List of first female dentists by country

Last updated

This is a list of the first qualified female dentist to practice in each country, where that is known.

Contents

Africa

CountryDentistYear of

graduation

Year of

starting practice

Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso Véronique Kyelem [1] 19721987
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana Hilda Ayensu [2]
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya Muthoni Gitata [3]
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia Rachael Hill Townsend [4]
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia Sarti Mwatilifange [5] and another woman1994
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria Simi Johnson [6] and Grace Guobadia [7] 1957
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa Jane Nathan [8] [9] [10] 1917
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan Nashina Makos [11] c. 1963

Americas

CountryDentistYear of

graduation

Year of

starting practice

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina Cidanelia R. González de Carrillo [12] [13] [14] 1896
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia Maria H. Oropeza [15] 1914
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil Isabella Von Sydow [16] 19061906
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada Emma Gaudreau Casgrain [17] 1898
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile Amelia Venegas [18] [19] 1884
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia Hortensia Lince [20] 1890
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica Pilar Celina Duval [21]
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba Serafina Daumy y Martínez [22] 1879
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic Victoria Sofía Oliva Montás [23] 1917
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador Delfina Luis Rodríguez [20] 1916
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador Bertha Orbelina González [24] 1938
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala Carlota Estévez Arrutia [20] 1924
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti Marcelle Bellande (née Hakime) [25] [26]
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras Rosa Galo de Castillo [27] 1948
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico Margarita Chorné y Salazar [17] [28] 1896
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama Aida Illueca Avilés [29]
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru Ana Seminario de Mac Sorley [30] [31]
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia Azmina Long [32] 1980
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname Tine Putscher [33]
Flag of the United States.svg  United States Emeline Roberts Jones [17] 1855
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay Iride Casullo de Peluffo [34] [35] 1897
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela Rosario Cotton [20] 1909

Asia

CountryDentistYear of

graduation

Year of

starting practice

Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain Zakia Salman [36] [37] 19721984
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China Zhang Qiongxian [38] 1936
Flag of India.svg  India Vimla Sood [39] 1944
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran Badri Teymourtash [40]
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq Madiha Saleh Zaki [41] c. 1950s
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan Kou Takahashi [42] 1897
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan Aida Jamal Al-Alami [43] [44]
Flag of Korea (1899).svg  Korea Geum-bong Choi [45] [46]
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait Eqbal Abdulmohsen Al-Asfour [47] 1970
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon Nihad Kfoury [48] [49] 1973
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan Fatima Jinnah [50] 1923
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines Nieva Basa Eraña-Velasquez [51]
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia Fatima Al Nasrallah [52]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka Rosaline Karthigesu [53] 1947
Flag of Syria.svg  Syria Amira Sabaa El Layl [54]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates Ayehsa Sultan Al Suwaidi [55]
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen Abeer Abdel Rahman Ahmed Al-Faqih [56]

Europe

CountryDentistYear of

graduation

Year of

starting practice

Flag of Austria.svg  Austria Martha Wolf [57] 1912
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria Yurdanka Kaldaramova-Senkova [58] 1901
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus Rebecca Savvidou [59]
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic Štěpánka Líčková [60] (country then known as Bohemia)1910
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark Nicoline Møller [61] 18881888
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia Josephine Serre [62] 1814
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland Hedvig Eleonora Ståhlberg [63] [64] 18871887
Flag of France.svg  France Madeleine-Françoise Calais [65] 17401740
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Henriette Hirschfeld-Tiburtius [66] 18691869
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece Eliza Karakatsani [67] 1895
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary Gizella Barát [68] 1910
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland Thyra Loftsson (née Lange) [69] [70] 1925
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy Elena Venturi [71]
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia Late Veibele [72] 1901
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Marcelle Dauphin [73] [74] 19221923
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta Carmen Joslin (née Attard) [75] [76] 1960
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro Jevrosima Berezina Kaluđerović [77] 1904
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands Virginie Waltjen-Stadelmann [78] [79] 18851885
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway Petra Lie [80] 18721872
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland Józefa Serre [81] [82] 1813
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania Alma Mohora-Popovici  [ ro ] [83]
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia Maria Nazon [84] [85] 1829
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia Milica Mihajlović [86]
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia Pavla Marija Kocjančič [87] c. 1926
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain Polonia Sanz y Ferrer [88] [89] 1849
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Amalia Assur [90] [91] 1852
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland Mathilde Heumann 1887
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey Ayşe Şadiye and Azra Hatice [92] [93] 1926
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom Lilian Lindsay [94] 18951895

