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This is a list of all verifiable organizations that claim to be a Masonic Grand Lodge in Europe.
A Masonic "Grand Lodge" (or sometimes "Grand Orient") is the governing body that supervises the individual "Lodges of Freemasons" in a particular geographical area, known as its "jurisdiction" (usually corresponding to a sovereign state or other major geopolitical unit). Some are large, with thousands of members divided into hundreds of subordinate lodges, while others are tiny, with only a few members split between a handful of local lodges. Sometimes there will only be one Grand Lodge in a given area, but the majority of the time there will be at least two. More often, there will be several competing Grand Lodges claiming the same jurisdictional area, or claiming overlapping areas. This fact leads to debates over legitimacy: Not all Grand Lodges and Grand Orients recognize each other as being legitimate. However, such recognition is not relevant to this list, yet recognition is foundational within the fraternal order. Inclusion in this list only requires the establishment of a physical (as opposed to a virtual, or online) presence, and lodges (regular, unrecognized or clandestine) which acknowledge their governance.
Membership numbers are subject to change; for current figures, check the sources which are indicated in the reference section.
Jurisdictional area | Name | Founded | Lodges | Members | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Lozha e Madhe Shqiptare Iliria (Albanian Grand Lodge "Illyria") [1] | 2013 | 5 | 80 | MUB, UMM, CLIPSAS | |
Albania | Lozha e Madhe e Shqipërisë (Grand Lodge of Albania) [2] [3] [4] [5] | 2011 | 5 | 100 | ||
Andorra | Gran Lògia d'Andorra (Grand Lodge of Andorra) [6] [7] | 2000 | 10 | 340 | ||
Armenia | Grand Lodge of Armenia [6] [8] | 2002 | 7 [9] | |||
Austria | Großloge von Österreich (The Grand Lodge of Austria A.F. & A.M.) [6] [10] | 1918 [11] | 73 | 3,258 [9] | ||
Austria | Großorient von Österreich (Grand Orient of Austria) [12] [13] | 1961 | 8 | CLIPSAS | ||
Austria | Grand Lodge Humanitas [12] [14] | 1989 | CLIPSAS CATENA | |||
Austria | Droit Humain of Austria [15] [16] | DH | ||||
Austria | Regular Grand Lodge of Austria | 2019 | 3 | 35 | #SOGLIA | |
Belgium | Fédération Belge du Droit Humain / Belgische federatie van Droit Humain (le Droit Humain, Belgian Federation) [15] [17] | 1928 | 61 | 6,500 | AMIL, DH, LFB, SIMPA | |
Belgium | Grande Loge de Belgique / Grootloge van België (Grand Lodge of Belgium) [12] [18] | 1959 | 52 | 2,500 | LFB, AMIL, CLIPSAS | |
Belgium | Grande Loge féminine de Belgique / Vrouwengrootloge van België (Women's Grand Lodge of Belgium) [12] [19] | 1981 | 33 | 1,600 | LFB, AMIL, CLIPSAS, CLIMAF | |
Belgium | Grande Loge Régulière de Belgique / Reguliere Grootloge van België (Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium) [6] [20] | 1979 | 52 | 720 [9] | ||
Belgium | Grand Orient de Belgique (Grand Orient of Belgium) [12] [21] | 1833 | 108 | 10,000+ | LFB, AMIL, SIMPA, CLIPSAS | |
Bulgaria | Великата Ложа на Старите Свободни и Приети Зидари в България (Grand Lodge A.F. & A.M. of Bulgaria) [22] [23] | 1997 [24] (1991) [25] | 70 [26] [27] | near 2,000 [26] [28] | NUGLB Formed by Lodges working under the Grand Lodge of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons of Germany, part of the United Grand Lodges of Germany and received official support and charter from the United Grand Lodges of Germany on September 20, 1997 | |
