Omphalotus

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Omphalotus
Omphalotus olearius2.JPG
Omphalotus olearius
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Omphalotaceae
Genus: Omphalotus
Fayod (1889)
Type species
Omphalotus olearius
(DC.) Singer (1946)
Synonyms [1]
Omphalotus
Information icon.svg
Gills icon.png Gills on hymenium
Depressed cap icon.svgInfundibuliform cap icon.svg Cap is depressed or infundibuliform
Decurrent gills icon2.svg Hymenium is decurrent
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
Spore print is yellow
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Poison.pngEdibility is poisonous

Omphalotus is a genus of basidiomycete mushroom, in the family Omphalotaceae, formally circumscribed by Victor Fayod in 1889. Members have the traditional cap and stem structure. They are saprobic, and fruit in clumps on the ground, adjacent to host trees. The best known and type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). Species of Omphalotus have been mistaken for chanterelles. All Omphalotus species are presumed poisonous, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Some Omphalotus species have bioluminescent properties. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Victor Fayod originally erected the genus with Pleurotus olearius and P. eryngii as its principal species in 1889, [4] placing it in a tribus ("alliance") with the genera Pleurotus and Pleurotellus . [5]

The relationships of the genus have become clearer with genetic analysis. Rolf Singer placed it and the related Lampteromyces in the Boletales due to the presence of the pigment variegatic acid. More specifically the genera were placed in the family Paxillaceae. However, it was found that fungi of the genus Omphalotus break down lignin while those of the genus Paxillus break down cellulose. [6]

Since then, the genera have been found to have a close relationship with the genus Nothopanus , and the whole group to lie within the agaric family Marasmiaceae. [6] The group has been classified in their own family Omphalotaceae. [7]

The type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius) from Europe. Another eight species have been described. The seven species examined genetically form two clades. One is an illudens clade containing (O. illudens) of Europe and North America, and (O. mexicanus) from Central America. The other is an olearius clade containing O. olearius and the tsukiyotake (O. japonicus) from eastern Asia as sister species, and the western jack-o'-lantern (O. olivascens) and (O. subilludens). [6] Since the phylogeny was published, Omphalotus flagelliformis has been described from Yunnan Province in China, which is related to O. mexicanus and O. illudens. [8]

The generic name Omphalotus is derived from the Byzantine Greek ὀμϕαλοειδής, meaning "navel". [9]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny and relationships of Omphalotus species based on ITS ribosomal DNA sequences. [6]

Species

ImageNameYearCommon nameDistribution
Omphalotus flagelliformis Zhu L. Yang & B. Feng2013Yunnan Province in Southwestern China
2007-08-05 Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl 1018098506.jpg Omphalotus illudens (Schwein.) Bresinsky & Besl1979Jack-O'-LanternEastern North America, Europe
Omphalotus guepiniformis Berk Neda 02.jpg Omphalotus japonicus (Kawam.) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.2002Tsukiyotake (月夜茸) / Moon-night mushroomKorea, China, Japan, and far Eastern Russia.
Omphalotus lutescens Raithelh.1988
Omphalotus mangensis (Jian Z.Li & X.W.Hu) Kirchm. & O.K.Mill.2002China
Omphalotus mexicanus 183620.jpg Omphalotus mexicanus Guzmán & V. Mora1984Mexico
Omphalotus nidiformis (Berk.) O.K. Mill 41988.jpg Omphalotus nidiformis (Berk.) O.K. Mill.1994Ghost fungus / Australian glow fungusSouthern Australia, India (Kerala)
Omphalotus olearius Mallorca.jpg Omphalotus olearius (DC.) Singer1984Jack-O'-LanternEurope, US
Omphalotus olivascens 129274.jpg Omphalotus olivascens H.E. Bigelow, O.K. Mill. & Thiers1976Western Jack-O'-LanternCalifornia and Mexico
Omphalotus subilludens (Murrill) H.E. Bigelow 820669.jpg Omphalotus subilludens (Murrill) H.E. Bigelow1982Southern Jack-O'-LanternSouth / Eastern United States

Description

Fungi of this genus produce fleshy mushrooms with smooth or fibrous caps with gills and fleshy or fibrous stems growing in clumps on wood. [7] O. mexicanus has dark blue fruiting bodies tinted with yellow. [5]

