List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland

Last updated

Unpaved street in the Frysztak Ghetto Unpaved steet in the Frysztak Ghetto.jpg
Unpaved street in the Frysztak Ghetto

Ghettos were established by Nazi Germany in hundreds of locations across occupied Poland after the German invasion of Poland. [1] [2] [3] Most ghettos were established between October 1939 and July 1942 in order to confine and segregate Poland's Jewish population of about 3.5 million for the purpose of persecution, terror, and exploitation. In smaller towns, ghettos often served as staging points for Jewish slave-labor and mass deportation actions, while in the urban centers they resembled walled-off prison-islands described by some historians as little more than instruments of "slow, passive murder", with dead bodies littering the streets. [4]

Contents

In most cases, the larger ghettos did not correspond to traditional Jewish neighborhoods, and non-Jewish Poles and members of other ethnic groups were ordered to take up residence elsewhere. Smaller Jewish communities with populations under 500 were terminated through expulsion soon after the invasion. [5] [6]

The Holocaust

A child lies on the street in the Warsaw Ghetto, May 1941. Photo by the Wehrmacht Propaganda Company 689, now in German Federal Archives Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-134-0771A-39, Polen, Ghetto Warschau, Kind in Lumpen.jpg
A child lies on the street in the Warsaw Ghetto, May 1941. Photo by the Wehrmacht Propaganda Company 689, now in German Federal Archives

The liquidation of the Jewish ghettos across occupied Poland was closely connected with the construction of secretive death camps—industrial-scale mass-extermination facilities—built in early 1942 for the sole purpose of murder. [7] The Nazi extermination program depended on rail transport, which enabled the SS to run and, at the same time, openly lie to their victims about the "resettlement program". Jews were transported to their deaths in Holocaust trains from liquidated ghettos of all occupied cities, including Łódź Ghetto, the last in Poland to be liquidated in August 1944. [7] [8] [9] In some larger ghettos there were armed resistance attempts, such as the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the Białystok Ghetto Uprising, the Będzin and the Łachwa Ghetto uprisings, but in every case they failed against the overwhelming German military force, and the resisting Jews were either executed locally or deported with the rest of prisoners to the extermination camps. [4] By the time Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe was liberated by the Red Army, not a single Jewish ghetto in Poland was left standing. [10] Only about 50,000–120,000 Polish Jews survived the war on native soil, a fraction of their prewar population of 3,500,000. [11] [12]

Partial liquidation of the Bialystok Ghetto, 15-20 August 1943. Jewish men with their hands up, surrounded by military units Bialystok Ghetto 15-20 August 1943 (liquidation).jpg
Partial liquidation of the Białystok Ghetto, 15–20 August 1943. Jewish men with their hands up, surrounded by military units

In total, according to archives of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "The Germans established at least 1000 ghettos in German-occupied and annexed Poland and the Soviet Union alone." [13] The list of locations of the Jewish ghettos within the borders of pre-war and post-war Poland is compiled with the understanding that their inhabitants were either of Polish nationality from before the invasion, or had strong historical ties with Poland. Also, not all ghettos are listed here due to their transient nature. Permanent ghettos were created only in settlements with rail connections, because the food aid (paid by the Jews themselves) was completely dependent on the Germans, making even the potato-peels a hot commodity. [14] Throughout 1940 and 1941, most ghettos were sealed off from the outside, walled off or enclosed with barbed wire, and any Jews found outside them could be shot on sight. The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest ghetto in all of Nazi-occupied Europe, with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi), or 7.2 persons per room. [15] The Łódź Ghetto was the second largest, holding about 160,000 inmates. [16] In documents and signage, the Nazis usually referred to the ghettos they created as Jüdischer Wohnbezirk or Wohngebiet der Juden, meaning "Jewish Quarter". By the end of 1941, most Polish Jews were already ghettoized, even though the Germans knew that the system was unsustainable; most inmates had no chance of earning their own keep, and no savings left to pay the SS for further deliveries. [14] The quagmire was resolved at the Wannsee conference of 20 January 1942 near Berlin, where the "Final Solution" (die Endlösung der Judenfrage) was set in place. [17]

List of Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland

The settlements listed in the Polish language, [3] including major cities, had all been renamed after the 1939 joint invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union. Renaming everything in their own image had been one way in which the invaders sought to redraw Europe's political map. All Polish territories were assigned as either Nazi zones of occupation (i.e. Bezirk Bialystok, Provinz Ostpreußen, etc.), or annexed by the Soviet Union, soon to be overrun again in Operation Barbarossa. [3] The Soviet Ukraine and Byelorussia witnessed the "Polish Operation" of the NKVD, resulting in the virtual absence of ethnic Poles in the USSR along the pre-war border with Poland since the Great Purge. [18] [19]

