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Jauhar, sometimes spelled Jowhar or Juhar, was a Hindu Rajput practice of mass self-immolation by women and girls in the Indian subcontinent to avoid capture, enslavement, and rape by invaders when facing certain defeat during a war. Some reports of jauhar mention women committing self-immolation along with their children. This practice was historically observed in the northwest regions of India, with most famous jauhars in recorded history occurring during wars between Hindu Rajput kingdoms in Rajasthan and the opposing Muslim armies. Jauhar was only performed during war, usually when there was no chance of victory. The term jauhar often connotes jauhar-immolation. Jauhar involved Hindu Rajput women committing suicide with their children and valuables in a massive fire, in order to avoid capture and abuse in the face of inescapable military defeat. At the same time or shortly thereafter, the men would ritualistically march to the battlefield expecting certain death, which in the regional tradition is called saka. This practice was intended to show that those committing it valued their honor more highly than their lives.
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The siege of Chittorgarh occurred in 1303, when the Khalji ruler Alauddin Khalji captured and sacked the Chittor Fort, toppling the Guhila king Ratnasimha, after an eight-month-long siege. The conflict has been described in several legendary accounts, including the historical epic poem Padmavat, which claims that Alauddin's motive was to obtain Ratnasimha's beautiful wife Padmini; though this legend is considered historically inaccurate by most historians. Alauddin ordered the fort to be pelted with stones from his siege engines (munjaniqs). When the fort was stormed, Rajput women committed Jauhar while most of the warriors died defending the fort. The city of Chittor was completely sacked by Alauddin's army and several temples were desecrated.
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Chhan is a village in the Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan, India. It is identified with Jhain, which is mentioned in the Delhi Sultanate chronicles as an important town of 13th and 14th century India.
References
- ↑ Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N. (2003). A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-207-2508-9.
- ↑ Jr, Everett Jenkins (2010). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. McFarland. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-7864-4713-8.
- ↑ I followed my heart, Deccan Chronicle, archived from the original on January 2, 2011
- ↑ N. Hanif (2000), Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia, p. 320, ISBN 9788176250870
- ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath, ed. (1973) [First published 1948]. The History of Bengal. Vol. II: Muslim Period, 1200–1757. Patna: Academica Asiatica. OCLC 924890.
- ↑ Jayapalan, N. (2001). History of India. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 70. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1.
- ↑ Iqtidar Alam Khan (25 April 2008), Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, p. 88, ISBN 9780810864016
- ↑ "Complete Biography of Malik Kafur". 10 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
- ↑ A convert who wanted to spread the faith The Globe and Mail — June 7, 2006
- ↑ Azmi, Zakir (3 March 2017). "Journey from Hinduism to Islam to professor of Hadith in Madinah". Saudi Gazette . Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ↑ "When Dipika Kakar Opened Up On Converting Into A Muslim To Marry Shoaib Ibrahim, "I'm Very Happy & Proud…"". www.koimoi.com.
- ↑ Amena, Rasti (20 June 2022). "Throwback: When Dipika Kakar opened up about embracing Islam". The Siasat Daily.
- ↑ "Dipika Kakar converting to Islam, fighting trolls disrespecting their families; times when Shoaib Ibrahim and she stood by each other through thick and thin". The Times of India.
- ↑ ( B. P. Saksena 1992 , p. 431):"Mubarak Khalji, was murdered by his favorite, a Hindu converted to Islam named Khusrau Khan."
- ↑ B. P. Saksena (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Qutbuddin Mubarak Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. OCLC 31870180.
- ↑ Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 26 - Imperial Gazetteer of India - Digital South Asia Library
- ↑ Census of India, 1901. 14 May 2024. p. 152. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