Bulgaria | Обединена велика ложа на България (United Grand Lodge of Bulgaria) [6] [29] | 2001 | 55 | 1,846 [9] [28] | ||
Bulgaria | Великата Ложа на България (Grand Lodge of Bulgaria) [30] [31] | 1917 (revived 2010) | 3 | 50 | NUGLB | |
Croatia | Velika loža starih, slobodnih i prihvaćenih zidara Hrvatske (Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons of Croatia) [6] [32] | 1775 | 12 | 350 [33] | ||
Croatia | Velika Simbolička Loža Hrvatske (Grand Symbolic Lodge of Croatia) [34] | 2018 | 4 | 65 | ||
Croatia | Velika Nacionalna Loža Hrvatske (Grand National Lodge of Croatia) [35] | 2014 | ||||
Cyprus | ΜΕΓΑΛΗ ΣΤΟΑ ΤΗΣ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ (Grand Lodge of Cyprus) [6] [36] | 2006 | 12 | 520 [9] | ||
Czech Republic | Grand Lodge of the Czech Republic (Veliká Lóže České Republiky) [6] [37] | 1923 | 23 | 500 [9] | ||
Czech Republic | Grand Lodge of the Czech Lands (Velká lóže zemí Českých) [38] [39] | 2002 | 4 | 60 | ||
Czech Republic | Velká lóže svobodných a přijatých zednářů Humanitas Bohemia [40] [41] | 28 October 1993 | 2 | 60 | CATENA | |
Denmark | Danske Frimurerorden (Danish Order of Freemasons) [6] [42] | 1743 [43] | 100 [43] | 9,497 [9] | ||
Denmark | Storlogen af Danmark (Grand Lodge of Denmark) [12] [44] | 1932 | 4 | CLIPSAS | ||
Estonia | Grand Lodge of Estonia [6] [45] | 18 February 1999 | 12 | 340+ | ||
Estonia | Grand Orient of Estonia [46] | 2010 | 5 | 52 | ||
Finland | Suomen Suurloosi / Storlogen i Finland (Grand Lodge of F. & A. Masons of Finland) [6] [47] | 1924 | 159 [48] | 7,036 [9] [48] | ||
Finland | Le Droit Humain Suomen Liitto / Internationella Sam-Frimurarorden Le Droit Humain Finska Förbundet [15] [49] | 1920 | 13 [50] | DH | ||
France | Fédération française de l'Ordre maçonnique mixte international le Droit Humain (le Droit Humain – French Federation) [15] [51] | 1893 | 518 | 16,000+ | DH, IMF, UMM | |
France | Grande Loge de France (GLdF or GLF) [52] [53] | 1894 | 850 | 34,000 | CIGLU | |
France | Grande Loge Européenne de la Fraternité Universelle (European Grand Lodge of the Universal Fraternity, GLEFU) [54] [55] | 2013 | 33 | 500 | ||
France | Grande Loge féminine de France (Women's Grand Lodge of France) [56] [57] | 1945 / 1952 | 360 | 13,000 | CLIMAF, IMF, UMM | |
France | Grande loge écossaise réformée et rectifiée d'Occitanie [58] [59] | 1995 | 15 | 250 | ||
France | Grande Loge féminine de Memphis-Misraïm [60] [61] | 1965 | 1,000 | IMF | ||
France | Grande Loge Française de Memphis-Misraïm [12] [62] | 1960 | 21 | 300[ citation needed ] | CLIPSAS | |
France | Grande Loge mixte de France [12] [63] | 1982 | 175 | 4,000 [ citation needed ] | IMF CLIPSAS | |
France | Grande Loge mixte universelle [12] [64] | 1973 | 57 [ citation needed ] | 1,200 | IMF CLIPSAS | |
France | Grande Loge Nationale Française (GLNF) [6] [65] | 1913 | 600 | 29,000 [66] | CMI | |
France | Grande Loge Traditionnelle et Symbolique Opéra (GLTSO) [52] [67] | 1958 | 202 | 4,500 | IMF CIGLU | |
France | Grande Loge unie de France [68] | 1994 | 12 | 150 [ citation needed ] | ||
