Pleurotus

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Pleurotus
Oyster mushoom fells.jpg
Pleurotus ostreatus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Pleurotaceae
Genus: Pleurotus
(Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871
Type species
Pleurotus ostreatus
Pleurotus
Information icon.svg
Saprotrophic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic
Mycomorphbox Choice.pngEdibility is choice

Pleurotus is a genus of gilled mushrooms which includes one of the most widely eaten mushrooms, P. ostreatus . Species of Pleurotus may be called oyster, abalone, or tree mushrooms, and are some of the most commonly cultivated edible mushrooms in the world. [1] Pleurotus fungi have also been used in mycoremediation of pollutants, such as petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. [2] [3]

Contents

Description

The caps may be laterally attached (with no stipe). If there is a stipe, it is normally eccentric and the gills are decurrent along it. The term pleurotoid is used for any mushroom with this general shape. [4]

The spores are smooth and elongated (described as "cylindrical"). Where hyphae meet, they are joined by clamp connections. Pleurotus is not considered to be a bracket fungus, and most of the species are monomitic (with a soft consistency). However, remarkably, Pleurotus dryinus can sometimes be dimitic, meaning that it has additional skeletal hyphae, which give it a tougher consistency like bracket fungi. [5]

Taxonomy

P. pulmonarius, Sweden Pleurotus pulmonarius LC0228.jpg
P. pulmonarius, Sweden

The classification of species within the genus Pleurotus is difficult due to high phenotypic variability across wide geographic ranges, geographic overlap of species, and ongoing evolution and speciation. Early taxonomic efforts placed the oyster mushrooms within a very broad Agaricus as Agaricus ostreatus (Jacq. 1774). Paul Kummer defined the genus Pleurotus in 1871; since then, the genus has been narrowed with some species reclassified to other genera, such as Favolaschia , Hohenbuehelia , Lentinus , Marasmiellus , Omphalotus , Panellus , Pleurocybella , and Resupinatus . See Singer (1986) [6] for an example of Pleurotus taxonomy based on morphological characteristics.

Phylogeny

More recently, molecular phylogenetics has been utilized to determine genetic and evolutionary relationships between groups within the genus, delineating discrete clades. [7] [8] [9] Pleurotus, along with the closely related genus Hohenbuehelia , has been shown to be monophyletic. [10] Tests of cross-breeding viability between groups have been used to further define which groups are deserving of species rank, as opposed to subspecies, variety, or synonymy. If two groups of morphologically distinct Pleurotus fungi are able to cross-breed and produce fertile offspring, they meet one definition of species. These reproductively discrete groups, referred to as intersterility groups, have begun to be defined in Pleurotus. [8] [11] Many binomial names used in literature are now being grouped together as species complexes using this technique, and may change.

Phylogenetic species

The following species list is organized according to 1. phylogenetic clade, [7] [9] 2. intersterility group (group number in Roman numerals) or sub-clade, [8] [11] and then 3. any older binomial names that have been found to be closely related, reproductively compatible, or synonymous, although they may no longer be taxonomically valid. This list is likely to be incomplete.

P. populinus, Pennsylvania, USA Pleurotus populinus 13996.jpg
P. populinus, Pennsylvania, USA
Pleurotus mushrooms production at the Agricultural Science and Technology School, Science City of Munoz, Philippines Pleurotusjf.JPG
Pleurotus mushrooms production at the Agricultural Science and Technology School, Science City of Muñoz, Philippines

Incertae sedis species

Former species

Etymology

The genus name Pleurotus literally means side ear in reference to the mushroom caps being laterally attached to the substrate. It is a composite of the Ancient Greek words πλευρά  : pleurá - side, and the stem -oto referring to ears (from οὖς, ὠτός : ear).

Ecology

Pleurotus fungi are found in both tropical and temperate climates throughout the world. [1] Most species of Pleurotus are white-rot fungi on hardwood trees, although some also decay conifer wood. [3] Pleurotus eryngii is unusual in being a weak parasite of herbaceous plants, and P. tuber-regium produces underground sclerotia. [16]

In addition to being saprotrophic, all species of Pleurotus are also nematophagous, catching nematodes by paralyzing them with a toxin. [19] [10] In the case of the carnivorous mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, it was shown that small, fragile lollipop-shaped structures (toxocysts) on fungal hyphae contain a volatile ketone, 3-octanone, which disrupts the cell membrane integrity of nematodes, leading to rapid cell and organismal death, hypothetically either to defend themselves and/or to acquire nutrients. [20]