Ghetto location in prewar
and postwar Poland [20]
PopulationDate of
creation
Date of
liquidation
Final
destination
  (in alphabetical order)      (year, month)     (year, month) 
1939–1940
The first ghetto (Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto) was set up on 8 October 1939, 38 days after the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. [21] Within months, the most populous Jewish ghettos in World War II, the Warsaw Ghetto and the Łódź Ghetto, had been established.
   Aleksandrów Lódzki 3,500   1939  Dec 1939    to Głowno ghetto
   Bełżyce 4,500   Jun 1940  May 1943    to Budzyń ghetto → Sobibor and Majdanek
   Będzin Ghetto 7,000 [3] –28,000 [22]  Jul 1940  Aug 1943    to Auschwitz (7,000). [23]
   Błonie 2,100   Dec 1940  Feb 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,100)
   Bodzentyn 700   1940  Sep 1942    to Suchedniów ghetto → Treblinka. [24]
   Brześć Kujawski 630   1940  Apr 1942    to Łódź GhettoChełmno death camp
   Brzesko 4,000-6,000fall 1941Sept 1942to Auschwitz and Belzec
   Brzeziny 6,000–6,800   Feb 1940  May 1942    to Łódź GhettoChełmno
   Brzozów 1,000   1940  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Bychawa 2,700   1940  Apr 1941    to Belzyce
   Chęciny 4,000   1940 – Jun 1941  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Ciechanów 5,000 [25]  1940  Nov 1942    to labour camps (1,500), Mława Ghetto → Auschwitz, [26] many killed locally. [25]
   Dąbrowa Górnicza 4,000–10,000   1940  Jun 1943    to Auschwitz
   Dęblin–Irena Ghetto 3,300–5,800   Apr 1940  Oct 1942    to Sobibor and Treblinka
   Działoszyce 15,000?   Apr 1940  Oct 1942    to Płaszów and Bełżec extermination camp
   Gąbin 2,000–2,300   1940  Apr 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Głowno 5,600   May 1940  Mar 1941    to Łowicz ghetto and Warsaw Ghetto (5,600)
   Gorlice (labor camp 1st)?   1940  1942    to Buchenwald, Muszyna, Mielec, see Gorlice Ghetto (1941)
   Góra Kalwaria 3,300   Jan 1940  Feb 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (3,000), 300 killed locally
   Grodzisk Mazowiecki 6,000   1940 – Jan 1941  Oct 1942    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000)
   Grójec 5,200–6,000   Jul 1940  Sep 1942    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 6,000) → Treblinka
   Izbica Kujawska 1,000   1940  Jan 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Jeżów 1,600   1940  Feb 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,600)
   Jędrzejów 6,000   Mar 1940  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Kazimierz Dolny 2,000–3,500   1940 – Apr 1941  Mar 1942    to Sobibor, and Treblinka
   Kobyłka 1,500   Sep 1940  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Koło 2,000–5,000   Dec 1940  Dec 1941    to Treblinka (2,000) and Chełmno
   Koniecpol 1,100–1,600   1940  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Konin 1,500?   Dec 1939  1940 – Mar 1941    to Zagórów & other ghettos → killed locally
   Kozienice 13,000   Jan 1940  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Koźminek 2,500   1940  Jul 1942     to Chełmno
   Krasnystaw 2,000   Aug 1940  Oct 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Krośniewice 1,500   May 1940  Mar 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Kutno 7,000   Jun 1940  Mar 1942    to Chełmno
   Legionowo 3,000   1940  1942    to Treblinka
   Łańcut 2,700   Dec 1939  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Łask 4,000   Dec 1940  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Łowicz 8,000–8,200   1940  Mar 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all; with labor camp) [27]
   Łódź Ghetto 200,000   8 Feb 1940  Aug 1944    to Auschwitz and Chełmno extermination camp, labour camps (1,000)
   Marki ?   1940 – Mar 1941  1942    to Warsaw Ghetto
   Mielec 4,000–4,500   1940  Mar 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto 5,000–7,000   Oct 1940  Aug 1942    to Treblinka, 1,300 killed locally
   Mława 6,000–6,500   Dec 1940  Nov 1942    to Treblinka and Auschwitz
   Mogielnica 1,500   1940  28 Feb 1942    to Warsaw Ghetto (all) → Treblinka. [28]
   Mordy 4,500   Nov 1940  Aug 1942    to Treblinka
   Myślenice 1,200   1940  Aug 1942    to Skawina Ghetto (all) → Bełżec
   Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki 2,000–4,000   1940 – Jan 1941  Dec 1942    to Pomiechówek ghetto → Auschwitz
   Nowy Korczyn 4,000   1940  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Opoczno 3,000–4,000   Nov 1940  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Otwock 12,000–15,000   Dec 1939  Aug 1942    to Treblinka, and Auschwitz
   Pabianice 8,500–9,000   Feb 1940  May 1942    to Łódź GhettoChełmno death camp
   Piaseczno 2,500   1940  Jan 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,500)
   Piaski (transit)10,000   1940  Nov 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp, Sobibor, Trawniki concentration camp
   Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto 25,000 [29]  8 Oct 1939 [21] 14 / 21 Oct 1942   to Majdanek and Treblinka (22,000), [29] killed locally also
   Płock 7,000–10,000   1939–1940  Feb 1941    to Działdowo ghetto
   Płońsk 12,000   Sep 1940  Nov 1942    to Treblinka, Auschwitz
   Poddębice 1,500   Nov 1940  Apr 1942    to Treblinka(?)
   Pruszków 1,400   1940  1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 1,400)
   Przedbórz 4,000–5,000   Mar 1940  Oct 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp and Treblinka
   Puławy 5,000   Nov – Dec 1939  1940    to Opole LubelskieSobibor
   Radomsko 18,000–20,000   1939 – Jan 1940  21 Jul 1943    to Treblinka extermination camp (18,000)
   Radzymin 2,500   Sep 1940  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Serock 2,000   Feb 1940  Dec 1940    to other ghettos
   Sieradz 2,500–5,000   Mar 1940  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Sierpc 500–3,000   1940  Feb 1942    to Warsaw GhettoTreblinka
   Skaryszew 1,800   1940  Apr 1942    to Szydlowiec
