List of bioluminescent fungi

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Bioluminescent Mycena roseoflava M. roseoflava.jpg
Bioluminescent Mycena roseoflava
Panellus stipticus is among about 125 known species of bioluminescent fungi. PanellusStipticusAug12 2009.jpg
Panellus stipticus is among about 125 known species of bioluminescent fungi.

This list of bioluminscent fungi has more than 125 known species found largely in temperate and tropical climates. [1] They are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one possible exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales. [2] All known bioluminescent Agaricales are mushroom-forming, white-spored agarics that belong to four distinct evolutionary lineages. The Omphalotus lineage (comprising the genera Omphalotus and Neonothopanus ) contains 12 species, the Armillaria lineage has 10 known species, while the Mycenoid lineage ( Favolachia, Mycena , Panellus , Prunulus , Roridomyces ) has more than 50 species. The recently discovered Lucentipes lineage contains two species, Mycena lucentipes and Gerronema viridilucens , which belong to a family that has not yet been formally named. [3] Armillaria mellea is the most widely distributed of the luminescent fungi, found across Asia, Europe, North America, and South Africa. [4]

Contents

The newly discovered Eoscyphella lineage, represented by Eoscyphella luciurceolata from the Atlantic Rainforest in southern Brazil, marks a significant expansion in understanding of fungal bioluminescence. [5]

Bioluminescent fungi emit a greenish light at a wavelength of 520–530  nm. The light emission is continuous and occurs only in living cells. [6] No correlation of fungal bioluminescence with cell structure has been found. Bioluminescence may occur in both mycelia and fruit bodies, as in Panellus stipticus and Omphalotus olearius , or only in mycelia and young rhizomorphs, as in Armillaria mellea. [7] In Roridomyces roridus luminescence occurs only in the spores, while in Collybia tuberosa , it is only in the sclerotia. [8]

Although the biochemistry of fungal bioluminescence has not fully been characterized, the preparation of bioluminescent, cell-free extracts has allowed researchers to characterize the in vitro requirements of fungal bioluminescence. Experimental data suggest that a two-stage mechanism is required. In the first, a light-emitting substance (called "luciferin") is reduced by a soluble reductase enzyme at the expense of NAD(P)H. In the second stage, reduced luciferin is oxidized by an insoluble luciferase that releases the energy in the form of bluish-green light. Conditions that affect the growth of fungi, such as pH, light and temperature, have been found to influence bioluminescence, suggesting a link between metabolic activity and fungal bioluminescence. [8]

All bioluminescent fungi share the same enzymatic mechanism, suggesting that there is a bioluminescent pathway that arose early in the evolution of the mushroom-forming Agaricales. [3] All known luminescent species are white rot fungi capable of breaking down lignin, found in abundance in wood. Bioluminescence is an oxygen-dependent metabolic process and therefore may provide antioxidant protection against the potentially damaging effects of reactive oxygen species produced during wood decay.

The physiological and ecological function of fungal bioluminescence has not been established with certainty. It has been suggested that in the dark beneath closed tropical forest canopies, bioluminescent fruit bodies may be at an advantage by attracting grazing animals (including insects and other arthropods) that could help disperse their spores. Conversely, where mycelium (and vegetative structures like rhizomorphs and sclerotia) are the bioluminescent tissues, the argument has been made that light emission could deter grazing. [8]

The following list of bioluminescent mushrooms is based on a 2008 literature survey by Dennis Desjardin and colleagues, [9] in addition to accounts of several new species published since then. [10] [11] [12] [13]