Uses in cooking

Oyster mushrooms are popular for cooking, torn up instead or sliced, especially in stir fry or sauté, because they are consistently thin, and so will cook more evenly than uncut mushrooms of other types. [21] They are often used in vegetarian cuisine. [22]

Bioremediation

The 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill was remediated partly by using 1000 mats of human hair collected from Bay Area salons woven into mats, then used to grow oyster mushrooms, helping to absorb the oil. [23]

After the 2017 Tubbs Fire in California, oyster mushrooms were grown to help remediate toxic ash run-off. [24]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, oyster fungus, hiratake, or pearl oyster mushroom is a common edible mushroom. It is one of the more commonly sought wild mushrooms, though it can also be cultivated on straw and other media.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strophariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Omphalotaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Omphalotaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Basidiocarps are most frequently agarics, but occasionally corticioid or poroid.

<i>Neolentinus</i> Genus of fungi

Neolentinus is a genus of wood-decaying agarics with tough fruit bodies composed of dimitic tissue, serrated lamella edges, and nonamyloid white binucleate basidiospores among other features. It was segregated from Lentinus in the broad taxonomic sense, hence the derivation of the name. Biologically Neolentinus species produce a brown rot type of decay of wood, whereas Lentinus causes a white rot. Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that the two genera are unrelated. Neolentinus is phylogenetically allied to other brown rot genera such as Gloeophyllum, Heliocybe, and Veluticeps. A new order, the Gloeophyllales, has been described for these fungi. Heliocybe had been placed in synonymy but it differs phylogenetically and anatomically by the lack of clamp connections that all Neolentinus produce on their generative hyphae.

<i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> Species of edible musroom

Pleurotus eryngii is an edible mushroom native to Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, but also grown in many parts of Asia.

<i>Omphalotus</i> Genus of fungi

Omphalotus is a genus of basidiomycete mushroom, in the family Omphalotaceae, formally circumscribed by Victor Fayod in 1889. Members have the traditional cap and stem structure. They are saprobic, and fruit in clumps on the ground, adjacent to host trees. The best known and type species is the jack-o'-lantern mushroom (Omphalotus olearius). Species of Omphalotus have been mistaken for chanterelles. All Omphalotus species are presumed poisonous, causing gastrointestinal symptoms. Some Omphalotus species have bioluminescent properties.

<i>Omphalotus nidiformis</i> Species of bioluminescent fungus in the family Marasmiaceae

Omphalotus nidiformis, or ghost fungus, is a gilled basidiomycete mushroom most notable for its bioluminescent properties. It is known to be found primarily in southern Australia and Tasmania, but was reported from India in 2012 and 2018. The fan or funnel shaped fruit bodies are up to 30 cm (12 in) across, with cream-coloured caps overlain with shades of orange, brown, purple, or bluish-black. The white or cream gills run down the length of the stipe, which is up to 8 cm (3 in) long and tapers in thickness to the base. The fungus is both saprotrophic and parasitic, and its fruit bodies are generally found growing in overlapping clusters on a wide variety of dead or dying trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleurotaceae</span> Family of mushrooms

The Pleurotaceae are a family of small to medium-sized mushrooms which have white spores. The family contains 13 genera over 412 species. Members of Pleurotaceae can be mistaken for members of Marasmiaceae. Perhaps the best known member is the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus.

<i>Panus conchatus</i> Species of fungus

Panus conchatus, commonly known as the lilac oysterling, smooth panus, or conch panus, is an inedible species of mushroom that occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Its fruitbodies are characterized by a smooth, lilac- or tan-colored cap, and decurrent gills. The fungus is saprophytic and fruits on the decomposing wood of a wide variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Despite being a gilled species, phylogenetic analysis has shown it is closely related to the pored species found in the family Polyporaceae.

<i>Panellus</i> Genus of fungi

Panellus is a genus of more than 50 mushroom species of fungi in the family Mycenaceae as defined molecularly. Prior to molecular analyses the generic name had been used for any white-spored pleurotoid with amyloid spores. Unrelated but similar species are now classified in Sarcomyxa and Scytinotus. In older guides and other literature the type species had been placed in either Pleurotus or Panus and the poroid species had been classified in the synonymous genus Dictyopanus or in broadly defined genera like Polyporus (Polyporaceae) or the more closely allied Favolaschia (Mycenaceae). The closest molecular allies are Resinomycena and Cruentomycena.

<i>Pleurotus australis</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus australis, the brown oyster mushroom, is a gilled fungus native to Australia and New Zealand. It is found on dead wood. Although morphologically similar to some other Pleurotus fungi, it has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding.

