List of first female physicians by country

Last updated

This is a list of the first qualified female physician to practice in each country, where that is known. Many, if not all, countries have had female physicians since time immemorial; however, modern systems of qualification have often commenced as male only, whether de facto or de jure. This lists the first women physicians in modern countries. The dates given in parentheses below are the dates the women graduated from medical school.

Contents

Africa

CountryPhysicianYear graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

Flag of Algeria.svg Algeria Aldjia Noureddine-Benallègue [1] 19461946
Flag of Angola.svg Angola Melba Dias Costa [2] 1950
Flag of Benin.svg Benin Solange Faladé [3] [4] 1955
Flag of Botswana.svg Botswana Nolwandle Nozipo Mashalaba [5] 1965
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg Burkina Faso Bibiane Kone [6]
Flag of Burundi.svg Burundi Marcelline Ntakibirora [7] 19821983
Flag of Cameroon.svg Cameroon Gladys Ejomi [8] 1962
Flag of Cape Verde.svg Cape Verde Maria Francisca de Oliveira Sousa [9] [10]
Flag of Chad.svg Chad Grace Kodindo [11] 1977
Flag of the Comoros.svg Comoros Zaitouni Abdou [12]
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg Democratic Republic of Congo Louise Celia Fleming [13] [14] 18951895
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Hilana Sedarous [15] [16] 19301930
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg Equatorial Guinea Margarita Roka Elobo [17] [18]
Flag of Eswatini.svg Eswatini Fanny Friedman [19]
Flag of Ethiopia.svg Ethiopia Widad Kidanemariam [20] c. 1960s
Flag of The Gambia.svg Gambia Kinneh Sogur [21] 2007
Flag of Ghana.svg Ghana Susan Ofori-Atta [22] 19491949
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg Ivory Coast Christiane Welffens-Ekra [23] [24] c. 1975
Flag of Kenya.svg Kenya Mary de Sousa [25] 1919
Flag of Lesotho.svg Lesotho Bertha Hardegger [26] (born in Switzerland)1937
Flag of Liberia.svg Liberia Florence Gbeye D. McClain [27] 1962
Flag of Libya.svg Libya Younes Qwaider [1] 1969
Flag of Madagascar.svg Madagascar Marthe Ramiaramanana-Ralivao [28] 1950
Flag of Malawi.svg Malawi Vida Mungwira [29] [30] (the country was then known as Nyasaland)19611962
Flag of Mali.svg Mali Diaka Diawara Sacko [31]
Flag of Mauritania.svg Mauritania Nusaiba Abdel-Qader and Meimouna mint Mohamed Lemine [32] [33] 20152015
Flag of Mauritius.svg Mauritius Sajeda Vayid [34] 1965
Flag of Morocco.svg Morocco Françoise Legey [35] (born in France)19001909
Flag of Namibia.svg Namibia Libertina Amathila [36] 19691969
Flag of Nigeria.svg Nigeria Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi [37] 19381938
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg Republic of Congo Yvonne Obenga [38] [39] c. 1970s
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg São Tomé and Príncipe Julieta da Graça do Espírito Santo [40] [41] 1955
Flag of Senegal.svg Senegal Marie-Thérèse Basse [42] 19571958
Flag of Seychelles.svg Seychelles Hilda Stevenson-Delhomme [43] 1939
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg Sierra Leone Irene Ighodaro [44] [45] 1945
Flag of Somalia.svg Somalia Hawa Abdi [46] 19711971
Flag of South Africa.svg South Africa Jane Elizabeth Waterston [47] 1880
Flag of Sudan.svg Sudan Khalida Zahir [48] 19521952
Zaroui Sarkissian [49] [50] 1952
Flag of Tanzania.svg Tanzania Esther Mwaikambo [51] 19691969
Flag of Tunisia.svg Tunisia Tewhida Ben Sheikh [1] 19361936
Flag of Uganda.svg Uganda Josephine Nambooze [a] [52] [53] 19591962
Flag of Zambia.svg Zambia Elwyn Chomba [54] [55] 1973
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg Zimbabwe Madeline Nyamwanza-Makonese [56] 19701970

