa. Fungiflora. Oslo. 1–636.
  3. ↑ Douanla-Meli C, Langer E. (2003). "A new species of Lignosus (Polyporaceae) from Cameroon". Mycologia 86: 389–94.
  4. ↑ .Tam CS, Ng S-T, Tan J. (2013). "Two new species of Lignosus (Polyporaceae) from Malaysia — L. tigris and L. cameronensis". Mycotaxon 123: 193–204. doi:10.5248/123.193.
  5. ↑ Núñez, M. and Ryvarden, L. 2001. East Asian polypores 2. Polyporaceae s. lato. Synopsis Fungorum 14: 170–522.
  6. ↑ Cui, B.K., Tang, L.P. and Dai, Y.C. 2010. Morphological and molecular evidences for a new species of Lignosus (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from tropical China. Mycologia Progress 1–5.
  7. ↑ Ridley, H. N. (1890). "On the so-called Tiger's Milk, Susu Rimau of the Malays"  . Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 22. pp. 341–344 – via Wikisource.
  8. ↑ Cooke.1879.'XV.Enumeration of Polyporus [J].Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh,13(1):131–159.
  9. ↑ Ryvarden, L. and Johansen, I. 1980. A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa. Fungiflora. Oslo. 1-636.
  10. ↑ Nallathamby, Neeranjini; Phan, Chia-Wei; Seow, Syntyche Ling-Sing; Baskaran, Asweni; Lakshmanan, Hariprasath; Abd Malek, Sri N.; Sabaratnam, Vikineswary (15 January 2018). "A Status Review of the Bioactive Activities of Tiger Milk Mushroom Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 998. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00998 . PMC   5775285 . PMID   29379443.
  11. ↑ (Chang, Y.S. and Lee, S.S. (2001). Utilization of wild mushrooms by the Temuans in Selangor,Malaysia. Poster presented at CFFPR 2001, 100 Year Celebration of Forestry Research, 1-3 Oct 2001, Nikko Hotel, Kuala Lumpur.)
  12. ↑ Lau, B.F.; Abdullah, N.; Aminudin, N.; Lee, H.B.; Tan, P.J. (2015). "Ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities, and cultivation of Lignosus spp. (tiger׳s milk mushrooms) in Malaysia – A review". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 169: 441–458. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.042. PMID   25937256.
  13. ↑ Tan C S, Ng S T, Vikineswary S, et al. 2009. Development of Lignosus rhinocerus (Cendawan Susu Rimau) cultivar-Bring to life to a valuable Malaysian medicinal mushroom [M] . International Congress of Malaysian Society for Microbiology ( ICMSM 2009) . Penang, Malaysia.
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