<i>Pleurotus purpureo-olivaceus</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus purpureo-olivaceus is a gilled fungus native to Australia and New Zealand. It is found on dead wood of Nothofagus trees. Although morphologically similar to some other Pleurotus fungi, it has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding and phylogenetically removed from other species of Pleurotus.

Pleurotus tuber-regium, the king tuber mushroom, is an edible gilled fungus native to the tropics, including Africa, Asia, and Australasia. It has been shown to be a distinct species incapable of cross-breeding and phylogenetically removed from other species of Pleurotus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pleurotoid fungi</span> Side-attached fungi/oyster mushrooms

Gilled fungi with laterally-attached fruiting bodies are classified as pleurotoid. Pleurotoid fungi are typically wood-decay fungi and are found on dead and dying trees and coarse woody debris. The pleurotoid form is polyphyletic, having evolved a number of times within the Basidiomycota. Many species of pleurotoid fungi are commonly referred to as "oyster" mushrooms. Laterally-attached fungi with pores rather than gills are referred to as bracket fungi.

<i>Omphalotus japonicus</i> Species of fungus

Omphalotus japonicus, commonly known as the tsukiyotake(月夜茸), is an orange to brown-colored gilled mushroom native to Japan and Eastern Asia. It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Omphalotus, the members of which have bioluminescent fruit bodies which glow in darkness. A 2004 molecular study shows it to be most closely related to a clade composed of Omphalotus nidiformis of Australia, Omphalotus olivascens of Western North America and Omphalotus olearius of Europe.

<i>Hypsizygus ulmarius</i> Species of mushroom-forming fungus

Hypsizygus ulmarius, also known as the elm oyster mushroom, and less commonly as the elm leech, elm Pleurotus, is an edible fungus. It has often been confused with oyster mushrooms in the Pleurotus genus but can be differentiated easily as the gills are either not decurrent or not deeply decurrent. While not quite as common as true oyster mushrooms, they have a wide range globally in temperate forests. The mushrooms and vegetative hyphae of this species have been studied in recent years for their potential benefits to human health, and mycoremediation.

<i>Pleurotus cystidiosus</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus cystidiosus, also known as abalone mushroom and maple oyster mushroom, is an edible species of fungus in the family Pleurotaceae, described as new to science by mycologist Orson K. Miller Jr. in 1969. It can be cultivated, with spores and growing kits being available commercially. Antromycopsis macrocarpa is the anamorphic form of this species.

<i>Pleurotus albidus</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus albidus is a species of edible fungus in the family Pleurotaceae. Found in Caribbean, Central America and South America, it was described as new to science by Miles Joseph Berkeley, and given its current name by David Norman Pegler in 1983. It grows on trees such as Salix humboldtiana, other willows, Populus and Araucaria angustifolia, and can be cultivated by humans. Phylogenetic research has shown that while it belongs to P. ostreatus clade, it forms its own intersterility group.

<i>Pleurotus abieticola</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus abieticola is an edible species of fungus in the family Pleurotaceae, described as new to science by mycologists R.H. Petersen & K.W. Hughes in 1997. It grows on rotten wood of Picea in subalpine forests dominated by it. It has been reported first in far‐eastern Russia, and then northeastern China and northwestern Russia. It can be cultivated. Phylogenetic research has shown that while it belongs to P. ostreatus clade, it forms its own intersterility group.

<i>Pleurotus euosmus</i> Species of fungus

Pleurotus euosmus, also known as tarragon oyster mushroom, is a species of edible fungus in the genus Pleurotus, It is quite similar to the better-known Pleurotus ostreatus, but it is distinguished by its strong smell reminiscent of tarragon and substantially larger spores.