France | Grand Orient de France (Grand Orient of France) (GODF) [12] [69] | 1728 / 1773 | 1,150 | 52,000 [69] | AMIL, IMF, SIMPA, CLIPSAS, UMM | |
France | Loge nationale française [52] [70] | 1968 | 25 | 300 | IMF | |
France | Ordre initiatique et traditionnel de l'Art royal [71] [72] | 1974 | 75 | 930 [ citation needed ] | IMF | |
Georgia | Grand Lodge of Georgia [73] | 2015 | 7 | CIGLU, BCMA, CMC | ||
Georgia | United Grand Lodge of Georgia (UGLG) [74] | 2015 / 2018 | 13 | 180 | GLoT/GLoA/GLoU/GLoR/VGLvD [75] | |
Germany | Große National-Mutterloge „Zu den drei Weltkugeln“ (GNML 3WK) [76] [77] | 1740-09-13 [78] | 40 [79] | VGLvD [75] | ||
Germany | Große Landesloge der Freimaurer von Deutschland (GLL FvD) [76] [80] | [81] | 100 | 3,500 | VGLvD [75] | |
Germany | Souveräner GrossOrient von Deutschland (SGOvD) [82] [83] | 2002 [83] | 7 | |||
Germany | Großloge der Alten Freien und Angenommenen Maurer von Deutschland (GL AFuAMvD) [76] [84] | 1949-06-19 | 260 | 10,000 | VGLvD [75] Formed as United Grand Lodge of Germany in 1949, it changed its name in 1958 on the formation of the United Grand Lodges of Germany | |
Germany | The Grand Lodge of British Freemasons in Germany (GL BFG) [76] [85] | 1959/1982 | 16 | VGLvD [75] | ||
Germany | American Canadian Grand Lodge (ACGL) [76] [86] | 1962-09-29/1970-10-23 | 44 – The five units of the VGLvD, constituting the United Grand Lodges of Germany, have 477 lodges. [9] | The five units of the VGLvD, constituting the United Grand Lodges of Germany, have 14,000 members. [9] | VGLvD, [75] CGMNA | |
Germany | Le Droit Humain – Deutsche Jurisdiktion [15] [87] | 1969-12-31 | DH | |||
Germany | Humanitas – Freimaurergrossloge für Männer und Frauen in Deutschland [40] [88] | 1959 | 10 | 160 | CATENA, CLIPSAS | |
Germany | Frauen-Grossloge von Deutschland (FGLvD) [56] [89] | 1982 [90] | 18 [91] | CLIMAF | ||
Greece | Μεγάλη Στοά της Ελλάδος (Grand Lodge of Greece, A.F. & A.M.) [6] [92] | 1811 [93] [94] [95] [96] | 117 [9] | 3988 [9] | ||
Greece | Εθνική Μεγάλη Στοά της Ελλάδος (National Grand Lodge of Greece) [97] [98] | 1986 | 57 | 800+ | ||
Hungary | Magyarországi Symbolikus Nagypáholy (Symbolic Grand Lodge of Hungary) [6] [99] | 1886/1989 | 14 | 400 [9] | ||
Hungary | Magyarországi Nagyoriens (Grand Orient of Hungary) [100] [101] | 1871/1992 | 9 | 300 | ||
Iceland | Icelandic Order of Freemasons, Grand Lodge of Iceland [6] [102] | 1951 | 16 [11] | 3,459 [9] | ||
Ireland (Eire and Northern Ireland) | Grand Lodge of Ireland [6] [103] | 1725 | 696 [11] | |||
Italy | Grande Oriente d'Italia (Grand Orient of Italy) [30] [104] | 1805 | 777 | 21,686 [9] | HC of Italy | |
Italy | Gran Loggia d’Italia (Grand Lodge of Italy; the "Piazza del Gesú" or "Palazzo Vitelleschi" Obedience) [12] [105] | 1908 | 420 | 9,500 | CLIPSAS, SIMPA, UMM | |
Italy | Regular Grand Lodge of Italy [6] [106] | 1993 | 210 | 3,500 | ||
Italy | Gran Loggia Italiana [107] [108] | 2007 | 24 | 300 | ||
Italy | Ordine Massonico Tradizionale Italiano [109] | 2016 | 123 | 1,200 | ||
Italy | Gran Loggia Massonica Femminile d’Italia [12] [110] | 1990 | 11 | 185 | CLIPSAS, CLIMAF | |
Italy | Gran Loggia Nazionale dei Liberi Muratori d'Italia [111] [112] | 1805 | 80 | CGLEM | ||
Italy | Grande Oriente Universale [113] | 2002 | 296 | 4603 | ||
Latvia | Latvijas Lielloža [6] [114] | 2003 | 6 | 150+ | ||