   Skierniewice 4,300–7,000   Dec 1940  Apr 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 7,000)
   Sochaczew 3,000–4,000   Jan 1940  Feb 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 3,000)
   Stalowa Wola 2,500   1940  Jul 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Stryj    12,000   1940–1941  Jun 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Szadek 500   1940  1940    to other ghettos
   Szczebrzeszyn 4,000   1940 – Apr 1941  Oct 1942    to Bełżec death camp, killed locally also
   Tomaszów Mazowiecki 16,000–20,000   Dec 1940  Nov 1942    to Treblinka (16,000), with 4,000 killed locally
   Tuliszków 230   Dec 1939  Jan 1940    to Kowale PańskieChełmno
   Turek 5,000   1940  Oct 1941    to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 5,000)
   Tyszowce 1,500–2,000   1940  Sep 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Uchanie 2,000   1940  Nov 1942    to Sobibor
   Ulanów 500   1940  Oct 1942    to other ghettos
   Uniejów 500   1940  Oct 1941    to Kowale Pańskie ghetto (all 500)
   Warka 2,800   1940  Feb 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 2,800)
   Warta 1,000–2,400   Feb 1940  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Warsaw Ghetto, see Muranów neighbourhood of Warsaw (whole) [30] 445,000   Oct – 15 Nov 1940  Sep 1942    to Treblinka extermination camp (300,000), and Majdanek, Trawniki, Poniatowa
   Włocławek 4,000–13,500   Oct 1940  Apr 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Włodawa 10,500  [31] (sealed) 1941  Apr – May 1943    to Sobibor, also shot locally
   Włoszczowa 4,000–6,000   Jul 1940  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Wodzisław 4,000   Jun 1940  Nov 1942    to Treblinka
   Wołomin 3,000–5,500   1940–1942  Apr 1943    to Treblinka
   Wyszogród 2,700–3,000   Dec 1940  Nov 1942    to Treblinka
   Zagórów 2,000–2,500   Jul 1940  Oct 1941    all killed locally
   Zamość 12,000–14,000   1940  May 1943    to Izbica GhettoBełżec, Majdanek
   Zduńska Wola 8,300–10,000   1940  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Żychlin 2,800–4,000   Jul 1940  Mar 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Żyrardów 3,000–5,000   Dec 1940  Feb 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto (all 5,000)
1941
Under the codename Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, followed by the creation of new ghettos and mass murder of Jews by mobile killing squads.
   Augustów 4,000   Oct 1941  Jun 1942    to Treblinka and Auschwitz, shot locally
   Bełchatów 5,500–6,000   Mar 1941  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Biała Podlaska 7,000–8,400   Jul 1941  Sep 1942    to Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka
   Biała Rawska 4,000   Sep 1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Białystok Ghetto 40,000–50,000   26 Jul 1941  Nov 1943    to Majdanek, Treblinka
   Bielsk Podlaski 11,000–15,100   Aug 1941Nov 1942  to Treblinka, many killed locally [32] [33]
   Biłgoraj 2,500–3,000   1941–1942  Nov 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Bobowa 658? [34]  Oct 1941  Aug 1942    to Gorlice and Biecz ghettos
   Bochnia 14,000–15,000   Mar 1941  Sep 1943    to SzebnieBełżec and Auschwitz
   Brześć Litewski Ghetto 18,000   16 Dec 1941  Oct 1942   5,000 shot locally before the ghetto was set up → Bronna Góra ravine [35]
   Busko Zdrój 2,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Chełm 8,000–12,000   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Sobibor
   Chmielnik 10,000–14,000   Apr 1941  Nov 1942    to Treblinka
   Chodel 1,400   Jun 1941  1942    to other ghettos
   Chrzanów 8,000   Nov 1941  Feb 1943    to Auschwitz
   Ciechanowiec 4,000   1941  Nov 1941    to Treblinka
   Ciepielów 600   Dec 1941  15 / 29 Oct 1942 [36]    to TreblinkaPolish rescuers killed locally 6 Dec 1942. [37]
   Czeladź 800   Nov 1941  Feb 1943    to Auschwitz
   Częstochowa Ghetto 48,000   9 Apr 1941  22 Sep – 9 Oct 1942    to Treblinka extermination camp
   Ćmielów 1,500–2,000? [38]  1941  Oct (end) 1942    to Treblinka (900), [36] rest murdered locally
   Dąbie 900   1941  Dec 1941    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Dobre 500–1,000   1941  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Drohiczyn 700   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Bransk and Bielsk ghettos
   Drzewica 2,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Dubienka 2,500–3,000   Jun 1941  Oct 1942    to other ghettos
   Głogów Małopolski (120)?   1941  1942    to Rzeszów ghetto → 5,000 shot locally
   Gniewoszów (open type)6,580 [39]  Dec 1941  Nov 1942    to Zwoleń (5,000); 1,000 → Treblinka
   Goniądz 1,000–1,300   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Bogusze ghetto
   Gorlice 4,500   Oct 1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Gostynin 3,500   1941  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Grajewo 3,000   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Bogusze ghetto
   Hrubieszów (open type)6,800–10,000   Jun 1941 – May 1942  May – Nov 1943   to Sobibor and Budzyn labour camp, many shot locally, 2,000 fled. [40]
   Iłża 1,900–2,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Inowłódz 500–600   1941  Aug 1942    to Tomaszow Mazowiecki ghetto
   Iwacewicze 600   1941 [41]  14 Mar 1942    to Słonim Ghetto, all killed locally
   Izbica Ghetto (transit)12,000–22,700 [42]  1941 [43]  2 Nov 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp and Sobibor, 4,500 killed locally
   Jasło 2,000–3,000   1941  Aug 1942    to other ghettos
   Jedwabne 100–130   Jul 1941  Nov 1941    to Łomża GhettoTreblinka, 340 killed locally. [44]
   Kalisz 400   1941  1942    to other ghettos
   Kałusz 6,000   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp, several hundreds executed locally
   Karczew 700   Mar 1941  Oct 1941    to Warsaw Ghetto
   Kielce Ghetto 27,000   Mar 1941  Aug 1942    to Treblinka, with 6,000 killed locally
