The following is a list of Major League Baseball players born in European nations.
Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.
The Austrian Empire was a modern era successor empire centered on what is today's Austria and which officially lasted from 1804 to 1867.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Stedronsky | September 26, 1879 | September 30, 1879 | third baseman | Chicago Cubs (1879) | [1] |
Austria-Hungary was a monarchic union between the crowns of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary in Central Europe. The union was a result of the Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867, under which the Austrian House of Habsburg agreed to share power with the separate Hungarian government, dividing the territory of the former Austrian Empire between them. The Dual Monarchy had existed for 51 years when it dissolved on October 31, 1918 following military defeat in the First World War.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Hovlik | July 10, 1909 | September 25, 1911 | pitcher | Washington Senators (1909–1910) Chicago White Sox (1911) | [2] |
Joe Koukalik | September 1, 1904 | September 1, 1904 | pitcher | Brooklyn Superbas (1904) | [3] |
Jack Quinn | April 15, 1909 | July 7, 1933 | pitcher | New York Highlanders (1909–1912) Boston Braves (1913) Baltimore Terrapins (1914–1915) Chicago White Sox (1918) New York Yankees (1919–1921) Boston Red Sox (1922–1925) Philadelphia Athletics (1925–1930) Brooklyn Robins/Dodgers (1931–1932) Cincinnati Reds (1933) | [4] |
Frank Rooney | April 18, 1914 | June 6, 1914 | first baseman | Indianapolis Hoosiers (1914) | [5] |
The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919. In the 1938 Anschluss, Austria was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany. [6] This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Austria was occupied by the Allies and its former democratic constitution was restored. In 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kurt Krieger | April 21, 1949 | September 11, 1951 | pitcher | St. Louis Cardinals (1949–1951) | [7] |
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. The 1830 Belgian Revolution led to the establishment of an independent, Belgium under a provisional government and a national congress. [8] Since the installation of Leopold I as king in 1831, Belgium has been a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brian Lesher | August 25, 1996 | September 28, 2002 | left fielder, first baseman | Oakland Athletics (1996–1998) Seattle Mariners (2000) Toronto Blue Jays (2002) | [9] |
Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark together with Greenland and the Faroe Islands, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Olaf Henriksen | August 11, 1911 | June 27, 1917 | outfielder | Boston Red Sox (1911–1917) | [10] |
The Grand Duchy of Finland was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed between 1809 and 1917 as an autonomous part of the Russian Empire and was ruled by the Russian Emperor as Grand Duke.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Michaelson | August 28, 1921 | August 30, 1921 | pitcher | Chicago White Sox (1921) | [11] |
France, officially the French Republic, is a sovereign country in Western Europe that extends from the Mediterranean to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean.
The French Second Republic was the republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the 1851 coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the Second Empire.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Larry Ressler | April 26, 1875 | July 4, 1875 | outfielder | Washington Nationals (1875) | [12] |
The Second French Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Woerlin | July 21, 1895 | July 21, 1895 | shortstop | Washington Senators (1895) | [13] |
The French Third Republic was France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, to 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany led to the Vichy France government. Vichy was replaced by the French Fourth Republic.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ed Gagnier | April 14, 1914 | June 10, 1915 | shortstop | Brooklyn Tip-Tops (1914–1915) Buffalo Blues (1915) | [14] |
Claude Gouzzie | July 22, 1903 | July 22, 1903 | second baseman | St. Louis Browns (1903) | [15] |
Duke Markell | September 6, 1951 | September 29, 1951 | pitcher | St. Louis Browns (1951) | [16] |
The French Fourth Republic was the republican government of France between 1946 and 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution. France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic on 13 October 1946.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bruce Bochy | July 19, 1978 | October 4, 1987 | catcher | Houston Astros (1978–1980) New York Mets (1982) San Diego Padres (1983–1987) | [17] |
Charlie Lea | June 12, 1980 | October 1, 1988 | pitcher | Montreal Expos (1980–1984, 1987) Minnesota Twins (1988) | [18] |
The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, introduced on 4 October 1958. [19] The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the French Fourth Republic, replacing the prior parliamentary government with a semi-presidential system.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steve Jeltz | July 17, 1983 | October 3, 1990 | shortstop | Philadelphia Phillies (1983–1989) Kansas City Royals (1990) | [20] |