Oceania

CountryPhysicianYear graduated
medical school
Year began
practice
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 1906-1907
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji Jiko Yasa (née Luveni) [98] [99] 19671967
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand Margaret Caro [100] 1881
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu Toumelu Kalsakau [101]

See also

Related Research Articles

The American Dental Association (ADA) is an American professional association established in 1859 which has more than 161,000 members. Based in the American Dental Association Building in the Near North Side of Chicago, the ADA is the world's largest and oldest national dental association. The organization lobbies on behalf of the American dental profession and provides dental accreditation.

The Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery was founded in 1856 in Philadelphia and was the second oldest operating school of dentistry in the United States by the time of its closing in 1909. From its faculty came what are today the dental schools of Temple University and the University of Pennsylvania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lucy Hobbs Taylor</span> American dentist (1833–1910)

Lucy Hobbs Taylor was an American dentist, known for being the first woman to graduate from dental school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dental education throughout the world</span>

Dentistry throughout the world is practiced differently, and training in dentistry varies as well.

Alfred Civilion Fones was an American dentist from Bridgeport, Connecticut, who has been called the founder of the profession of dental hygiene, starting in 1906. Fones created the name "dental hygienist" and in 1913 established the first school of dental hygiene. Fone's father was mayor of Bridgeport from 1886 to 1888 and was also a practicing dentist, becoming the first "dental commissioner" for the City of Bridgeport. Alfred Fones graduated from the New York College of Dentistry in 1890.

Michele Aerden is a dentist and was president of the FDI World Dental Federation from 2005 to 2007. She was the first woman ever to be elected president of this non-profit organization and worked to promote oral health within the World Health Organization and worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pediatric dentistry</span> Branch of dentistry

Pediatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry dealing with children from birth through adolescence. The specialty of pediatric dentistry is recognized by the American Dental Association, Royal College of Dentists of Canada, and Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons.

Amalia Assur was the first female dentist in Sweden.

The University of Puerto Rico School of Dental Medicine is the dental school of the University of Puerto Rico. It is located on the University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is the only dental school in Puerto Rico. It is accredited by the American Dental Association.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palacio de la Autonomía</span>

The Palacio de la Autonomía is a museum and site where the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México gained autonomy from direct government control in 1929. The building is from the late 19th century, and located on the corner of Licenciado de Verdad and Rep de Guatemala streets, north of Santa Teresa la Antigua and east of Templo Mayor. The site has a 500-year history, starting from part of lands granted by Hernán Cortés. The current building was constructed by the administration of President Porfirio Díaz, but it was ceded to the university in 1910. Since that time, the building has had a number of uses, including housing a dental school and a preparatory school. Today it houses the Museo de la Autonomía Universitaria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emeline Roberts Jones</span>

Emeline Roberts Jones (1836–1916) was the first woman to practice dentistry in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in dentistry in the United States</span>

There is a long history of women in dentistry in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in dentistry</span> The involvement of women in dentistry

There is a long history of women in dentistry. Women are depicted as assistant dentists in the Middle Ages. Prior to the 19th century, dentistry was largely not yet a clearly defined and regulated profession with formal educational requirements. Individual female dentists are known from the 18th century. When the profession was regulated in the 19th century, it took a while before women achieved the formal education and permission to engage in dentistry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dentistry in the Philippines</span>

Dentistry in the Philippines can be divided into five periods of dental practice. Using the timeline of Philippine history as a template, they are: the Pre-Spanish era, the Spanish era, the American era, the Japanese occupation era and the independent Philippine-Republics era.

Dolores Mercedes Franklin is an American dentist, health policy advocate, and author. She was the first African American woman to graduate from the Harvard School of Dental Medicine in 1974.

Polonia Sanz y Ferrer was a Spanish dentist, the first qualified woman to practice dentistry in Spain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Faculty of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires</span>

The Faculty of Dentistry is a faculty of the University of Buenos Aires (UBA), the largest university in Argentina.