   Kłobuck 2,000   1941  Jun 1942    to Auschwitz
   Knyszyn 2,000   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Bialystok Ghetto
   Kobryn 8,000   Jun 1941  Oct 1942    all killed locally
   Kock 2,500–3,000   Jun 1941  Dec 1942    to Treblinka
   Kodeń ?   Jun 1941  Sep 1942    to Miedzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto
   Kolbuszowa 2,500   1941  Sep 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Koluszki 2,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Końskie 10,000   1941  Jan 1943    to Treblinka
   Korczyn 2,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Kraków Ghetto 20,000 (pop. 68,500)   Mar 1941  Mar 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp and Płaszów; 48,000 expelled in 1940. [45]
   Kraśnik 5,000–6,000   1940–1941  Nov 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Krynki 5,000–6,000   Jun – Nov 1941  Nov 1942    to Kiełbasin transit campTreblinka [46]
   Książ Wielki 200? [47]  1941  Nov 1942    to Miechów ghetto
   Kunów 500   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Limanowa 2,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Lipsk 3,000   Dec 1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Lubartów Ghetto 3,269–4,500   Jun 1941  Oct 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Lublin Ghetto 30,000–40,000   24 Mar 1941  Nov 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp (30,000) [48] and Majdanek (4,000)
   Lwów Ghetto 115,000–160,000   Jun – Nov 1941  Jun 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp and Janowska concentration camp
   Łapy 600   Jun – Jul 1941  Nov 1942    to Białystok Ghetto
   Łaskarzew 1,300   1941  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Łęczyca 3,000–4,300   1941  Jun 1942    to Chełmno, many killed locally
   Łomża Ghetto 9,000–11,000   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to Auschwitz, many killed locally
   Łosice 5,500–6,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Treblinka
   Łuków 10,000 [3]  1941  Oct – Nov 1942    to Treblinka (Oct: 7,000; Nov: 3,000) [49]
   Łuck Ghetto 25,000 [3]  Dec 1941  19 / 24 Aug 1942    all killed locally (most at Polanka) [50]
   Maków Mazowiecki 3,500–5,000   1941  Dec 1942    to Treblinka
   Michałowo 1,500   1941  Nov 1942    to Bialystok Ghetto
   Miechów 4,000   1941  1942    to Bełżec (1,000 killed locally)
   Nowe Miasto 3,700   1941  22 Oct 1942    to Treblinka (3,000), [49] rest killed locally
   Nowogródek 6,000? [47]  Jun 1941  Oct 1942    all killed locally
   Nowy Sącz Ghetto 20,000   Aug 1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Nowy Targ 2,500   1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Nowy Żmigród 1,300   1941  Jul 1942    all killed locally
   Olkusz 3,000–4,000   1941  Jun 1942    to Auschwitz
   Opatów Ghetto 10,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Opole Lubelskie 8,000–10,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Sobibor and Poniatowa ghetto
   Osiek 500   1941  Jun 1942    to Ożarów ghetto → Treblinka [51]
   Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski 16,000   Apr 1941  10 Jan 1943    to Treblinka [ citation needed ]
   Ozorków 3,000–5,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Łódź GhettoChełmno
   Pajęczno 3,000   1941  1942    to Łódź Ghetto
   Parczew 7,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Piątek ?   1941  Jul 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Pilzno 788? [34]  1941  Jun 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Pińczów 3,000–3,500   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Pionki (labor camp)682 [52]  1941  Aug 1942    to Zwoleń ghetto → Treblinka
   Połaniec 2,000   1941  1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Praszka ?   1941  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Rabka 300   1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Radom Ghetto 30,000–32,000   Mar 1941  Aug 1942    to Treblinka extermination camp
   Radomyśl Wielki 1,300? [34]  1941  1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Radoszyce 3,200? [53]  1941  Nov 1942    to Treblinka
   Radzyn Podlaski 2,000–3,000   1941  Dec 1942    to Treblinka
   Rajgród 1,200   1941  Nov 1942    to Bogusze
   Rawa Mazowiecka 4,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Rejowiec 3,000   1941  1943    to Auschwitz, Sobibor and Majdanek
   Ropczyce 800   1941  Jul 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Ryki 1,800–3,500   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka and Sobibor
   Rymanów 1,600? [34]  1941  Aug 1942    to Kraków Ghetto, Bełżec extermination camp, killed locally
   Sędziszów Małopolski 2,000   1941  Jan 1942    to Bełżec
   Siedlce Ghetto 12,000–18,000   Jun – Aug 1941  Nov 1942    to Treblinka
   Siemiatycze 7,000   1941  Nov 1942    to Sobibor
   Sieniawa 3,000   1941  1942    all killed locally
   Siennica 700?   1941  15 Sep 1942    to Treblinka (700) [49]
   Skarżysko-Kamienna 3,000   1941  1942    to Treblinka (2,500), the rest killed locally
   Skrzynno ?   1941  Oct 1942    to Opoczno ghetto
   Słonim Ghetto 22,000   Jul 1941  15 Jul 1942 [54]    all killed locally (Jul-41: 1,200; Nov: 9,000; Jul-42: 10,000)
   Słuck 3,000–8,500   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    all killed locally
   Sokołów Małopolski 3,000   1941  Jul 1942    to Bełżec
   Sokołów Podlaski 4,000–7,000   Jun 1941  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Sokółka 8,000–9,000   Jun 1941  Nov 1942    to KiełbasinTreblinka
   Solec 800   1941  Dec 1942    to Tarlow ghetto
   Stanisławów Ghetto 20,000   Dec 1941  Feb 1943    killed locally → to Bełżec
   Starachowice 6,000   Apr 1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Stary Sącz 1,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec
   Staszów 7,000   1941  Dec 1942    to Treblinka
   Stopnica 5,000   1941  Nov 1942    to Treblinka, many killed locally