The German Confederation was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, which had been abolished in 1806. The dispute between the two dominant member states of the confederation, Austria and Prussia, over which of the two had the inherent right to rule German lands ended in favor of Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, and the collapse of the confederation. This resulted in the creation of the North German Confederation, with a number of south German states remaining independent, although allied first with Austria (until 1867) and subsequently with Prussia (until 1871), after which they became a part of the new nation of Germany.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charlie Getzien | August 13, 1884 | July 19, 1892 | pitcher | Detroit Wolverines (1884–1888) Indianapolis Hoosiers (1889) Boston Beaneaters (1890–1891) Cleveland Spiders (1891) St. Louis Browns (1892) | [21] |
George Heubel | May 20, 1871 | August 17, 1876 | outfielder | Quaker City of Philadelphia (1867) Geary of Philadelphia (1868) Philadelphia Athletics (1869) Cleveland Forest Citys (1870) Philadelphia Athletics (1871) Washington Olympics (1872) New York Mutuals (1876) | [22] |
Bill Kuehne | May 1, 1883 | September 29, 1892 | third baseman | Columbus Buckeyes (1883–1884) Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1885–1889) Pittsburgh Burghers (1890) Columbus Solons (1891) Louisville Colonels (1891–1892) St. Louis Browns (1892) Cincinnati Reds (1892) St. Louis Browns (1892) | [23] |
David Lenz | May 7, 1872 | May 21, 1872 | catcher | Brooklyn Eckfords (1872) | [24] |
Joe Miller | June 26, 1872 | July 28, 1875 | second baseman | Washington Nationals (1872) Keokuk Westerns (1875) Chicago White Stockings (1875) | [25] |
Gus Shallix | June 22, 1884 | June 2, 1885 | pitcher | Cincinnati Red Stockings (1884–1885) | [26] |
Frank Siffell | June 14, 1884 | September 16, 1885 | catcher | Philadelphia Athletics (1884–1885) | [27] |
Joe Straub | June 24, 1880 | September 22, 1883 | catcher | Troy Trojans (1880) Philadelphia Athletics (1882) Columbus Buckeyes (1883) | [28] |
Marty Swandell | May 7, 1872 | August 7, 1873 | third baseman | Brooklyn Eckfords (1863–1867) New York Mutuals (1868–1870) Brooklyn Eckfords (1872) Elizabeth Resolutes (1873) | [29] |
The German Empire refers to Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871 to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of Wilhelm II (9 November 1918).
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heinz Becker | April 21, 1943 | May 9, 1947 | first baseman | Chicago Cubs (1943, 1945–1946) Cleveland Indians (1946–1947) | [30] |
Fritz Buelow | September 28, 1899 | July 13, 1907 | catcher | St. Louis Perfectos/Cardinals (1899–1900) Detroit Tigers (1901–1904) Cleveland Naps (1904–1906) St. Louis Browns (1907) | [31] |
Pep Deininger | April 26, 1902 | October 7, 1909 | pitcher, outfielder | Boston Americans (1902) Philadelphia Phillies (1908–1909) | [32] |
Ed Eiteljorge | May 2, 1890 | August 27, 1891 | pitcher | Chicago Colts (1890) Washington Statesmen (1891) | [33] |
Fred Gaiser | September 3, 1908 | September 3, 1908 | pitcher | St. Louis Cardinals (1908) | [34] |
Jack Katoll | September 9, 1898 | September 29, 1902 | pitcher | Chicago Orphans (1898–1899) Chicago White Sox (1901–1902) Baltimore Orioles (1902) | [35] |
Ben Koehler | April 23, 1905 | October 7, 1906 | outfielder | St. Louis Browns (1905–1906) | [36] |
Marty Krug | May 29, 1912 | September 27, 1922 | third baseman | Boston Red Sox (1912) Chicago Cubs (1922) | [37] |
Bill Miller | August 23, 1902 | August 23, 1902 | outfielder | Pittsburgh Pirates (1902) | [38] |
Fritz Mollwitz | September 26, 1913 | September 28, 1919 | first baseman | Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates, St. Louis Cardinals | [39] |
Reggie Richter | May 30, 1911 | September 26, 1911 | pitcher | Chicago Cubs (1911) | [40] |
Skel Roach | August 9, 1899 | August 9, 1899 | pitcher | Chicago Orphans (1899) | [41] |
Dutch Schesler | April 16, 1931 | August 12, 1931 | pitcher | Philadelphia Phillies (1931) | [42] |
Dutch Schliebner | April 17, 1923 | October 7, 1923 | first baseman | Brooklyn Robins, St. Louis Browns | [43] |
Bun Troy | September 15, 1912 | September 15, 1912 | pitcher | Detroit Tigers | [44] |
Tony Welzer | April 13, 1926 | September 21, 1927 | pitcher | Boston Red Sox | [45] |
Bill Zimmerman | April 14, 1915 | July 9, 1915 | outfielder | Brooklyn Robins | [46] |
The Soviet Occupation Zone was the area of central Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II. On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic, which became commonly referred to as East Germany, was established in the Soviet Occupation Zone.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mickey Scott | May 6, 1972 | June 6, 1977 | pitcher | Baltimore Orioles, Montreal Expos, California Angels | [47] |
West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this period, the NATO-aligned West Germany and the socialist East Germany were divided by the Inner German border. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin.