References

  1. Sidwaya magazine (in French). Sidwaya Magazine. 1989.
  2. African Women. Department of Education in Tropical Areas, University of London, Institute of Education. 1956.
  3. "Kenyan women who shattered the glass ceiling Eve woman". Kenyan Digest. 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  4. Dunn, Elwood D.; Beyan, Amos J.; Burrowes, Carl Patrick (2000-12-20). Historical Dictionary of Liberia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN   978-1-4616-5931-0.
  5. "Pioneers Among Us: Sarti Mwatilifange" (PDF). Women in Namibia. Fall 1994.
  6. Women in Numerical News. Federal Office of Statistics. 1996.
  7. Africa Woman. Africa Journal Limited. 1975.
  8. Bauman, Sarah. "Guides: PDM Women's History: Class of 1917". guides.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  9. Kollenberg, Adrienne (2002). Jewish Life in the South African Country Communities: Boland. Bushmanland. Central Karoo. Fairest Cape. Griqualand West. Kalahari Koup. Namaqualand. Swartland. West Coast. South African Friends of Beth Hatefutsoth. ISBN   978-0-9584602-3-1.
  10. Adler Museum Bulletin. Adler Museum of the History of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand. 1990.
  11. الهلال (in Arabic). دار الهلال. 1963.
  12. Bergero, Adriana J. Intersecting Tango: Cultural Geographies of Buenos Aires. p. 476. ISBN   9780822973393.
  13. "CORA - Noticias | La mujer en la odontología". www.cora.org.ar. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  14. Vogliano, Oscar R. C. (1982). Hospital de Niños: estampas y apuntes para su historia (in Spanish).
  15. The Medico-legal Journal. Medico-Legal Society of New York. 1914.
  16. Morais, Teresa Márcia; Silva, Antonio (2015-06-15). Fundamentos da Odontologia em Ambiente Hospitalar / UTI (in Brazilian Portuguese). Elsevier Brasil. ISBN   978-85-352-8267-2.
  17. 1 2 3 "Missouri Women in the Health Sciences - Health Professions - "Women in Dentistry" by E.N. King". beckerexhibits.wustl.edu. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  18. Chaney, Elsa M. (2014). Supermadre: Women in Politics in Latin America. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN   9780292772632 . Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  19. López, Luisa Zanelli (1917). Mujeres chilenas de letras (in Spanish). Imprenta Universitaria.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "LOS PRIMEROS CASOS DE MUJERES GRADUADAS DE ODONTOLOGÍA EN LAUNIVERSIDAD DE PUEBLA: ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS" (PDF). BENEMÉRITA AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF PUEBLA. October 2019.
  21. "Historia | Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  22. "La desconocida historia de la primera mujer en graduarse en la Universidad de La Habana". Todo Cuba (in Spanish). 2018-08-30. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  23. "Las mujeres se destacan en la odontología de República Dominicana". Hoy Digital. 2009-10-04. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  24. "Salvadoreñas para la historia". Diario El Salvador (in Spanish). 2021-03-10. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  25. Mathurin, Augustin (1972). Assistance sociale en Haïti, 1804-1972 (in French). Impr. des Antilles.
  26. Abbott, Elizabeth (2011-07-21). Haiti: A Shattered Nation. Abrams. ISBN   978-1-4683-0160-1.
  27. Medina, Marco Antonio Cáceres (2003). Tras las huellas de la odontología en Honduras (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. ISBN   978-99926-32-04-8.
  28. "Publications | Pierre Fauchard Academy". www.fauchard.org. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  29. Panamá, GESE-La Estrella de. "Tras los pasos de la doctora Lidia Sogandares". La Estrella de Panamá (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  30. "El rol de la mujer en la Odontología:Pasado, presente y Futuro | Blog de Odontología". UPC (in Spanish). Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  31. Tinoco, Leticia Quiñones (2007). El Perú en la vitrina: el progreso material del Perú a través de las exposiciones, (1851-1893) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Proyecto Historia-UNI. ISBN   978-9972-9210-8-7.
  32. "SLMDA AWARDS 2020 -HONOUREES - SLMDA Articles". www.slmda.org. Retrieved 2021-10-15.