   Strzemieszyce Wielkie 1,800 [55]  1940–1941  May – 15 Jun 1942    to Będzin Ghetto (500), Auschwitz (1,400)
   Strzyżów 1,300 [55]  1941  26 / 28 Jun 1942    to Rzeszów ghetto, killed locally → Bełżec
   Suchedniów 5,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Treblinka
   Sulejów 1,500   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Szczuczyn 2,000   1941  Jul – Nov 1942    to Bogusze transit camp, killed locally
   Śniadowo 650   1941  Nov 1942    to Zambrow ghetto
   Tarczyn 1,600   1941  Feb 1942    to Treblinka
   Tarnobrzeg (ghetto & camp)500 [56]  Jun 1941  Jul 1942    to Dębica ghetto → Bełżec
   Tarnogród 2,600–5,000   1941  Nov 1942    to Bełżec from ghetto & camp, many killed locally
   Tarnopol Ghetto 20,000   Jul – Aug 1941  Jun 1943    to Bełżec, many killed locally
   Tarnów 40,000   Mar 1941  Sep 1943    10,000 killed locally, Bełżec (10,000), Auschwitz
   Tomaszów Lubelski 1,400–1,500   1941  Oct 1942    to Bełżec
   Tyczyn ?   1941  Jul 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Wadowice 1,400 [57]  1941  Aug 1943    to Auschwitz
   Wąwolnica 2,500   1941  May 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Węgrów 6,000–8,300   1941  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
   Wieliczka 7,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Wielun 4,200–7,000   1941  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp, killed locally
   Wieruszów 1,400   1941  Aug 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Wilno Ghetto 30,000–80,000 [3]  Sep 1941  Sep 1943   killed locally (21,000 before ghetto was set up) [58]
   Wiślica 2,000   1941  Oct 1942    to Jędrzejów ghetto
   Wolbrom 3,000–5,000   1941  Sep 1942    to Bełżec, many killed locally
   Wysokie Mazowieckie 5,000   1941  Nov 1942    to Zambrow ghetto
   Zabłudów 1,800 [59]  Jul 1941  2 Nov 1942    10th Calvary camp near BiałystokTreblinka (1,400)
   Zambrów 3,200–4,000   1941  Jan 1943    to Auschwitz, mass killings locally
   Zawiercie 5,000–7,000   1941  Oct 1943    to Auschwitz (5,000)
   Zelów ?   1941  Sep 1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Zwoleń (open type)6,500–10,000 [60]  1941  29 Sep 1942    to Treblinka extermination camp (8,000) [61]
   Żarki 3,200   1941  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Żelechów 5,500–13,000   1941  Sep 1942    to Treblinka
1942
On January 20, 1942, at the Wannsee conference near Berlin, Reinhard Heydrich informed senior Nazi officials that "the final solution of the Jewish question" was deportation from the ghettos and subsequent mass extermination of the Jews. Implementation plan developed. Six death factories were built by German firms in occupied Poland within two-to-six months.
   Andrychów 700   Sep 1942  Nov 1943    to Auschwitz concentration camp
   Annopol ?   Jun 1942  Oct 1942    to Kraśnik ghetto
   Baranów Sandomierski 2,000   Jun 1942  Jul 1942    to Dębica ghetto, (all)
   Biecz 700–800   Apr 1942  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Czortków 4,000   Apr 1942  Sep 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Dąbrowa Tarnowska 2,400–3,000   Oct 1942  Sep 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp and Auschwitz
   Dębica 1,500–4,000   1942  Mar 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Drohobycz Ghetto 10,000   Mar 1942  Jun 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Dubno 9,000?   Apr 1942  Oct 1942    all killed locally
   Frysztak Ghetto 1,600 [34]  1942  18 Aug 1942    to Jasło ghetto → killed in Warzyce forest
   Hrubieszów (labor camp)200 [40]  May 1942  May 1943    to Budzyn, killed locally, see Hrubieszów # 122 above (6,800)
   Jasienica Rosielna 1,500   1942  Aug 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Kołomyja (ghetto & camp)18,000   1942  Feb 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locally
   Koprzywnica 1,800   1940  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Kowale Pańskie 3,000–5,000   1939–1942  1942    to Chełmno extermination camp
   Kowel 17,000   May 1942  Oct 1942    all killed locally
   Kraśnik (ghetto & camp)5,000   1940–1942  Nov 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Krosno 600–2,500   Aug 1942  Dec 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Lesko 2,000   1942  Sep 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Lubaczów 4,200–7,000   Oct 1942  Jan 1943    to Sobibor, many killed locally
   Łachwa Ghetto 2,350   4 Apr 1942  Sep 1942    killed locally, 1,500 in an uprising. [62]
   Łęczna 3,000   Jun 1942  Nov 1942    to Sobibor, many killed locally
   Międzyrzec Podlaski Ghetto 20,000   28 Aug 1942  18 Jul 1943 [63]    to Treblinka (17,000), hundreds killed locally. [64]
   Ożarów 4,500   Jan 1942  Oct 1942    to Treblinka
   Pińsk Ghetto 26,200   Apr 1942  Oct 1942    to Bronna Góra (3,500), the rest killed locally
   Przemyśl 22,000–24,000   Jul 1942  Sep 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp, Auschwitz, Janowska
   Przeworsk 1,400? [34]  Jul 1942  Oct 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Przysucha 2,500–5,000   Jul – 15 Aug 1942  27 / 31 Oct 1942 [65]    to Treblinka (5,000) [66]
   Sambor Ghetto 8,000–9,000   Mar 1942  Jul 1943    to Bełżec extermination camp, many killed locally
   Sosnowiec Ghetto 12,000   Oct 1942  Aug 1943    to Auschwitz
   Starachowice (labor camp)13,000   1942  1942    to Treblinka, see also Starachowice ghetto
   Stryj 4,000–12,000   1942  Jun 1943    all killed locally
   Sucha Beskidzka 400 [67]  1942  1943    to Auschwitz
   Szydłów 1,000   Jan 1942  Oct 1942    to Chmielnik ghetto
   Tarnogród (labor camp)1,000   1942  1942    see Tarnogród ghetto → Bełżec extermination camp
   Tomaszów M. (labor camp)1,000   1942  May 1943    to Starachowice, [68] see also Tomaszów Mazowiecki Ghetto (1940)
   Tuchów 3,000   Jun 1942  Sep 1942    to Bełżec extermination camp
   Zdzięcioł Ghetto 4,500   22 Feb 1942  30 Apr – 6 Aug 1942    killed locally during Zdzięcioł massacres