Germany is the English short name for the Federal Republic of Germany, the enlarged continuation of West Germany following German reunification in 1990.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aaron Altherr | June 16, 2014 | Outfielder | Philadelphia Phillies, San Francisco Giants, New York Mets | [62] | |
Max Kepler | September 27, 2015 | Outfielder | Minnesota Twins | [63] | |
The Kingdom of Greece was a state established in 1832 at the Convention of London by the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire). It was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Constantinople, where it also secured full independence from the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom succeeded from the Greek provisional governments after the Greek War of Independence, and lasted until 1924. In 1924 the monarchy was abolished, and the Second Hellenic Republic was established.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al Campanis | September 23, 1943 | October 3, 1943 | Second Base | Brooklyn Dodgers | [64] |
Covers players born in the Republic of Ireland and also those born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland prior to partition. At present, all players here were born prior to 1922, so are also included in the category of Major League Baseball players born in the United Kingdom.
The Kingdom of Italy was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy. It existed until 1946 when the Italians opted for a republican constitution.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rugger Ardizoia | April 30, 1947 | April 30, 1947 | Pitcher | New York Yankees | [80] |
Reno Bertoia | September 22, 1953 | April 28, 1962 | Third Baseman | Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, Minnesota Twins, Kansas City Athletics | [81] |
Hank Biasatti | April 23, 1949 | October 2, 1949 | First Baseman | Philadelphia Athletics | [82] |
Julio Bonetti | April 22, 1937 | April 22, 1940 | Pitcher | Saint Louis Browns, Chicago Cubs | [83] |
Marino Pieretti | April 19, 1945 | October 1, 1950 | Pitcher | Washington Senators, Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians | [84] |
Lou Polli | April 18, 1932 | July 7, 1944 | Pitcher | Saint Louis Browns, New York Giants | [85] |
Italy became a republic after a referendum [86] held on 2 June 1946, a day since celebrated as Republic Day.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alex Liddi | September 7, 2011 | June 17, 2013 | Third Baseman | Seattle Mariners | [87] |
Samuel Aldegheri | August 30, 2024 | Pitcher | Los Angeles Angels | [88] |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dovydas Neverauskas | April 25, 2017 | Pitcher | Pittsburgh Pirates | [89] | |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
John Anderson | September 8, 1894 | October 2, 1908 | Outfielder/First baseman | Brooklyn Bridegrooms/Brooklyn Superbas, Washington Senators, Milwaukee Brewers, St. Louis Browns, New York Highlanders, Chicago White Sox | [99] |
Arndt Jorgens | April 26, 1929 | August 2, 1939 | Catcher | New York Yankees | [100] |
Jimmy Wiggs | April 23, 1903 | May 25, 1906 | Pitcher | Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Tigers | [101] |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Moe Drabowsky | August 7, 1956 | September 19, 1972 | Reliever | Chicago Cubs, Milwaukee Braves, Cincinnati Reds, Kansas City Athletics, Baltimore Orioles, Kansas City Royals, St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox | [102] |
Nap Kloza | August 16, 1931 | June 26, 1932 | Outfielder | St. Louis Browns | [103] |
Henry Peploski | September 19, 1929 | October 6, 1929 | Third Baseman | Boston Braves | [104] |
Johnny Reder | April 16, 1932 | June 12, 1932 | First Baseman and Third Baseman | Boston Red Sox | [105] |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frank Thompson | April 26, 1875 | September 11, 1875 | Catcher | Brooklyn Atlantics (1875) Washington Nationals (1875) | [106] |
Isaiah Campbell | July 27, 2023 | Pitcher | Seattle Mariners | [107] |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eddie Ainsmith | August 9, 1910 | July 21, 1924 | Catcher | Washington Senators, Detroit Tigers, St. Louis Cardinals, Brooklyn Robins, New York Giants | [108] |
Jake Gettman | August 20, 1897 | May 19, 1899 | Outfielder | Washington Senators | [109] |
Jake Livingstone | September 6, 1901 | September 9, 1901 | Pitcher | New York Giants | [110] |
Rube Schauer | August 27, 1913 | September 29, 1917 | Pitcher | New York Giants, Philadelphia Athletics | [111] |
Joe Zapustas | September 28, 1933 | September 30, 1933 | Outfielder | Philadelphia Athletics | [112] |
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The common short name is Soviet Union
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Victor Cole | June 6, 1992 | July 9, 1992 | Pitcher | Pittsburgh Pirates | [113] |
Czechoslovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992. On 1 January 1993 Czechoslovakia peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia .
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carl Linhart † | August 2, 1952 | September 19, 1952 | Pinch hitter | Detroit Tigers | [114] |
Elmer Valo | September 22, 1940 | October 1, 1961 | Outfielder | Philadelphia Athletics, Kansas City Athletics, Philadelphia Phillies, Brooklyn Dodgers, Los Angeles Dodgers, Cleveland Indians, New York Yankees, Washington Senators, Minnesota Twins, Philadelphia Phillies | [115] |
† Carl Linhart was born in a town called Zborov. Since there are towns of that name in both Slovakia and the Czech Republic, it is unclear which current nation can claim him.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al Cabrera | May 16, 1913 | May 16, 1913 | Shortstop | St. Louis Cardinals | [116] |
Bryan Oelkers | April 9, 1983 | October 3, 1986 | Pitcher | Minnesota Twins, Cleveland Indians | [117] |
Al Pardo | July 3, 1985 | September 9, 1989 | Catcher | Baltimore Orioles, Philadelphia Phillies | [118] |
Danny Rios | May 30, 1997 | May 2, 1998 | Pitcher | New York Yankees, Kansas City Royals | [119] |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Charlie Bold | August 24, 1914 | August 28, 1914 | First baseman | St. Louis Browns | [120] |
Eric Erickson | October 6, 1914 | September 29, 1922 | Pitcher | New York Giants, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators | [121] |
Charlie Hallstrom | September 23, 1885 | September 23, 1885 | Pitcher | Providence Grays | [122] |
Axel Lindstrom | October 3, 1916 | October 3, 1916 | Pitcher | Philadelphia Athletics | [123] |
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Otto Hess | August 3, 1902 | June 13, 1915 | Pitcher/Outfielder | Cleveland Naps, Boston Braves | [124] |
England is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom. [125] [126] [127] It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic.
Scotland is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom. [141] [142] [143] It shares a land borders with England to the south and comprises the northern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
George Chalmers | September 21, 1910 | August 7, 1916 | Pitcher | Philadelphia Phillies | |
Mike Hopkins | August 24, 1902 | August 24, 1902 | Catcher | Pittsburgh Pirates | |
Mac MacArthur | May 2, 1884 | June 9, 1884 | Pitcher | Indianapolis Hoosiers | |
Jim McCormick | May 20, 1878 | October 7, 1887 | Pitcher, Manager | Indianapolis Blues, Cleveland Blues, Cincinnati Outlaw Reds, Providence Grays, Chicago White Stockings, Pittsburgh Alleghenys | |
Hugh Nicol | May 3, 1881 | August 2, 1890 | Outfielder | Chicago White Stockings, St. Louis Browns, Cincinnati Red Stockings, Cincinnati Reds | |
Bobby Thomson | September 9, 1946 | July 17, 1960 | Outfielder | New York Giants, Milwaukee Braves, Chicago Cubs, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles | |
Tom Waddell | April 15, 1984 | April 20, 1987 | Pitcher | Cleveland Indians |
Northern Ireland is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom. [144] [145] [146] It shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and is one of two nations on the island of Ireland.