Americas

CountryPhysicianYear graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg Antigua and Barbuda Ruby Lake-Richards [57] 19541954
Flag of Argentina.svg Argentina Cecilia Grierson [58] 18891889
Flag of the Bahamas.svg Bahamas Merceline Dahl-Regis [59] [b] c. 1960s
Flag of Bolivia.svg Bolivia Amelia Chopitea Villa [60] 19261929
Flag of Brazil.svg Brazil Marie Durocher [61] 18341834
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Canada [62] Emily Stowe [63] 1867

1875

1867

1875

Jennie Kidd Trout [64] 18751875
Flag of Chile.svg Chile Eloísa Díaz [65] 18861887
Flag of Colombia.svg Colombia Ana Galvis Hotz [66] 18771877
Flag of Costa Rica.svg Costa Rica Anita Figueredo [67] (lived in the U.S.)1936
Flag of Cuba.svg Cuba Laura Martínez de Carvajal [68] 18891889
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg Dominican Republic Sarah Loguen Fraser [c] [70] 1884
Flag of Ecuador.svg Ecuador Matilde Hidalgo [71] 19211921
Flag of El Salvador.svg El Salvador Estela Gavidia [72] 19451945
Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala Maria Isabel Escobar [73] 19421946
Flag of Guyana.svg Guyana Asin Ho A Shoo (Hoashoo) [74] 19121912
Flag of Haiti.svg Haiti Yvonne Sylvain [75] 19401940
Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg Honduras Martha Raudales de Midence [76] 19471947
Flag of Jamaica.svg Jamaica Cicely Williams [77] 19231923
Flag of Mexico.svg Mexico Matilde Montoya [78] 18871887
Flag of Nicaragua.svg Nicaragua Concepción Palacios Herrera [79] 19271928
Flag of Panama.svg Panamá Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares [80] 19341936
Flag of Paraguay.svg Paraguay Gabriela Valenzuela and Froilana Mereles [81] 1924
Flag of Peru.svg Peru Laura Esther Rodriguez Dulanto [82] 18991900
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg Saint Kitts and Nevis Jean Lenore Harney [83]
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg Saint Lucia Betty Bennet Wells [84] 1939
Flag of Suriname.svg Suriname Sophie Redmond [85] 19351935
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg Trinidad and Tobago Stella Abidh [86] 1930
Flag of the United States.svg United States Elizabeth Blackwell [87] (born in England)18491851
Flag of Uruguay.svg Uruguay Paulina Luisi [88] 19081909
Flag of Venezuela.svg Venezuela Lya Imber [89] 19361936

Asia

CountryPhysicianYear graduated

medical school

Year began

practice

Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan Maghul M. Ali [90] 19571957
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Sona Valikhan [91] 19081908
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Sadeeqa Ali Al-Awadi [92] 1969
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh Zohra Begum Kazi [93] 1935
Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Datin Paduka Dr Hjh Intan [94]
Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Kek Galabru [95] [96] 19681968
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Kin Yamei [d] 18851885
Flag of India.svg India Anandi Gopal Joshi / Kadambini Ganguly [97] [98] 1886
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Marie Thomas [99] 19121922
Flag of Iran.svg Iran Sakineh Peri [100] [101] 1934
Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Anna Sethian [102] 1922 [103]
Flag of Japan.svg Japan Ogino Ginko [104] 18821885
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Nirmen Totanji [105] 19531953
Flag of Korea (1899).svg Korea Esther Park (Kim Jeom-dong) [106] 1900
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Kakish Ryskulovna Ryskulova [107] 19441944
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait Eleanor Jane Taylor Calverley [108] (born in the U.S.)19081911
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Anisa Saiba [109] [110] c. 1890sc. 1890s
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia Salma Ismail [111] 19471947
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia V. Ichinkhorloo [112] [113] [114] 1947
Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar Daw Saw Sa [115] 1912
Flag of Nepal.svg   Nepal Jamila Sen [116] [117] 18971899
Flag of Oman.svg Oman Zakiyyah Bint Salem Bin Seif Al Me'man [118] 1944
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan Khabzam Iqbal [119] c. 1983
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Honoria Acosta-Sison [120] 19091909
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Nawal Jamal Al-Lail [121]
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Lee Choo Neo [122] 19191919
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka May Ratnayake [123] 19161916
Flag of Syria (2025-).svg Syria Sabat Islambouli [124] 18901890
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Tsai Ah-hsin [125] 19211925
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Sofya Khafizovna Khakimova [126] 19431943
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Margaret Lin Xavier [127] 19241924
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Zulekha Daoud [128] 1963
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan Zulfiya Ibragimovna Umidova [129] 19221922
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Henriette Bùi Quang Chiêu [130] 1934
Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Claudie Fayein [131] [132] (born in France)1955