Aftermath

Jewish women and children rounded up for deportation to a death camp during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Stroop Report - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising BW.jpg
Jewish women and children rounded up for deportation to a death camp during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

The ghetto inhabitants – most of whom were murdered during Operation Reinhard – possessed Polish citizenship before the Nazi–Soviet invasion of Poland, which in turn enabled over 150,000 Holocaust survivors registered at CKŻP to take advantage of the later repatriation agreements between the governments of Poland and the Soviet Union, and legally emigrate to the West to help form the nascent State of Israel. [69] Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II. [70] By contrast, Stalin forcibly brought Soviet Jews back to USSR along with all Soviet citizens, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference. [71]

Some Jewish populations remained in the ghettos after their destruction. Many Jewish people were not able to leave the ghettos, either because they were too destitute or because they were still surrounded by Germans. [72] This resulted in many of the ghettos' inhabitants dying from harsh conditions such as exposure, lack of food, and diseases. Those who left faced the challenge of seeking a place where they as displaced people could be resettled. [73]

See also

Notes and references

  1. Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987.
  2. Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce, Wydawnictwo Prawnicze, 1960.  (in Polish)
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The statistical data compiled on the basis of "Glossary of 2,077 Jewish towns in Poland" Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine by Virtual Shtetl Museum of the History of the Polish Jews  (in English), as well as "Getta Żydowskie," by Gedeon, Archived November 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine  (in Polish) and "Ghetto List" by Michael Peters at ARC 2005  (in English). Some figures might require further confirmation due to their comparative range.
  4. 1 2 Berenbaum, Michael (2006). The World Must Know. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 114. ISBN   978-0801883583.
  5. "The War Against The Jews". The Holocaust Chronicle, 2009. Chicago, Illinois. Accessed June 21, 2011.
  6. Wojciech Roszkowski, Historia Polski 1914–1997 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine , Warsaw 1998. PDF file, 46.0 MB (available with purchase). Chomikuj.pl, 2013.
  7. 1 2 Dwork, Deborah and Robert Jan Van Pelt,The Construction of Crematoria at Auschwitz, W.W. Norton & Co., 1996.
  8. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Online Exhibition: Give Me Your Children: Voices from the Lodz Ghetto Archived 2013-09-12 at the Wayback Machine
  9. University of Minnesota, Majdanek Death Camp
  10. Edward Victor, "Ghettos and Other Jewish Communities." Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine Judaica Philatelic. Accessed June 20, 2011.
  11. Richard C. Lukas, Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust, University Press of Kentucky 1989, 201 pages. p. 13; also in Richard C. Lukas, The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944, University Press of Kentucky, 1986, Google Print, p.13.
  12. Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland," Journal of Holocaust Education, Vol. 7, Nos. 1&2, 1998, pp. 19–44. Published by Frank Cass, London.
  13. "Types of Ghettos". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C.
  14. 1 2 Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen, "The Ghettos of Poland". Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 2002.
  15. Warsaw Ghetto, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Washington, D.C.
  16. Ghettos, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
  17. François Furet, Unanswered Questions: Nazi Germany and the Genocide of the Jews . Schocken Books (1989), p. 182; ISBN   0-8052-4051-9
  18. "A letter from Timothy Snyder of Bloodlands: Two genocidaires, taking turns in Poland". The Book Haven. Stanford University. December 15, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  19. Tomasz Sommer (2010). Execute the Poles: The Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union, 1937–1938. Documents from Headquarters. Warsaw: 3S Media. p. 277. ISBN   978-83-7673-020-2 . Retrieved April 25, 2011.
  20. Location names in other languages are available through the active links.
  21. 1 2 Yad Vashem. "Piotrkow Trybunalski" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority.
  22. Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, "Zagłada Żydów w Będzinie w świetle relacji" (Extermination of Jews in the light of testimony) Archived 2012-02-22 at the Wayback Machine . (in Polish) According to 1946 research by Wojewódzka Żydowska Komisja Historyczna in Katowice, wrote Maciej i Ewa Szaniawscy, there were around 30,000 Jews in Będzin following the invasion, including those who came in from neighbouring settlements. Between October 1940 and May 1942, the first 4,000 Jews were deported. In May 1942 additional 2,000 and in August, 5,000 more. Deportations between August 1942 and mid June 1943 amounted to additional 5,000. On 22 June 1943 the next transport of 5,000 Jews departed to Auschwitz, and finally, between 1–3 August 1943, the remaining 8,000 were sent away. The dispersed Jews who stayed, amounting to 1,000 persons, were deported between early October 1943 and July 1944. In total, about 28,000 Jews are believed to have been deported from the Będzin Ghetto. This information however, is not confirmed by the two main sources of the remaining data nor the Jewish Historical Institute, listing only 7,000 victims.
  23. Będzin in the Jewish Historical Institute community database. Archived February 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Warsaw.
  24. Iwona Pogorzelska, Bodzentyn od 1869 roku do niepodległości. Polska.pl. Accessed June 16, 2011.
  25. 1 2 Martyna Sypniewska. "Historia Żydów w Ciechanowie" [History of the Jews in Ciechanów]. Jewish Historical Institute (ŻIH), Dział Dokumentacji Zabytków; J. Szczepański, D. Piotrowicz (in Polish). Virtual Shtetl (Wirtualny Sztetl). Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2016-03-25. Czerwony Bór massacres.
  26. Patrycja Bukalska (20 January 2010). "Róża Robota postanowiła walczyć do końca" [Róża Robota chose to fight till the end]. Pamięć Auschwitz (4/2010). Tygodnik Powszechny.
  27. "Getto w Łowiczu," at Miejsca martyrologii, Wirtualny Sztetl. Instytut Adama Mickiewicza.  (in Polish)
  28. "Cmentarz żydowski w Mogielnicy Jewish cemetery in Mogielnica". cmentarze-zydowskie.pl.
  29. 1 2 Piotrków Trybunalski – Getto w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim. Archived 2011-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of the Polish Jews. Accessed July 1, 2011.
  30. "Angelika Lasiewicz-Sych, "Traces of the past", Kultura Współczesna nr 4 (38), 2003". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
  31. Virtual Shtetl. "Jewish history of Włodawa" (in Polish). POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Olszewski E., Szczygieł R. (1991), Dzieje Włodawy, Lublin – Włodawa. Deportations to Sobibór took place in waves: 1,300 Jews in May 1942, 5,400 in October, 2,800 in November 1942, and 2,000 in April 1943. Resource Guides. "Remember Jewish Wlodawa". With maps and family photographs. Genealogy Group.
  32. Browning, Christopher R. (2012). "Białystok Region (Distrikt Bialystok)". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945, Volume II. Indiana University Press. pp. 855–988. doi:10.2307/j.ctt2050wk1.19. ISBN   9780253355997. JSTOR   j.ctt2050wk1.19.
  33. "The Bielsk Podlaski Ghetto - Eyewitness Holocaust testimony of life and death in the Bielsk Podlaski ghetto". JewishGen KehilaLinks.
  34. "Brześć – History". Virtual Shtetl, Museum of the History of Polish Jews. p. 12. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  35. 1 2 Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. "Appendix A." p. 395.
  36. "Życie za Życie" (Righteous of Ciepielów who paid the ultimate price)." Archived 2011-08-23 at the Wayback Machine Urząd Gminy w Ciepielowie. (in Polish). Accessed July 6, 2011.
  37. "Ćmielów – Historia," Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich Wirtualny Sztetl (Museum of the History of the Polish Jews). Accessed July 6, 2011.