Liechtenstein | Grand Lodge of The Principality Liechtenstein | 2016 | 3 | 60 | http://freimaurerei.li/ | |
Lithuania | Lietuvos laisvuju murininku Didžioji Lože AF & AM (Grand Lodge of Lithuania) [6] [115] | 2002 | 6 | |||
Luxembourg | Grande Loge du Luxembourg [6] [116] | 1803 | 5 | 280 | ||
Luxembourg | Grande Orient du Luxembourg [12] [117] | 1959 / 1982 | 12 | 459 | CLIPSAS, UMM | |
Luxembourg | Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International le Droit Humain [118] | 1982 | 2 | DH | ||
North Macedonia | The Grand Lodge of Macedonia [6] [119] | 2005 [120] | 6 [121] | 180 | ||
North Macedonia | Regular Grand Lodge of Macedonia [122] | 2010 [122] | 3 [122] | 83 [122] | ||
Malta | Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta [6] [123] | 2004 | 9 | 300 [11] | ||
Malta | Grand Lodge of Jerusalem | 1966 | 8 | 100+ | ||
Moldova | Marea Lojă a Moldovei (Grand Lodge of Moldova) [6] [124] | 1999 [125] | 18 [9] | 170 [11] | ||
Monaco | La Grande Loge Nationale Régulière de la Principauté de Monaco [6] [126] | 2011-02-19 | 200 | |||
Montenegro | Velká Lóže Crne Gore (Grand Lodge of Montenegro) [6] [127] | 2007 | 4 [128] | |||
The Netherlands | Grand Orient of the Netherlands [6] [129] | 1756 | 164 | 6,302 [9] | ||
The Netherlands | Grande Loge Mixte des Pays-Bas (Mixed Grand Lodge of the Low Countries) [12] [130] | 2001 ? | 7 | CLIPSAS | ||
Norway | Norwegian Order of Freemasons [6] [131] | 1891 | 63 | 18,900 [11] | ||
Poland | Grand Orient of Poland [132] | 12.07.1997 | 7 | AACEE, EMA | ||
Poland | National Grand Lodge of Poland/Wielka Loża Narodowa Polski [6] [133] | 1781 | 14 | |||
Portugal | Grande Loja Simbólica de Portugal | 2015 | 17 | CLIPSAS, UMM, AME | ||
Portugal | Federação Portuguesa de Ordem Maçónica Mista Internacional “Le Droit Humain” (DHPT) (le Droit Humain – Portuguese Federation) [15] [134] | 1980 | 8 | DH | ||
Portugal | Grand Loja Feminina de Portugal (GLFP) (Feminine Grand Lodge of Portugal) [56] [135] | 1997 | 15 | CLIMAF | ||
Portugal | Grande Loja Nacional Portuguesa (GLNP) (National Grand Lodge of Portugal) [136] | 1996 | 10 | CIGLU | ||
Portugal | Grand Loja Legal de Portugal (GLLP/GLRP) (Legal Grand Lodge of Portugal/Regular Grand Lodge of Portugal) [6] [137] | 1991 | 98 | 2,000 [9] | ||
Portugal | Grand Orient of Lusitania [12] [138] | 1802 | CLIPSAS, UMM | |||
Romania | Marele Orient al Romaniei (MOAR) | 1879/1925/2005 | 43 | 617 | CLIPSAS, AME, [AACEE] | |
Romania | Marea Lojă Regulară Europa Unită (MLREU) Regular Grand Lodge Europa Unita | 2016 | 7 | 117 | #SOGLIA | |
Romania | Marea Lojă Regulară a României (MLRR ) Regular Grand Lodge of Romania | 2005 | 17 | 320 | #SOGLIA Established in 2005 by Brother Nicu Filip first Grand Master of MLNdR in 1993 under the name National Grand Lodge Dacia. In 2008 joined Masonic High Council the Mother High Council of the World when changes the name into Regular Grand Lodge of Romania. Starting 2017 (6017) Grand Master Sergiu Protopopescu. 2 December 2017 established lodge Dimitrie Cantemir Eastern Moscow. | |
Romania | Marea Lojă Naţională din România (MLNdR) (National Grand Lodge of Romania) [6] [139] [140] | 1880/1993 | 361 | 10,000 [9] | ||
Romania | Marea Lojă Naţională Română "1880" (Romanian National Grand Lodge "1880") [141] [142] | 1880/1993/2010 | 32 | 550 | World Traditional Masonic Union (W.T.M.U.); World Masonic Christian Alliance (W.M.C.A.) | |