References

  1. 1 2 Chang, Shu-ting; Miles, Philip G. (2004). "Pleurotus – A Mushroom of Broad Adaptability". Mushrooms: cultivation, nutritional value, medicinal effect, and environmental impact (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 315–325. ISBN   978-0-8493-1043-0.
  2. ↑ Paul Stamets (2005). Mycelium Running . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-1-58008-579-3. OCLC   262557556.
  3. 1 2 Cohen, R.; Persky, L.; Hadar, Y. (2002). "Biotechnological applications and potential of wood-degrading mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 58 (5): 582–94. doi:10.1007/s00253-002-0930-y. PMID   11956739. S2CID   45444911.
  4. ↑ Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN   0-340-39935-X.
  5. ↑ Knudsen, Henning; Jan Vesterhout (2008). Funga Nordica. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. p. 321.
  6. ↑ Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy (4th ed.). Koenigstein Königstein im Taunus, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN   3-87429-254-1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Gonzalez, Patrice; Labarère, Jacques (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of Pleurotus species according to the sequence and secondary structure of the mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA V4, V6 and V9 domains". Microbiology. 146 (1): 209–221. doi: 10.1099/00221287-146-1-209 . PMID   10658667.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Vilgalys, Rytas; Sun, Bao Lin (May 1994). "Ancient and recent patterns of geographic speciation in the oyster mushroom Pleurotus revealed by phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences". PNAS . 91 (10): 4599–4603. Bibcode:1994PNAS...91.4599V. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.10.4599 . PMC   43833 . PMID   8183955.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vilgalys, R.; Moncalvo, J.M.; Liou, S.R.; Volovsek, M. (1996). "Recent advances in molecular systematics of the genus Pleurotus" (PDF). In Royse, D.J. (ed.). Mushroom biology and mushroom products: proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, June 9–12, 1996. University Park, PA (USA): Pennsylvania State University: World Society for Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. pp. 91–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-02. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  10. 1 2 Thorn, R. Greg; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Reddy, C. A.; Vilgalys, Rytas (Mar–Apr 2000). "Phylogenetic Analyses and the Distribution of Nematophagy Support a Monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the Polyphyletic Pleurotoid-Lentinoid Fungi". Mycologia. 92 (2): 241–252. doi:10.2307/3761557. JSTOR   3761557.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Peterson, Ronald H.; Hughes, Karen W. & Psurtseva, Nadezhda. "Biological Species in Pleurotus". The University of Tennessee-Knoxville. Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Segedin, BP; Buchanan, PK; Wilkie, JP (1995). "Studies in the agaricales of New Zealand: New species, new records and renamed species of Pleurotus (Pleurotaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 8 (3): 453–482. doi:10.1071/SB9950453.
  13. ↑ Alma E. Rodriguez Estrada, Maria del Mar Jimenez-Gasco and Daniel J. Royse (May–June 2010). "Pleurotus eryngii species complex: Sequence analysis and phylogeny based on partial EF1α and RPB2 genes". Fungal Biology. 114 (5–6): 421–428. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2010.03.003. PMID   20943152.
  14. ↑ Zervakis, Georgios I.; Moncalvo, Jean-Marc; Vilgalys, Rytas (2004). "Molecular phylogeny, biogeography and speciation of the mushroom species Pleurotus cystidiosus and allied taxa". Microbiology. 150 (3): 715–726. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.26673-0 . PMID   14993321.
  15. ↑ For P. levis, see "Species Fungorum - Pleurotus levis page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  16. 1 2 Hibbett, D. S.; Thorn, R. G. (Sep–Oct 1994). "Nematode-Trapping in Pleurotus tuberregium". Mycologia. 86 (5): 696–699. doi:10.2307/3760542. JSTOR   3760542.
  17. ↑ Capelari, Marina; Desjardin, Dennis E.; Perry, Brian A.; Asai, Tatiane; Stevani, Cassius V. (2011). "Neonothopanus gardneri: a new combination for a bioluminescent agaric from Brazil". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1433–40. doi:10.3852/11-097. PMID   21700638. S2CID   1333393.
  18. ↑ Miller, O.K. (1994). "Observations on the genus Omphalotus in Australia". Mycologia Helvetica. 2: 91–100.
  19. ↑ Barron, GL; Thorn, RG (1987). "Destruction of nematodes by species of Pleurotus". Canadian Journal of Botany. 65 (4): 774–778. doi:10.1139/b87-103.
  20. ↑ Lee, Ching-Han (2023). "A carnivorous mushroom paralyzes and kills nematodes via a volatile ketone". Science Advances. 9 (3): eade4809. Bibcode:2023SciA....9E4809L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.ade4809. PMC   9848476 . PMID   36652525.
  21. ↑ Freedman, Louise (1987). "Oyster Mushroom". Wild About Mushrooms: The Cookbook of the Mycological Society of San Francisco. Addison-Wesley. ISBN   9780943186306 . Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  22. ↑ "Deep Fried Oyster Mushroom". Kitchen Chaos. October 31, 2012. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  23. ↑ May M (14 November 2007). "Hair and mushrooms create a recipe for cleaning up oily beaches". SFGate. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  24. ↑ Burlison D (30 April 2018). "Bioremediation Efforts Mushroom in the Aftermath of California's North Bay Fires". Earth Island Journal. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
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