  38. Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2012). "Gniewoszów". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 224–225. ISBN   978-0-253-35599-7.
  39. 1 2 The Hrubieszow Genealogy Group. ShtetLinks Project. Accessed June 30, 2011.
  40. "Getto w Iwacewiczach". Virtual Shtetl . Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  41. "Getta tranzytowe w dystrykcie lubelskim". Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2015.. Pamięć Miejsca. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  42. "Izbica. History". Virtual Shtetl . Museum of the History of Polish Jews. pp. 3 of 6. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  43. The 90th session of the Senate of the Republic of Poland. Stenograph, part 2.2. Archived 2008-04-23 at the Wayback Machine A Report by Leon Kieres, president of the Institute of National Remembrance, for the period from July 1, 2,000 to June 30, 2001. Donald Tusk presiding. See statement by Senator Jadwiga Stokarska.  (in Polish)
  44. Kraków – History. Page 3. Virtual Shtetl , Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 12, 2011.
  45. Niemiecki obóz tranzytowy Kiełbasin w Grodnie (wul. Sołamawaj) (Kiełbasin transit camp), Virtual Shtetl, POLIN Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich 2015. Accessed November 15, 2015.
  46. 1 2 Jack Kugelmass, Jonathan Boyarin, Zachary M. Baker, From a ruined garden: the memorial books of Polish Jewry, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Accessed June 27, 2011.
  47. Jack Fischel (1998). The Holocaust. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN   978-0-313-29879-0.
  48. 1 2 3 "Treblinka Death Camp Day-by-Day," Archived May 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine at Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (www.HolocaustResearchProject.org). Accessed June 30, 2011.
  49. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, Lutsk. "Following the Soviet liberation of Łuck in February 1944, only about 150 Jews returned. By 1959, just 600 Jews were living in Lutsk. The fortified synagogue was turned into a movie theater and later into a sports hall. A residential area was constructed on the site of the Rabbinite and Karaite cemeteries."
  50. "Osiek. History of Jewish community". Virtual Shtetl . Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  51. Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). "Pionki by Jolanta Kraemer". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 278–279. ISBN   978-0-253-35599-7 . Retrieved April 10, 2012.
  52. Piotr Berghof, "Radoszyce, wspomnienie o żydowskich mieszkańcach miasteczka."  (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.
  53. Słonim – History. Jewish community. Virtual Shtetl . Museum of the History of Polish Jews.  (in Polish) Accessed July 7, 2011. The prewar Polish city of Słonim was overrun by the Red Army in September 1939 and confiscated as part of Western Belarus. The influx of refugees from Nazi-occupied Poland increased its Jewish population to 27,000. Over 1,000 were deported to Siberia by the NKVD. Following German invasion of USSR, the ghetto was set up in August 1941, but mass executions began already on 17 July (1,200 men shot just outside the city). A second shooting action took place on 14 November 1941 with 9,000 killed. The ghetto was burned to the ground with all its inhabitants between 29 June and 15 July 1942 following a revolt. Only about 500 managed to escape.
  54. 1 2 Shmuel Spector; Geoffrey Wigoder (2001). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust. NYU Press. p. 1255. ISBN   978-0-8147-9356-5.
  55. "Tarnobrzeg. Warto zobaczyć" (Tarnobrzeg worth seeing), Wydawnictwo Bezdroża. Accessed June 27, 2011.
  56. Wadowice – Historia. Wirtualny Sztetl. (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.
  57. "Chronology of Vilna Ghetto," Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine at Vilnaghetto.com without additional confirmation of quantitative data. Accessed June 24, 2011.
  58. "The Deportation of the Zabludow Jews to Treblinka Death Camp." Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine 2003 Tilford Bartman, Jerusalem, Israel.
  59. Geoffrey P. Megargee; Christopher Browning; Martin Dean (2009). "Radom Region by Jolanta Kraemer". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 355–356. ISBN   978-0-253-35599-7.
  60. Daniel Blatman (Summer 2003). Translated by Judy Montel. "Zwolen". Pinkas HaKehillot, Polen, Volume VII (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1999), Pages 187–189. Kielce-Radom SIG Journal Volume 7, Number 3: 8–9.
  61. "Lachwa, Polesie province, Poland.", The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
  62. "The History of Miedzyrzec Podlaski." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia Area in Israel. Accessed July 5, 2011.
  63. "Mezritch (Międzyrzec) Podlaski in the Jewish sources." Association of Immigrants of Mezritch Depodalsia. Accessed June 16, 2011.
  64. Przysucha, województwo Mazowieckie, Polska. Haapalah Index and Source Database. Accessed July 5, 2011.
  65. Przysucha – History. Virtual Shtetl . Museum of the History of Polish Jews. Accessed July 5, 2011.
  66. Gmina Sucha Beskidzka, powiat suski. Targeo. (in Polish). Accessed June 27, 2011.
  67. Stefan Krakowski, Tomaszow Mazowiecki, Jewish Virtual Library. Accessed June 24, 2001.
  68. Philipp Ther; Ana Siljak (2001). Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN   978-0-7425-1094-4 . Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  69. Devorah Hakohen, Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions... Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. ISBN   0-8156-2969-9
  70. Arieh J. Kochavi, Post-Holocaust politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945–1948. Page 15. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN   0-8078-2620-0 Accessed June 20, 2011.
  71. "After the Uprising: Life Among the Ruins of the Warsaw Ghetto | Holocaust Survivors Describe the Last Months in the Warsaw Ghetto – Voices from the Inferno | Yad Vashem".
  72. "Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath". fcit.usf.edu.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Warsaw Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the German authorities within the new General Government territory of occupied Poland. At its height, as many as 460,000 Jews were imprisoned there, in an area of 3.4 km2 (1.3 sq mi), with an average of 9.2 persons per room, barely subsisting on meager food rations. From the Warsaw Ghetto, Jews were deported to Nazi concentration camps and mass-killing centers. In the summer of 1942, at least 254,000 ghetto residents were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp during Großaktion Warschau under the guise of "resettlement in the East" over the course of the summer. The ghetto was demolished by the Germans in May 1943 after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising had temporarily halted the deportations. The total death toll among the prisoners of the ghetto is estimated to be at least 300,000 killed by bullet or gas, combined with 92,000 victims of starvation and related diseases, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the casualties of the final destruction of the ghetto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piaseczno</span> Place in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Piaseczno is a town in east-central Poland with 47,660 inhabitants. It is situated in the Masovian Voivodeship, within the Warsaw metropolitan area, just south of Warsaw, approximately 16 kilometres south of its center. It is a residential area and a suburb of Warsaw. It is the capital city of Piaseczno County.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otwock</span> Place in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Otwock is a city in east-central Poland, some 23 kilometres (14 mi) southeast of Warsaw, with 44,635 inhabitants (2019). Otwock is a part of the Warsaw Agglomeration. It is situated on the right bank of Vistula River below the mouth of Swider River. Otwock is home to a unique architectural style called Swidermajer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pruszków</span> Place in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Pruszków is a city in east-central Poland, situated in the Masovian Voivodeship since 1999. It was previously in Warszawa Voivodeship (1975–1998). Pruszków is the capital of Pruszków County, located along the western edge of the Warsaw urban area.