Toxicity

Many members of the genus are known to be toxic, with consumption leading to gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting and at times diarrhea. [10] The toxic ingredient is a sesquiterpene compound known as illudin S. [11] [12] [13]

Distribution and ecology

The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, found in forests around the world. [7] Its species cause a white soft rot on dead wood as they break down lignin.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Cantharellus</i> Genus of fungi

Cantharellus is a genus of mushrooms, commonly known as chanterelles, a name which can also refer to the type species, Cantharellus cibarius. They are mycorrhizal fungi, meaning they form symbiotic associations with plants. Chanterelles may resemble a number of other species, some of which are poisonous.

<i>Omphalotus olearius</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus olearius, commonly known as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is a poisonous orange gilled mushroom that to an untrained eye appears similar to some chanterelles. It is notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. It has also been reported from the Western Cape Province, South Africa. A similar, but phylogenetically distinct species found in eastern North America is Omphalotus illudens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mushroom poisoning</span> Harmful effects from ingestion of toxic substances present in a mushroom

Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances. Symptoms can vary from slight gastrointestinal discomfort to death in about 10 days. Mushroom toxins are secondary metabolites produced by the fungus.

<i>Omphalotus illudens</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus illudens, commonly known as the eastern jack-o'lantern mushroom, is a large, orange mushroom that is often found in clumps on decaying stumps, buried roots, or at the base of hardwood trees in eastern North America. Its gills often exhibit a weak green bioluminescence when fresh. This green glow has been mentioned in several journal articles, which state that the phenomenon can persist up to 40–50 hours after the mushroom has been picked. It is believed that this display serves to attract insects to the mushroom's gills during nighttime, which can then distribute its spores across a wider area.

The illudins are a family of sesquiterpenes with antitumor antibiotic properties produced by some mushrooms. In their isolated form, illudins show selective toxicity for myelocytic leukemia and other carcinoma cells.

<i>Clitocybe</i> Genus of fungi

Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.

<i>Pleurotus</i> Genus of fungi

Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus. Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. Pleurotus fungi have also been used in mycoremediation of pollutants, such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

<i>Omphalotus nidiformis</i> Species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Marasmiaceae

Omphalotus nidiformis, or ghost fungus, is a gilled basidiomycete mushroom most notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is known to be found primarily in southern Australia and Tasmania, but was reported from India in 2012 and 2018. The fan or funnel shaped fruit bodies are up to 30 cm (12 in) across, with cream-coloured caps overlain with shades of orange, brown, purple, or bluish-black. The white or cream gills run down the length of the stipe, which is up to 8 cm (3 in) long and tapers in thickness to the base. The fungus is both saprotrophic and parasitic, and its fruit bodies are generally found growing in overlapping clusters on a wide variety of dead or dying trees.

Victor Fayod was a Swiss mycologist who created an influential novel classification of the agaric fungi and described a number of new genera and species.

Jack o' lantern mushroom is a common name for several fungus species in the genus Omphalotus:

<i>Omphalotus olivascens</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus olivascens, commonly known as the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is an orange to brown-colored gilled poisonous mushroom endemic to the California Floristic Province. It is sometimes mistaken for chanterelles.

Neonothopanus gardneri, locally known as flor de coco, is a bioluminescent fungus native to Goiás, Piauí and Tocantins states in Brazil.

<i>Omphalotus mexicanus</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus mexicanus is a gilled basidiomycete mushroom in the family Marasmiaceae. Found in Mexico, it was described as new to science in 1984. Fruit bodies contain the toxic compounds illudin S and illudin M.

<i>Omphalotus subilludens</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus subilludens, commonly known as the Southern Jack O'lantern mushroom, is a basidiomycete fungi in the genus Omphalotus. It has been definitively recorded in Florida and Texas with reports of species in Arizona and Mexico. It fruits on dead and dying trees during warmer parts of the year, producing a fairly large orange to brown-orange fruiting body that occurs in clusters. It is most closely related to O. olivascans, O. olearius, and O. japonicus and has high cross compatibility with O. olivescans and O. olearis. It is poisonous to humans and animals when eaten but rarely produces life-threatening symptoms, usually poisonings are resolved in 24-48 hours, with the majority of symptoms being gastrointestinal. Compounds in these mushrooms have pharmacological potential with potential applications in anti-coagulants, cancer therapies, and antibiotics. It is also bioluminescent producing a faint glow around the gills through the oxidation of luciferase.