Species

BinomialLuminescenceDistributionReferences
MyceliumFruit body
Armillaria calvescens
Bérubé & Dessur.
Yes?Eastern NA [14]
Armillaria cepistipes
Velen.
Yes?NA, Eurasia [14]
Armillaria fuscipes
Petch
YesNoMalaysia, Africa [7] [15] [16]
Armillaria gallica
Marxm. & Romagn.
YesNoEU, NA, Africa, Japan [17]
Armillaria gemina
Bérubé & Dessur.
Yes?Eastern NA [14]
Armillaria limonea
(G.Stev.) Boesew.
NoYesAustralasia, SA [18]
Armillaria mellea
(Valh.) P.Kumm.
YesNoEurasia, NA [17] [19]
Armillaria nabsnona
T.J. Volk & Burds.
Yes?Western NA, Asia [14]
Armillaria novae-zelandiae
(G.Stev.) Boesew.
YesYesNZ, Australia, New Guinea, SA [18]
Armillaria ostoyae
(Romagn.) Henrik
YesNoEU, NA [20]
Armillaria sinapina
Bérubé & Dessur.
Yes?NA, Asia [14]
Armillaria tabescens
(Scop.) Emel
YesNoEU, NA [17]
Collybia tuberosa
(Bull.) P. Kumm
NoOnly sclerotia EU, NA, Lithuania [21] [22]
Cruentomycena orientalis
Har. Takah., Taneyama & Hadano
YesYesJapan, Taiwan [23]
Cruentomycena viscidocruenta
(Cleland) R.H. Petersen & Kovalenko 2008
YesNoNew Zealand [24]
Desarmillaria ectypa
(Fr.) R.A. Koch & Aime
YesYes (gills)EU [25]
Dictyopanus foliicolus
Kobayasi [a]
YesYesJapan [27] [28]
Eoscyphella luciurceolata
Silva-Filho, Stevani & Desjardin
NoYesBrazil [5]
Favolaschia manipularis
(Berk.) Teng [b]
?YesMalaysia, Pacific islands [30] [31]
Favolaschia tonkinensis
(Pat.) Kuntze, 1898
NoYesEastern India, China (Yunnan) [32]
Filoboletus hanedae
(as 'hanedai′) Kobayasi [c]
?YesJapan [27]
Filoboletus pallescens
(Boedijn) Maas Geest.
?YesMalaysia, Indonesia (Krakatoa) [34]
Favolaschia peziziformis
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.
?YesJapan [35]
Filoboletus yunnanensis
P.G.Liu
?YesChina [34]
Gerronema viridilucens
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani
YesYesSA [36]
Marasmiellus venosus
Har. Takah., Taneyama & Hadano
NoYesJapan [37] [ failed verification ]
Mycena aspratilis
Maas Geest. & de Meijer
?Yes (Hymenophore)SA [10]
Mycena asterina
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani
YesYesSA [38]
Mycena cahaya
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin
YesYesMalaysia [39]
Mycena citricolor
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.
YesNoSA, CA, Jamaica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto Rico [16] [40]
Mycena chlorophos
(Berk. & M.A.Curtis) Sacc.
YesYesMalaysia, Indonesia, Japan, Pacific Islands [31]
Mycena cristinae
J.S. Oliveira
YesYesBrazil
Mycena crocata

(Schrad.) P. Kumm.