Europe

CountryPhysicianYear graduated
medical school
Year began
practice
Flag of Albania.svg Albania Xhanfize (Frashëri) Basha [135] 1937
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Vergine G. Mikaelyan [136] 1927
Flag of Austria.svg Austria Gabriele Possanner [137] 18971897
Flag of Belarus.svg Belarus Salome Regina Rusetskaya [e] [138]
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Belgium Isala Van Diest [139] 18791879
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Bosnia and Herzegovina Teodora Krajewska [140] c. 1897 [141]
Flag of Bulgaria.svg Bulgaria Anastasia Golovina [142] 18781878
Flag of Croatia.svg Croatia Karola Maier Milobar [143] 19001906
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Maria Michaelides [144] 19271927
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg Czech Republic Anna Honzáková [145] 19021902
Flag of Denmark.svg Denmark Nielsine Nielsen [146] 18861889
Flag of Estonia.svg Estonia Selma Feldbach [147] 1904
Flag of Finland.svg Finland Rosina Heikel [75] 18781878
Flag of France.svg France Madeleine Brès [148] 18751875
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia (country) Pelagia Natsvlishvili [149] 18781878
Flag of Germany.svg Germany Dorothea Erxleben [150] [151] 17541754
Flag of Greece.svg Greece Maria Kalapothakes [152] 18941894
Flag of Hungary.svg Hungary Vilma Hugonnai [153] 18791897
Flag of Iceland.svg Iceland Kristín Ólafsdóttir [154] 1917 [155]
Flag of Ireland.svg Ireland Eleanora Fleury [156] 18901890
Flag of Italy.svg Italy Dorotea Bucca [f] pre-1390
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Gulsum Asfendiyarova and Zeinep Sadykovna. [g] [157] 1908
Flag of Latvia.svg Latvia Marija Vecrumba [158] 19111911
Flag of Lithuania.svg Lithuania Barbora Burbaitė-Eidukevičienė [159] 18921900
Flag of Luxembourg.svg Luxembourg Louise Welter [h] [160] [161] 19241924
Flag of Malta.svg Malta Blanche Huber [162] 19251925
Flag of Moldova.svg Moldova Maria Baltaga-Savitski [163] 1879
Flag of Montenegro.svg Montenegro Divna Veković [164] 1940s
Flag of the Netherlands.svg Netherlands Aletta Jacobs [165] 18791879
Flag of North Macedonia.svg North Macedonia Suncica Apostolova [166] 1953
Flag of Norway.svg Norway Marie Spångberg Holth [167] 18931893
Flag of Poland.svg Poland Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska [168] 18771877
Flag of Portugal (official).svg Portugal Elisa Augusta da Conceição Andrade [169] 18891889
Flag of Romania.svg Romania Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu [170] 18841891
Flag of Russia.svg Russia Nadezhda Suslova [171] 18671868
Flag of Serbia.svg Serbia Draga Ljočić [172] 18791881
Flag of Slovakia.svg Slovakia Mária Bellová [173] 1910
Flag of Slovenia.svg Slovenia Eleonora Jenko Groyer [174] 1907
Flag of Spain.svg Spain Dolors Aleu i Riera [175] 18791882
Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden Lovisa Åhrberg [i] Never educated;
certified 1850s
1840
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Marie Heim-Vögtlin [26] 18741874
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Safiye Ali [1] 1922
Flag of Ukraine.svg Ukraine Sofia Okunevska [176] 18941897
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg United Kingdom Elizabeth Garrett Anderson [177] 18621865