Omphalotus mangensis is a species of agaric fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. Found in China, the fruit bodies of the fungus are bioluminescent.

<i>Omphalotus japonicus</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus japonicus, commonly known as the tsukiyotake(月夜茸), is an orange to brown-colored gilled mushroom native to Japan and Eastern Asia. It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Omphalotus, the members of which have bioluminescent fruit bodies which glow in darkness. A 2004 molecular study shows it to be most closely related to a clade composed of Omphalotus nidiformis of Australia, Omphalotus olivascens of Western North America and Omphalotus olearius of Europe.

Omphalotus flagelliformis is a bioluminescent fungus native to Yunnan Province in southwestern China. Fruitbodies are reddish-brown to brown, with convex, flattened, or funnel-shaped caps typically 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) in diameter. Described as new to science in 2013, the type collection was found the year previous in Kunming Botanical Garden at an elevation of 1,980 metres (6,500 ft). It was fruiting in a cluster around the base of a tree identified as being in the family Fagaceae. Molecular analysis suggests that Omphalotus flagelliformis is closely related to O. illudens and O. mexicanus. The specific epithet flagelliformis refers to the "flagelliform" appendages of the cheilocystidia.

<i>Hypsizygus ulmarius</i> Species of mushroom-forming fungus

Hypsizygus ulmarius, also known as the elm oyster mushroom, and less commonly as the elm leech, elm Pleurotus, is an edible fungus. It has often been confused with oyster mushrooms in the Pleurotus genus but can be differentiated easily as the gills are either not decurrent or not deeply decurrent. While not quite as common as true oyster mushrooms, they have a wide range globally in temperate forests. The mushrooms and vegetative hyphae of this species have been studied in recent years for their potential benefits to human health, and mycoremediation.

References

  1. "Omphalotus Fayod". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  2. Earle, Franklin Sumner (1906). "The Genera of North American Gill Fungi". Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. 5: 373–451 (see p. 432).
  3. Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN   0-471-52229-5.
  4. Fayod, Victor (1889). "Prodrome d'une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés" (PDF). Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique (in French). 9 (7): 181–411 (see p. 338).
  5. 1 2 Petersen, Ronald H.; Hughes, Karen W. (1997). "Mating systems in Omphalotus (Paxillaceae, Agaricales)". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 211 (3–4): 217–29. doi:10.1007/bf00985360. ISSN   0378-2697. S2CID   29816286.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kirchmair, Martin; Morandell, Sandra; Stolz, Daniela; Pöder, Reinhold; Sturmbauer (2004). "Phylogeny of the Genus Omphalotus Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA-sequences". Mycologia. 96 (6): 1253–60. doi:10.2307/3762142. JSTOR   3762142. PMID   21148949.
  7. 1 2 3 Paul F. Cannon; P. M. Kirk; P. F. Cannon (2007). Fungal Families of the World. CAB International. pp. 247–48. ISBN   978-0851998275.
  8. Yang ZL, Feng B (2013). "The genus Omphalotus (Omphalotaceae) in China" (PDF). Mycosystema. 32 (3): 545–56. ISSN   1672-6472.
  9. "omphaloid, adj.". The Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. April 2008. Retrieved 2012-12-12.(subscription required)
  10. Joseph F. Ammirati; Traquair; James Alvin; Paul A. Horgen (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of the Northern United States and Canada. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN   0816614075.
  11. Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas — a handbook for naturalists, mycologists and physicians. New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp. 366–67. ISBN   0-7167-2600-9.
  12. Nakanishi, K.; Ohashi, M.; Tada, M.; Yamada, Y. (1965). "Illudin S (lampterol)". Tetrahedron. 21 (5): 1231–1246. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(65)80065-5. PMID   5896484.
  13. Anchel, M.; Herbey, A.; Robbins, W.J. (1950). "Antibiotic Substances from Basidiomycetes: VII. Clitocybe illudens". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 36 (5): 300–305. Bibcode:1950PNAS...36..300A. doi: 10.1073/pnas.36.5.300 . PMC   1063187 . PMID   15417544.