YesNoEurope [41] [42]
Mycena coralliformis
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin
Yes?Malaysia [30]
Mycena daisyogunensis
Kobayasi
?YesJapan [27]
Mycena deeptha
Aravind. & Manim.
YesNoIndia, Malaysia [12]
Mycena deformis
Maas Geest. & de Meijer
YesNoBrazil [43]
Mycena deusta
Maas Geest. & de Meijer
?YesBrazil [44]
Mycena discobasis
Metrod
?YesSA, AF [38]
Mycena sp. "Erua (PDD 80772)"YesYesNZ [45] [46]
Mycena epipterygia
(Scop.: Fr.) S.F.Gray
YesNoEU, NA, Japan [43]
Mycena fera
Maas Geest. & de Meijer
?YesSA [38]
Mycena flammifera
Har. Takah. & Taneyama
?YesJapan [47]
Mycena fulgoris
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin
NoYes (stipe)Mexico [48]
Mycena fusca
Cleland
??South Australia [49]
Mycena galopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
YesNoEU, NA, Japan [16] [41] [43] [50]
Mycena globulispora
Maas Geest. & de Meijer
YesYes (basidiomes)Brazil [51]
Mycena gombakensis
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin
YesYesMalaysia [30]
Mycena guzmanii
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin
YesYesMexico [48]
Mycena haematopus
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
YesYesEU, NA, Japan [41] [50] [52]
Mycena illuminans
Henn.
YesYesMalaysia, Japan [30] [31] [53] [54]
Mycena inclinata
(Fr.) Quél.
YesNoEU, NA, AF [15]
Mycena jingyinga
C.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao
YesNoTaiwan [55]
Mycena kentingensis
Y.S. Shih, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao
?YesTaiwan [13]
Mycena lacrimans
Singer
?YesSA (Brazil) [38]
Mycena lazulina
Har. Takah., Taneyama, Terashima & Oba
?YesJapan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Australia [56]
Mycena lucentipes
Desjardin, Capelari & Stevani
YesYesSA, CA [38]
Mycena luguensis
C.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao
YesNoTaiwan [55]
Mycena lumina
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin
NoYesMexico [48]
Mycena luxaustralis
P Sandoval-Leiva
?YesChile [57]
Mycena lux-coeli
Corner
?YesJapan [31]
Mycena luxaeterna
B.A.Perry & Desjardin
YesYesSA [10]
Mycena luxarboricola
B.A.Perry & Desjardin
NoYesSA [10]
Mycena luxfoliata  [ ceb ]
Har. Takah., Taneyama & Terashima
YesNoJapan [51]
Mycena luxfoliicola
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin & Ram.-Cruz
YesYesMexico [48]
Mycena luxperpetua
B.A. Perry & Desjardin
YesYesPuerto Rico [10]
Mycena maculata
P.Karst.
Yes?EU, NA, AF [50]
Mycena margarita
(Murrill) Murrill
?Yes (yellowish green light in all parts of the basidiome, or nonluminescent in some populations)Caribbean - Florida (USA), Belize, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela, Brazil [58] [10]
Mycena nebula
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin & Rockefeller
NoYesMexico [48]
Mycena nocticaelum
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin
YesYesMalaysia [30]
Mycena noctilucens
Kawam. ex Corner [d]
?YesMalaysia, Pacific islands, South Solomons [31] [54]
Mycena olivaceomarginata
(Massee apud Cooke) Massee
YesNoEU, NA [15]
Mycena oculisnymphae
Desjardin, B.A. Perry & Stevanir
?Yes (basidiome)Brazil [51]
Mycena perlae
Cortés-Pérez, Desjardin & Rockefeller
NoYesMexico [48]
Mycena podocarpi
G. Stev.
YesNoNZ [59]
Mycena polygramma
(Bull.: Fr.) S.F.Gray
YesNoAF, EU, NA, Japan [16] [43] [50]
Mycena pruinosoviscida
Corner [e]
?Yes (and spores)AU, Malaysia, Japan (Hachijō-jima) [31] [54]
Mycena pseudostylobates
Kobayasi
Yes?Japan [27]
Mycena pura
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
YesNoEU, NA, SA, Japan [50]
Mycena rosea
(Bull.) Gramberg
YesNoEU [50]
Mycena roseoflava
(G.Stev.)
YesYesNZ [18]
Mycena sanguinolenta
(Alb. & Schwein.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
YesNoEU, NA, Japan [41] [43]
Mycena seminau
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin
YesYesMalaysia [39]
Mycena silvaelucens
B.A.Perry & Desjardin
?Yes (pileus, lamellae, stipe)Malaysia [10]
Mycena sinar
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin
YesYesMalaysia [39]
Mycena sinar var. tangkaisinar
A.L.C.Chew & Desjardin
?YesMalaysia [30]
Mycena singeri
Lodge
?YesSA, CA [38]
Mycena stellaris
Har.Takah., Taneyama & Hadano
?YesTaiwan [61]
Mycena stylobates
(Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
YesNoAF, EU, NA, Japan [41] [43]
Mycena sublucens
Corner
NoYesMalaysia [31]
Mycena tintinnabulum
(Fr.) Quél.
YesNoEU [62]
Mycena venus
C.C. Chang, C.Y. Chen, W.W. Lin & H.W. Kao
YesNoTaiwan [55]
Mycena vinacea
Cleland
?Yes (basidiomes)AU, NZ [18]
Mycena zephirus
(Fr.: Fr.) P.Kumm.
YesNoEU [43] [50]
Neonothopanus gardneri
(Berk. ex Gardner) Capelari, Desjardin, Perry, Asai & Stevani
YesYesSA [11] [63]
Neonothopanus nambi
(Speg.) Petersen & Krisai-Greilhuber
YesYesAU, SA, CA, Malaysia [30] [64]
Nothopanus eugrammus
(Mont.) Singer [f]
NoYesJapan, Malaysia, Singapore [64]
Nothopanus noctilucens
(Lév.) Singer
?YesJapan [66] [67]
Omphalotus flagelliformis
Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng
YesYesChina [68]
Omphalotus illudens
(Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl.
YesYesEU, NA [7] [15] [16]
Omphalotus japonicus
(Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill. [g]
YesYesChina, Korea, Japan, Taiwan [52] [70] [71] [72]
Omphalotus mangensis
(J.Li & X.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.
?YesChina [73]
Omphalotus nidiformis
(Berk.) O.K.Mill.
?YesAU [74] [75]
Omphalotus olearius
(DC.: Fr.) Singer
YesYesEU, US [15]
Omphalotus olivascens
H.E.Bigelow, O.K.Mill. & Thiers
NoYesNA [76]
Omphalotus subilludens
(Murrill) H.E.Bigelow
YesYesUS [77]
Panellus luminescens
(Corner) Corner
YesYesMalaysia [30] [78] [79]
Panellus luxfilamentus
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin
Yes?Malaysia [30]
Panellus pusillus
(Pers. ex Lév.) Burdsall & O.K.Mill. [h]
YesYesAF, AU, NA, SA, Malaysia, Japan [28] [31] [67] [79] [81]
Panellus stipticus
(Bull.: Fr.) P.Karst.
YesYesAU, AF, EU, NA, SA, Japan [16] [82] [19]
Pleurotus decipiens
Corner
?YesMalaysia [64]
Resinomycena petarensis
Desjardin, B.A. Perry & Stevani
YesNoBrazil [51]
Roridomyces irritans
(E.Horak) Rexer
NoYesAU [83]
Roridomyces phyllostachydis
Karun., Mortimer and Axford
NoYesIndia [84]
Roridomyces pruinosoviscidus
A.L.C. Chew & Desjardin
YesYesMalaysia, Bismark Archipelago [30]
Roridomyces lamprosporus
(Corner) Rexer [i]
NoYes (spores)Malaysia, AU [54] [78] [83]
Roridomyces roridus
(Fr.) Rexer [j]
YesNoEU, NA, SA, Japan [88]
Roridomyces sublucens
Edred John Henry Corner Corner
NoYes (stipe and gills)Amboina (Indonesia) [89]
Roridomyces viridiluminus
L.A.P. Dauner, Karunarathna & P.E. Mortimer
YesYesChina (Yunnan) [89]
Tricholoma sciodes
(Pers.) C. Martín
YesNoLithuania [22]
Xylaria hypoxylon
(L.) Grev.
?Allegedly (?)EU [90] [19]