See also Ireland (above) as all players on that list were born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland prior to partition, prior to 1922.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
P. J. Conlon | May 7, 2018 | July 10, 2018 | Pitcher | New York Mets | [147] |
Reddy Mack | September 16, 1885 | September 30, 1890 | Second baseman | Louisville Colonels, Baltimore Orioles | |
Fergy Malone | May 20, 1871 | April 17, 1884 | Catcher | Philadelphia Athletics, Philadelphia White Stockings, Chicago White Stockings, Philadelphia Keystones | |
Irish McIlveen | July 6, 1906 | May 6, 1909 | Outfielder | Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Highlanders | |
Sam Nicholl | October 5, 1888 | May 4, 1890 | Outfielder | Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Columbus Solons | |
John Tener | June 8, 1885 | October 4, 1890 | Pitcher/Outfielder | Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Stockings, Pittsburgh Burghers |
Wales is one of the four constituent nations of the United Kingdom. [148] [149] [150] It shares a land borders with England to the east; to the west is the Irish Sea.
Name | Debut | Final game | Position | Teams | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jimmy Austin | April 19, 1909 | October 26, 1929 | Third basemen and Shortstop, Coach | New York Highlanders, St. Louis Browns | |
Ted Lewis | July 6, 1896 | September 26, 1901 | Pitcher | Boston Beaneaters, Boston Americans | |
Pete Morris | May 14, 1884 | May 14, 1884 | Shortstop | Washington Nationals (UA) |
February 28 is the 59th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 306 days remain until the end of the year.
May 11 is the 131st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 234 days remain until the end of the year.
March 24 is the 83rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar; 282 days remain until the end of the year.
Summer time in Europe is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries in the period between spring and autumn, during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year, with a view to making the most efficient use of seasonal daylight. It corresponds to the notion and practice of daylight saving time (DST) to be found in some other parts of the world.
A working holiday visa is a residence permit that allows travellers to undertake employment in the country issuing the visa to supplement their travel funds. For many young people, holding a working holiday visa enables them to experience living in a foreign country without having to find work sponsorship in advance or go on an expensive university exchange program.
As of the year 2023, Christianity had approximately 2.4 billion adherents and is the largest religion by population. According to a PEW estimation in 2020, Christians made up to 2.38 billion of the worldwide population of about 8 billion people. It represents nearly one-third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world, with the three largest groups of Christians being the Catholic Church, Protestantism, and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The largest Christian denomination is the Catholic Church, with 1.3 billion baptized members. The second largest Christian branch is either Protestantism, or the Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Prüm Convention is a law enforcement treaty which was signed on 27 May 2005 by Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain in the town of Prüm in Germany, and which is open to all members of the European Union, 14 of which are currently parties.
The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report was first published in 2007 by the World Economic Forum (WEF). The index measures the attractiveness of a country as a place to develop business in the travel and tourism industry, rather than a country's attractiveness as a tourist destination. The report ranks countries according to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI). The TTCI scores from 1 to 6 the performance of a given country in each specific subindex. The overall index is made of three main subindexes: (1) regulatory framework; (2) business environment and infrastructure; and (3) human, cultural, and natural resources. The report also includes country profiles with key indicators from the World Bank, the World Tourism Organization and the World Travel and Tourism Council. From the 2021 report, WEF publishes the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) as an evolution of the TTCI.
Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II. Western European countries, especially, saw high growth in immigration post 1945, and many European nations today have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin. In contemporary globalization, migrations to Europe have accelerated in speed and scale. Over the last decades, there has been an increase in negative attitudes towards immigration, and many studies have emphasized marked differences in the strength of anti-immigrant attitudes among European countries.
The Global Enabling Trade Report was first published in 2008 by the World Economic Forum.
In Europe, Google Street View began on 2 July 2008 with the route of Tour de France being covered in parts of France and Italy. The service has since expanded to many European countries, while at the same time has been controversial in some countries due to laws and privacy concerns.
Many countries and national censuses currently enumerate or have previously enumerated their populations by race, ethnicity, nationality, or a combination of these characteristics. Different countries have different classifications and census options for race and ethnicity/nationality which are not comparable with data from other countries. In addition, many of the race and ethnicity concepts that appear on national censuses worldwide have their origins in Europe or in the views of Europeans, rather than in the views of the locals of these countries.
This article details the geographical distribution of speakers of the Italian language, regardless of the legislative status within the countries where it is spoken. In addition to the Italian-speaking area in Europe, Italian-speaking minorities are present in few countries.