Oceania

CountryPhysicianYear graduated
medical school
Year began
practice
Flag of Australia (converted).svg Australia Constance Stone [178] 1890
Flag of Fiji.svg Fiji Kanta Madovji [179] 1968
Flag of Kiribati.svg Kiribati Terenganuea Taaram [180] (then known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony)before 1974
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg Micronesia Ulai Otobed [181] 1965
Flag of New Zealand.svg New Zealand Emily Siedeberg [182] 18961905
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg Papua New Guinea Joan Refshauge [183] [184] 1947
Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa Viopapa Annandale-Atherton [185] [186] 1964
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg Solomon Islands Junilyn Pikacha [187] 19781981
Flag of Tonga.svg Tonga 'Akanesi Makakaufaki [188] 1976
Flag of Tuvalu.svg Tuvalu Nese Ituaso-Conway [189] 1999
Miliama Simeona [189] 1999

See also

Notes

  1. Although Nambooze practiced medicine in Uganda, she is considered the first female physician in Central Africa (which includes the Central African Republic, Gabon, and Rwanda) and East Africa (which includes Djibouti, Eritrea, Mozambique and South Sudan)
  2. According to various sources, Dahl-Regis is considered one of the first women to graduate with a medical degree during the 1960s.
  3. Although Fraser was the first woman authorized to practice medicine in the Dominican Republic in 1884, Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez Perozo was the first woman to earn her medical degree in the Dominican Republic in 1909. [69]
  4. Buwei Yang Chao was considered the first female doctor in China to specialize in Western medicine.
  5. Salome Regina Rusetskaya never received any formal medical education.
  6. First woman doctor in modern Italy was Ernestina Paper in 1877.
  7. Jankümis Bayğozïna graduated from a medical school in 1885, but that was as an obstetrician.
  8. Although Marcelle Dauphin is considered Luxembourg's first female doctor in certain sources, she was actually a dentist. Welter was the first female general practitioner physician.
  9. First Swedish woman doctor who graduated from a University was Charlotte Yhlen, and first woman doctor to graduate from a Swedish University was Karolina Widerström.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Sante-dz – Actualités – Les premières femmes médecins du monde arabo-musulman". sante-dz – Guide de la santé en Algérie (in French). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  2. "Pioneer Portrait: Melba Dias Costa, a primeira médica portuguesa no Canadá". Gallery of the Portuguese Pioneers. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  3. "Le groupe de Cotonou". EPHEP (in French). 4 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  4. "History: 'Unruly' African women who made their mark on the continent". The Africa Report.com. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  5. "Botswana: 40 Years On Call". AllAfrica. 26 February 2008.
  6. "Pr Bibiane Koné, un exemple!". Ordre médecins.
  7. Bigirimana, Carole (10 October 2020). "#Turashoboye : " Je serai une femme médecin ! "". Yaga Burundi (in French). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  8. "DR. GLADYS EJOMI MARTIN LA PREMIÈRE FEMME MÉDECIN AU CAMEROUN EST DÉCÉDÉE HIER". Griote TV (in French). 31 December 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  9. "Mindelo. Movimento levanta voz contra destruição do Património Histórico na cidade – Sociedade – Início". santiagomagazine.cv (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  10. ""Baxo di Deus, só Sinhor Dôtor!": a homenagem de Brito-Semedo aos médicos de e por Cabo Verde – OMC" (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  11. RICH, Jeremy. "Grace Kodindo". In: AKYEAMPONG, Emmanuel K.; GATES JR., Henry Louis (right). Dictionary of African Biography . Oxford University Press, 2012, v. 3, p. 406-407.
  12. "Portrait de Dr. Zaïtouni ABDOU " Première femme médecin des Comores "". HabarizaComores.com | Toute l'actualité des Comores (in French). Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  13. Singer, Hazel (10 February 2014). "Louise Celia "Lulu" Fleming (1862-1899) •" . Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  14. "Louise Cecilia Fleming, doctoresse dans l'Etat Indépendant du Congo. (EIC)" (PDF). HISTCONGO 1885-1960.