The Białystok Ghetto uprising was an insurrection in the Jewish Białystok Ghetto against the Nazi German occupation authorities during World War II. The uprising was launched on the night of August 16, 1943 and was the second-largest ghetto uprising organized in Nazi-occupied Poland after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April–May 1943. It was led by the Anti-Fascist Military Organisation, a branch of the Warsaw Anti-Fascist Bloc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grójec</span> Place in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Grójec is a town in eastern Poland, located in the Masovian Voivodeship, about 40 kilometres south of Warsaw. It is the capital of the urban-rural administrative district Grójec and Grójec County. It has 16,674 inhabitants (2017). Grójec surroundings are considered to be the biggest apple-growing area of Poland. It is said that the region makes up also for the biggest apple orchard of Europe. Statistically, every third apple sold in Poland is grown in Grójec – a unique local microclimate provides for their beautiful red colour.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Treblinka, Masovian Voivodeship</span> Village in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Treblinka is a village located in eastern Poland, situated in the present-day district of Gmina Małkinia Górna, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County in Masovian Voivodeship, some 80 kilometres north-east of Warsaw. The village lies close to the Bug River. It has 350 inhabitants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lubartów Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

Lubartów Ghetto was established by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II, and existed officially from 1941 until October 1942. The Polish Jews of the town of Lubartów were confined there initially. The ghetto inmates also included Jews deported from other cities in the vicinity including Lublin and Ciechanów and the rest of German-occupied Europe for the total of 3,500 Jews in its initial stages including 2,000 Jews from Slovakia. In May 1942 additional transport from Slovakia with 2,421 Jews arrived.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mogielnica</span> Place in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland

Mogielnica is a town in Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland, with 2,475 inhabitants (2004) and an area of 141.56 square kilometres. It is the seat of Gmina Mogielnica. In other languages, it is referred to as Mogelnitsa, Mogelnitse, Mogelnitza and/or Mogielnicy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Częstochowa Ghetto uprising</span> 1943 insurrection against German occupational forces by the Jews of Częstochowa, Poland

The Częstochowa Ghetto uprising was an insurrection in Poland's Częstochowa Ghetto against German occupational forces during World War II. It took place in late June 1943, resulting in some 2,000 Jews being killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Częstochowa Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

The Częstochowa Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of local Jews in the city of Częstochowa during the German occupation of Poland. The approximate number of people confined to the ghetto was around 40,000 at the beginning and in late 1942 at its peak, immediately before mass deportations, 48,000. Most ghetto inmates were delivered by the Holocaust trains to Treblinka extermination camp, where they were murdered. In June 1943, the remaining ghetto inhabitants launched the Częstochowa Ghetto uprising, which was extinguished by the SS after a few days of fighting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Radom Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

Radom Ghetto was a Nazi ghetto set up in March 1941 in the city of Radom during the Nazi occupation of Poland, for the purpose of persecution and exploitation of Polish Jews. It was closed off from the outside officially in April 1941. A year and a half later, the liquidation of the ghetto began in August 1942, and ended in July 1944, with approximately 30,000–32,000 victims deported aboard Holocaust trains to their deaths at the Treblinka extermination camp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Willenberg</span> Polish survivor of Treblinka (1923–2016)

Samuel Willenberg, nom de guerreIgo, was a Polish Holocaust survivor, artist, and writer. He was a Sonderkommando at the Treblinka extermination camp and participated in the unit's planned revolt in August 1943. While 300 escaped, about 79 were known to survive the war. Willenberg reached Warsaw where, before war's end, he took part in the Warsaw Uprising. At his death, Willenberg was the last survivor of the August 1943 Treblinka prisoners' revolt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Berek Lajcher</span>

Berek Lajcher was a Jewish physician and social activist from Wyszków before the Holocaust in Poland, remembered for his leadership in the prisoner uprising at Treblinka extermination camp. More than 800,000 Jews, as well as unknown numbers of Romani people, were murdered at Treblinka in the course of Operation Reinhard in World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

The Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto was created in Piotrków Trybunalski on October 8, 1939, shortly after the 1939 German Invasion of Poland in World War II. It was the first Nazi ghetto in occupied Europe. founded on October 8, 1939 The town was occupied by the Wehrmacht on September 5, 1939. Piotrków was made into a county seat (Kreis) of the newly created Łódź District of the German territory of Reichsgau Wartheland. The ghetto was put under the command of Hans Drexler, an appointed Nazi Oberbürgermeister who also created the ghetto. In total, some 16,500to up to 28,000 Jews went through the Piotrków Ghetto which was liquidated beginning 14 October 1942 in four days of deportations to Treblinka and Majdanek aboard overcrowded Holocaust trains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto</span> Nazi ghetto in occupied Poland

The Mińsk Mazowiecki Ghetto or the Mińsk Ghetto was a World War II ghetto set up by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland. Some 7,000 Polish Jews were imprisoned there from all neighbouring settlements for the purpose of persecution and exploitation. Two years later, beginning 21 August 1942 during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in occupied Poland, they were rounded up – men, women and children – and deported to Treblinka extermination camp aboard Holocaust trains. In the process of Ghetto liquidation, some 1,300 Jews were summarily executed by the SS in the streets of Mińsk Mazowiecki.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bronna Góra</span> Mass killing site in Belarus

Bronna Góra is the name of a secluded area in present-day Belarus where mass killings of Polish Jews were carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II. The location was part of the eastern half of occupied Poland, which had been invaded by the Soviet Union in 1939 in agreement with Germany, and two years later captured by the Wehrmacht in Operation Barbarossa. It is estimated that from May 1942 until November of that year, during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in Poland, some 50,000 Jews were murdered at Bronna Góra forest in death pits. The victims were transported there in Holocaust trains from Nazi ghettos, including from the Brześć Ghetto and the Pińsk Ghetto, and from the ghettos in the surrounding area, as well as from Reichskommissariat Ostland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siedlce Ghetto</span>

The Siedlce Ghetto, was a World War II Jewish ghetto set up by Nazi Germany in the city of Siedlce in occupied Poland, 92 kilometres (57 mi) east of Warsaw. The ghetto was closed from the outside in early October 1941. Some 12,000 Polish Jews were imprisoned there for the purpose of persecution and exploitation. Conditions were appalling; epidemics of typhus and scarlet fever raged. Beginning 22 August 1942 during the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in occupied Poland, around 10,000 Jews were rounded up – men, women and children – gathered at the Umschlagplatz, and deported to Treblinka extermination camp aboard Holocaust trains. Thousands of Jews were brought in from the ghettos in other cities and towns. In total, at least 17,000 Jews were annihilated in the process of ghetto liquidation. Hundreds of Jews were shot on the spot during the house-to-house searches, along with staff and patients of the Jewish hospital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Frumka Płotnicka</span> Polish Jewish resistance fighter (1914–1943)

Frumka Płotnicka was a Polish resistance fighter during World War II; activist of the Jewish Fighting Organization (ŻOB) and member of the Labour Zionist organization Dror. She was one of the organizers of self-defence in the Warsaw Ghetto, and participant in the military preparations for the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. Following the liquidation of the Ghetto, Płotnicka relocated to the Dąbrowa Basin in southern Poland. On the advice of Mordechai Anielewicz, Płotnicka organized a local chapter of ŻOB in Będzin with the active participation of Józef and Bolesław Kożuch as well as Cwi (Tzvi) Brandes, and soon thereafter witnessed the murderous liquidation of both Sosnowiec and Będzin Ghettos by the German authorities.