România | Traditional Grand Lodge of Romania (MLTR) Archived 29 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Marea Lojă Tradiţională din România | 2015 | 7 | 130 | #SOGLIA | |
Romania | Marea Lojă Națională a României (MLNaR) (National Grand Lodge of Romania) | 2002 | 28 | 2,500 | split from Marea Lojă Naţională din România in 2002 | |
Russia | Grand Lodge of Russia | 1995 | 33 | 700 | ||
Russia | United Grand Lodge of Russia | 2008 [143] | 6 | 70 | ||
Russia | Grand Orient de France | 1728/1773 [143] | 4 | 100 | ||
Russia | Le Droit Humain [15] [144] | 2013 | 1 [145] | 15 | DH | |
San Marino | Serenissima Gran Loggia della Repubblica di San Marino (Most Serene Grand Lodge of the Republic of San Marino) [6] [146] | 2003 | 5 | 80 [9] | ||
Serbia | National Grand Lodge of Serbia [147] [148] | 1997 | 20 | 500 | CIGLU | |
Serbia | Regular Grand Lodge of Serbia [6] [149] | 1919 (as GL Yugoslavia) | 30 | 1,006 [9] | ||
Serbia | Liberal Grand Lodge of Serbia [150] | 2006 | 17 | 450 | ||
Serbia | Grand Orient of Serbia [151] | 2016 | 30 | 900 [9] | ||
Slovak Republic | Veľká Lóža Slovenska [6] [152] | 21 March 2009 | 3 | 60 | ||
Slovenia | Grand Lodge of Slovenia [6] [153] | 1999 | International Confederation of the United Grand Lodges / Confederation Internationale Des Grandes Unies | |||
Spain | Grand Lodge of Spain [6] [154] | 1982 | 176 | 2,500 [9] | ||
Spain | Gran Logia Simbólica Española (Spanish Symbolic Grand Lodge) [12] [155] | 1980 | 41 | CLIPSAS, UMM | ||
Spain (Andaluza) | Gran Logia de la Comunidad Andaluza (Grand Lodge of Andalusia) [111] [156] | 1982 ? | 1 | CGLEM | ||
Spain (Madrid) | Gran Oriente de Madrid (Grand Orient of Madrid) [111] [157] | 1982 ? | 1 | CGLEM | ||
Spain (Catalonia) | Grand Orient of Catalonia [12] [158] | 1989 | CLIPSAS | |||
Spain (Catalonia) | Gran Lògia de Catalunya [159] [160] | 1933 | 3 | |||
Sweden | Swedish Order of Freemasons [6] [161] | 1735 [9] | 43 [161] | 14,200 [161] | ||
Sweden | Le Droit Humain – Scandinavian Federation (Sweden) [15] [162] | 1918 | DH | |||
Sweden | Grand Orient Latinoamericano [12] [163] | 1984 | 5 | CLIPSAS | ||
Switzerland | Grande Loge Suisse Alpina [6] [164] | 1844 | 82 [165] | 3,842 [11] | ||
Switzerland | Fédération Suisse du Droit Humain [15] [166] | 1896 | DH | |||
Switzerland | Grande Loge Mixte de Suisse (Mixed Grand Lodge of Switzerland) [167] [168] | 1999 | 8 | 145 | ||
Switzerland | Grand Orient de Suisse [12] [169] | 1959 | 18 [170] | CLIPSAS | ||
Switzerland | Grande Loge Féminine de Suisse [56] [171] | 1976 | 17 | 350 | CLIMAF | |
Turkey | Grand Lodge of Turkey F.& A.M. [6] [172] | 1909 | 224 | 14,788 [9] | ||
Turkey | Liberal Grand Lodge of Turkey [12] [173] | 1966 | 55 | 2,000 | CLIPSAS, UMM | |
Ukraine | Grand Lodge of Ukraine [6] | 1919 / 2005 | 13 | 250 [9] | [174] | |
United Kingdom (England and Wales) | United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) [30] [175] | 1717 / 1813 | 7000 | 200000 [9] | ||
United Kingdom (Scotland) | Grand Lodge of Scotland [30] [176] | 1736 | 1,050 [9] | 150000 |
The Grand Orient de France (GODF) is the oldest and largest of several Freemasonic organizations based in France and is the oldest in Continental Europe. The Grand Orient de France is generally regarded as the "mother lodge" of Continental Freemasonry.