  15. Karim, Ahmed A.; Khalil, Radwa; Moustafa, Ahmed (2021). Female Pioneers from Ancient Egypt and the Middle East: On the Influence of History on Gender Psychology. Springer Nature. ISBN   978-981-16-1413-2.
  16. Peseshet (ancient Egypt)
  17. "La primera doctora ecuato-guineana lee su tesis en la Universidad de Zaragoza". www.unizar.es. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  18. "Margarita Roka, first Guinean woman medical doctor". www.institucionteresiana.com (in European Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  19. Maslin, Anna M. (2005). Women at Work: Perspectives, Experiences and Tips. Northumbria University Press. ISBN   978-1-904794-10-3.
  20. "The Manual of Ethiopian Medical History – People to People". People to People, Inc. September 2012.
  21. Dibba, Lamin M.; Manneh, Ebrima Jaw (20 March 2007). "Gambia: First UTG Medical Doctors Graduate". The Daily Observer (Banjul).
  22. Patton, Adell (1996). Physicians, colonial racism, and diaspora in West Africa. Internet Archive. Gainesville : University Press of Florida. ISBN   978-0-8130-2011-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  23. "REPUBLIQUE DE CÔTE D'IVOIRE Union – Discipline – Travail. rvllnistere DE L'EDUCATION NATIONALE FACULTE DE MEDECINE – ABIDJAN". docplayer.fr. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  24. "A SURVEY OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES AND NEEDS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: COUNTRY REPORTS THE POPULATION COUNCIL" (PDF). AID/POP Reference Library. January 1975. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017.
  25. Greenwood, Anna; Topiwala, Harshad (2016). Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 129, 132, 133, 138, 140, 142, 146. doi:10.1057/9781137440532_7. ISBN   9781137440532. OCLC   944066831.
  26. 1 2 Falk, Francesca (21 November 2018). Gender Innovation and Migration in Switzerland. Springer. ISBN   978-3-030-01626-5.
  27. Liberia to Get First Woman Doctor. Jet. 2 August 1962.
  28. Ramiaramanana-Ralivao, Marthe (1960). A Condensed History of Madagascar. Impr. Luthérienne.
  29. African Women. Department of Education in Tropical Areas, University of London, Institute of Education. 1956.
  30. "Dr. Vida Mungwira: Federation's first African woman doctor". Central African Journal of Medicine. 8 (10): 400. 1 October 1962. hdl:10520/AJA00089176_4587.
  31. "SACKO DIAKA DIAWARA : La première femme médecin du Mali a tiré sa révérence dans l'indifférence". Nyeleni Magazine (in French). 17 December 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  32. "موريتانيا تحتفل بتخريج أول دفعة من خريجي كلية الطب". Al-Fanar Media (in Arabic). 18 August 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  33. "Santé Maghreb – Le guide de la médecine et de la santé au Maghreb". www.santemaghreb.com. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
  34. Emrith, Moomtaz (1994). History of the Muslims in Mauritius. Editions Le Printemps. ISBN   978-99903-23-10-8.
  35. Ha, Marie-Paule (2014). French Women and the Empire: The Case of Indochina. Oxford University Press. p. 76. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640362.001.0001. ISBN   9780199640362. OCLC   934656566 . Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  36. Muehlenbeck, Philip E.; Telepneva, Natalia (4 May 2018). Warsaw Pact Intervention in the Third World: Aid and Influence in the Cold War. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-83860-985-6.
  37. Vidal, Yinka (4 March 2015). How to Prevent the Spread of Ebola: Effective Strategies to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infections. Lara Publications Inc. ISBN   978-0-9640818-8-8.
  38. "Santé : les femmes médecins du Congo lancent officiellement leurs activités | adiac-congo.com : toute l'actualité du Bassin du Congo". www.adiac-congo.com. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  39. Dianzinga, Scholastique; Gamassa, Élise Thérèse; Dambendzet, Jeanne (2011). La place et le rôle des femmes dans la société congolaise, 1960-2010: bilan et perspectives : actes du forum national des femmes, 28-31 juillet 2010, Brazzaville (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN   978-2-296-54336-2.