See also

Notes

  1. Apparently it is the same species as given in Index Fungorum with a current name as Dictyopanus foliicola Kobayasi. [26]
  2. This species is given in Audrey et al. (2015) as Filoboletus manipularis and in Corner (1954) as Mycena manipularis var. microporus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Favolaschia manipularis is the current name. [29]
  3. This species is given in Kobayasi (1951) as Poromycena hanedae (as ′hanedai′) but Index Fungorum indicates that Filoboletus hanedae (as ′hanedai′) is the current name. [33]
  4. This species is presumably given in Corner (1994) as Mycena Noctilucens var. magnispora but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena Noctilucens is the current name.
  5. This species is given in Corner (1954) and presumably in Corner (1994) as Mycena pruinoso-viscida and Mycena pruinoso-viscida var. rabaulensis but Index Fungorum indicates that Mycena pruinosoviscida is the current name. [60]
  6. This species is given in Corner (1981) as Pleurotus eugrammus var. radicicolus, but Index Fungorum indicates that Nothopanus eugrammus is the current name. [65]
  7. This species is given in Zang (1979) as Lampteromyces luminescens, but Index Fungorum indicates that Omphalotus japonicus is the current name. [69]
  8. This species is given in Corner (1954) as Dictyopanus pusillus var. sublamellatus and in Kobayasi (1963), Corner (1954), Corner (1986) as Panellus gloeocystidiatus but Index Fungorum indicates that Panellus pusillus is the current name. [80]
  9. This species is given in Corner (1994), Corner (1950), Horak (1978) as Mycena lamprospora, but Index Fungorum indicates that Roridomyces lamprosporus is the current name. [85]
  10. This species is given in Desjardin et al. (2008) as Mycena rorida, but both Index Fungorum and MycoBank indicate that Roridomyces roridus is the current name. [86] [87]

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