Co-Freemasonry is a form of Freemasonry which admits both men and women. It began in France in the 1890s with the forming of Le Droit Humain, and is now an international movement represented by several Co-Freemasonic administrations throughout the world. Most male-only Masonic Lodges do not recognise Co-Freemasonry, holding it to be irregular.
Freemasonry in Sweden was introduced by the Swedish Order of Freemasons, founded in 1735 as the oldest still active Swedish fraternal order, working the Swedish Rite of Freemasonry. It is under royal patronage of the King of Sweden and closely associated with the Lutheran Church of Sweden. It is a jurisdiction that admits Christian men only, and is recognised by the United Grand Lodge of England as a Regular Masonic jurisdiction. Its total membership is about 16,500.
The Grande Loge Nationale Française (GLNF) is a French Masonic Grand Lodge. It was founded in 1913, by two lodges, "Le Centre des Amis" Lodge splitting from Grand Orient de France and "L'Anglaise" lodge, an independent lodge based in Bordeaux. GLNF is based on monotheism and the 1929 precepts of regularity issued by the United Grand Lodge of England.
This is a general survey on the historical and modern presence of Freemasonry in countries located in Asia.
Freemasonry has had a complex relationship with women for centuries. A few women were involved in Freemasonry before the 18th century, despite de jure prohibitions in the Premier Grand Lodge of England.
The International Secretariat of the Masonic Adogmatic Powers (ISMAP) was an international organization of Masonic jurisdictions of masonic lodges. Its members merged back into CLIPSAS in the early 2010s.
Continental Freemasonry, otherwise known as Liberal Freemasonry, Latin Freemasonry, and Adogmatic Freemasonry, includes the Masonic lodges, primarily on the European continent, that recognize the Grand Orient de France (GOdF) or belong to CLIPSAS, SIMPA, CIMAS, COMAM, CATENA, GLUA, or any of various other international organizations of Liberal, i.e., Continental Freemasonry. The larger number of Freemasons, most of whom live in the United States–where Regular Freemasonry holds a virtual monopoly–belong to Masonic lodges that recognize the United Grand Lodge of England and do not recognize Continental Freemasons, regarding them as "irregular".
Freemasonry in France has been influential on the worldwide Masonic movement due to its founding of Continental Freemasonry.
With 84 lodges and 3’350 members, the Grand Lodge Alpina of Switzerland (GLAS) is a Swiss Masonic obedience founded in 1844.
Freemasonry in Belgium comprises several Masonic obediences, a federation and a confederation. These include Grand Orient of Belgium, the Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Women's Grand Lodge of Belgium, the Belgian Federation of Le Droit Humain and Lithos Confederation of Lodges.
Continental Freemasonry in North America is relatively rare, but there are a few continental-style organizations active.
The Women's Grand Lodge Of France is the Grand Lodge of France's women-only Masonic lodges.
The first known Freemasons in Portugal were the Swiss John Coustos and two other Portuguese members of his lodge, who were arrested by the Portuguese Inquisition and questioned under torture in the 1740s. Coustos wrote a book detailing his sufferings under the Inquisition and pointed to 1728 as being the year of the first Lodge, although nothing is known of the first years of this Lodge and it was not then recognised by the Grand Lodge of England. Today there are several Masonic Obediences in Portugal.
Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that arose from the loose organization of medieval masons working in the medieval building industry.
Freemasonry in Germany started in several places during the second quarter of the Eighteenth century. After the extinction of the Rite of Strict Observance, which had a wide following and claimed Templar origins for its higher degrees, the several Grand Lodges in Germany defied all attempts at unification, although a largely ineffectual central organisation came into being with the unification of Germany. During the 1920s Freemasons were harassed alongside Jews by those taken in by the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and blamed for the German surrender of 1918. This culminated with the suppression of Freemasonry by the Nazis in 1935, with many Masons in Germany and occupied countries being executed or sent to concentration camps. Freemasonry returned to Germany after World War Two. A single central body now represents five "regular" Grand Lodges. Liberal, women's, and mixed lodges also exist.
The Symbolic Grand Lodge of Spain is one of the main grand obediences in Spain. It is one of group of obediences included in CLIPSAS, and can be defined as a mixed or egalitarian, liberal and non-dogmatic Grand Lodge.