  33. "Vrouwenkiesrecht in Suriname | Kennis". Atria (in Dutch). 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  34. Bruno, Ofelia Torres (1978). Sanidad en el Uruguay: información bibliográfica, 1804-1976 (in Spanish). Universidad de la República, Facultad de Medicina, Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina.
  35. La Odontología (in Spanish). Compañía Dental Española. 1911.
  36. "الدكتور بندركار.. أيقونة الخدمات الطبية في البحرين". www.alayam.com (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  37. "زكية سلمان إبراهيم كوجه". صحيفة الوسط البحرينية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  38. 网易 (2010-09-30). "中国首位牙医女博士的传奇 曾给朱德看牙(组图)". www.163.com. Retrieved 2022-10-24.
  39. Thakur, Bhartesh Singh (23 November 2016). "Nostalgic 90s: When India's 1st woman dentist visited alma mater". hindustantimes.com. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  40. Troy Mckenzie (23 September 2014). WOMEN'S WORTH, PRICELESS. Trafford Publishing. p. 145. ISBN   9781490747071 . Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  41. Ammar Wahbi (2013-01-18). "تـاريخ كلية طب الأسنان في العراق".
  42. Shika gakuhō: The Journal of the Tokyo Dental College Society (in Japanese). Tokyo Dental College Society. 1998.
  43. "أول أخصائية أمراض الغدد الصماء" (PDF).
  44. ربيع, خزاعلة، محمد (2003). الأوائل في تاريخ الأردن الحديث ٠٢٩١-٠٠٠٢ (in Arabic). أمانة عمان الكبرى،.
  45. "[미인(美人)역사기행] 독립운동가이자 대한민국 최초 여자 치과의사, 최금봉 선생!". 우먼포스트 (in Korean). 2020-01-20. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  46. "History of Dentistry in Korea". www.dailydental.co.kr (in Korean). Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  47. "PIONEERING DENTISTRY - bazaar.town". bazaar.town | The ultimate guide to Kuwait.
  48. الصياد (in Arabic). دار الصياد. October 1973.
  49. لور, مغيزل، (1999). نصف قرن دفاعا عن حقوق المرأة في لبنان: وثائق من التاريخ، ٧٤٩١-٧٩٩١ : أرشيف لور مغيزل (in Arabic). مؤسسة جوزيف ولور مغيزل،.
  50. "FACTORS THAT HINDER FEMALE DENTISTS IN PURSUING THEIR CAREER" (PDF). Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  51. "Association of Philippine Orthodontists". apo.com.ph. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  52. المدني *, قراءة: د عبدالله (2017-11-10). "3 سعوديات.. اقتحمن الطب في الزمن الصعب". Okaz (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  53. "One hundred years of dentistry in Sri Lanka". Sunday Observer. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  54. "صباح الخير ـ تقديم : ليال فلحوط ـ مزنة الأطرش ـ جاكلين حمود". الهيئة العامة للإذاعة والتلفزيون.
  55. Suchitra Bajpai Chaudhary (2 December 2014). "Pioneering Emirati women: pilot, dental surgeon and filmmaker". GulfNews. Gulf News. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  56. "- سفير اليمن بالجزائر يكرم أول طبيبة أسنان يمنية". www.almotamar.net. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  57. Dental Brief: An American Journal of Dental Science, Art and Literature. Thomas Bromwell Welch, Wilbur F. Litch, Alfred P. Lee L.D. Caulk., 1913
  58. "БЪЛГАРСКИ ЗЪБОЛЕКАРСКИ СЪЮЗ 105 - годишна история" (PDF). Бългaрски зъболекарски съюз. 2010.
  59. Michaēlidē, Agnē M. (1985). Chōra, hē palia Leukōsia (in Greek). A.M. Michaēlidē.
  60. Pešek, Jiří; Ledvinka, Václav (1996). Žena v dějinách Prahy: sborník příspěvků z konference Archivu hl. m. Prahy a Nadace pro gender studies 1993 (in Czech). Scriptorium. ISBN   978-80-902151-1-5.
  61. Inger Dübeck: Kvinders retlige stilling. I Den Store Danske. Hentet 7. October 2015
  62. Nommela, Rita; Russak, Silvia; Saag, Mare (2017). "Hambaarstide koolitusestja erialaorganisatsioonide tegevusest Eestis1918–2017". Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo küsimusi XLV.
  63. "Naishammaslääkärin opintie Pohjoismaissa 150 vuotta sitten". 20 February 2019.
  64. Anna Robina (Robbi) Karvonen became the first female dentist in Finland with university degree in dentistry in 1895.
  65. Paul-Martin Bondois: La Première maîtresse-dentiste, Madeleine-Françoise Calais: par P.-M. Bondois, 1928
  66. Ogilvie, M.B.; Harvey, J.D. (2000). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z. Routledge. p. 768. ISBN   9780415920407 . Retrieved 2015-02-22.
  67. "Η είσοδος των γυναικών στην Οδοντιατρική" (PDF). May 19, 2018.
  68. Communicationes de historia artis medicinae (in Hungarian). 1984.
  69. Háskólabókasafn, Landsbókasafn Íslands-. "Tímarit.is". timarit.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  70. "Saga Tannlæknafélags Íslands - Tannlæknafélag Íslands". www.tannsi.is. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  71. Nuova rassegna di odontoiatria (in Italian). 1934.
  72. Zelče, Vita (2002). Nezināmā: Latvijas sievietes 19. gadsimta otrajā pusē (in Latvian). Latvijas Arhīvistu biedrība. ISBN   978-9984-9619-0-3.
  73. 1920-1930: Les femmes luttent pour l’égalité complète. Internationaler Frauentag. (franz.)
  74. Mémorial du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg/ Memorial des Großherzogtums Luxemburg. Nr. 73, 2. Oktober 1920, Bekanntmachung der Prüfungsjury. S. 1163f. (franz./dt.)
  75. "Becoming a dentist in the 50s". myCME. 2020-01-16. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  76. "Golden graduates remember 50 years". Times of Malta. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  77. "Istorijat – JZU Opšta bolnica Nikšić" . Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  78. Myriam Everard: [2008] [Henriette van Loenen-de Bordes (1853-1934): tandarts met de broek.] Historica, 2008
  79. Henriette van Gelderen became the second in 1887 and Henriette van Loenen-de Bordes the third in 1889.
  80. Stenvik, Reidun: Petra Lie i Norsk biografisk leksikon på snl.no. Hentet 10. april 2021 fra https://nbl.snl.no/Petra_Lie
  81. "Katedra Historii Medycyny UJ CM". khm.cm-uj.krakow.pl. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  82. "Cóżeś uczyniła, Józefo Serre?". Dziennik Polski (in Polish). 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  83. Marcu, George (2017). Femei de seamă din România. De ieri și de azi. Editura Meronia București. ISBN   978-606-750-022-6.
  84. "Женщины в стоматологии: краткий исторический экскурс". Стоматологический портал Стоманет.ру (in Russian). 2015-03-08. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  85. "РУССКИЕ ЖЕНЩИНЫ — ПЕРВЫЕ ЗУБНЫЕ ВРАЧИ". neostom.ru. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  86. Tasić, Dmitar (2020-07-10). Paramilitarism in the Balkans: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-189922-5.
  87. Zarja. Slovenian Women's Union of America. 1970.
  88. "Polonia Sanz y Ferrer | Real Academia de la Historia".
  89. Francisca García became the first woman granted the title dentist in 1877, and Clara V. Rosas the first woman with a degree in dentistry in 1908.
  90. Kjellander Barbro: På Amalia Assurs tid. Några anteckningar om och kring den första svenska kvinnliga tandläkaren ['The days of Amalia Assur. Some notes about and in connection to the first female dentist in Sweden']
  91. Maria Briwolski practiced in 1782 but was not an educated dentist. Assur was given a personal dispensation: the first woman dentist to qualify after the profession was open to women was Rosalie Fougelberg.
  92. "FROM BARBERS TO DENTISTS | History of Istanbul". istanbultarihi.ist. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  93. Toplumsal tarih (in Turkish). Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı. 2008.
  94. "Lilian Lindsay (1871 - 1960)". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  95. Watson, A. O. "Praed, Annie (1872–1948)". Australian Dictionary of Biography . Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN   978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN   1833-7538. OCLC   70677943 . Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  96. "Early Women Students". The University of Sydney. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  97. "I Am Woman...Hear Us Roar...and See Us Do Teeth! | The Smile Center". www.thesmilecenterusa.com. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  98. Simmons, Mathilda (January 7, 2020). "Fiji's First Woman Doctor". The Fiji Times. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  99. "Back in History: Fiji's first woman dentist". FijiTimes. Retrieved 2021-11-01.
  100. "Napier home to New Zealand's first female dentist | National Library of New Zealand". natlib.govt.nz. 4 January 1995. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  101. "PUBLIC REPORT ON THE IMPROPER APPOINTMENT OF MR LEONARD KALO AND MR LOUIS URLELES AS DENTAL OFFICERS" (PDF). REPUBLIC OF VANUATU OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN. August 18, 1998.