  40. Nón, Téla (17 December 2008). "Instituto Marquês de Valle Flôr homenageia Doutora Julieta da Graça Pinto do Espírito Santo". Téla Nón (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  41. "95 anos a defender o IO e a enaltecer as antigas alunas". www.dn.pt (in Portuguese). 19 February 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  42. J.A., Jeune Afrique (in French). Groupe J.A. 1979.
  43. "14 inspiring women of Seychelles". www.seychellesnewsagency.com. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  44. "Ighodaro, Irene (1916–1995) – Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia". 29 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  45. The Black Handbook: The People, History and Politics of Africa and the ...
  46. "Hawa Abdi, trailblazing physician who built a haven for Somali families, dies at 73". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  47. van Heyningen, E. (November 1996). "Jane Elizabeth Waterston – Southern Africa's first woman doctor". Journal of Medical Biography. 4 (4): 208–213. doi:10.1177/096777209600400404. ISSN   0967-7720. PMID   11618389.
  48. Mubarak, Khalid Al (23 June 2015). "Khalida Zahir obituary". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  49. Mohamed, Inaam N.; Abdelraheem, Mohamed B.; Abdullah, Mohamed A. (2012). "Sudanese female doctors in paediatrics" (PDF). Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics. 12 (2). Sudan Association of Paediatricians: 36–43. PMC   4949896 . PMID   27493343 . Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  50. "الدكتورة خالدة زاهر- صحيفة الراكوبة". www.alrakoba.net (in Arabic). 30 November 2001. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  51. "Tanzania's First Female Physician begins Medical School, Builds Alliances with U.S. Institutions". Duke Global Health Institute. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  52. "Prof. Namboze, first female doctor in East, Central Africa, Uganda, Golden Jubilee, 50 years". New Vision. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  53. "Prof Nambooze: Academic success that changed the region's history". Daily Monitor. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  54. "Professor Elwyn Mwika Chomba | PDF". Global Newborn Health Conference.
  55. "WHO | PMNCH Board meets in New York". WHO. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
  56. Butaumocho, Ruth (26 February 2005). "Zimbabwe: First Zim Woman Doctor an Inspiration". The Herald.
  57. "UWI's first female graduate from Antigua and Barbuda to receive honorary degree this weekend". sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  58. "La primera médica argentina: Cecilia Grierson". Museo Roca – Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  59. "Public Health Heroes – PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization". www.paho.org. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  60. "La primera médica boliviana". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  61. Porto, F.; Cardoso, T. C. (February 2009). "La lucha de las parteras diplomadas por la práctica de la obstetricia en Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)". Enfermería Global (15): 0. ISSN   1695-6141.
  62. Canadian licenses granted in 1880.
  63. "Women in Medicine: Where are we 150 years after Dr. Emily Howard Stowe, Canada's First Female Physician? | Department of Medicine | School of Medicine | Queen's University". deptmed.queensu.ca. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  64. "In His Name – The Life and Times of Jenny Kidd Trout". webfiles.acu.edu. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  65. "Eloísa Díaz Insunza – Universidad de Chile". uchile.cl. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  66. "Las pioneras de la medicina en Colombia – Bienestar Colsanitas". www.bienestarcolsanitas.com (in European Spanish). 3 June 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  67. "Pioneering female surgeon Anita Figueredo dies at 93". La Jolla Light. 24 February 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  68. Espinosa, López; Antonio, José (April 2004). "La primera mujer cubana graduada de médico en la Universidad de La Habana". Revista Cubana de Medicina General Integral. 20 (2): 0. ISSN   0864-2125.
  69. "Dra. Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez – Colegio Médico Dominicano". cmd.org.do. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  70. "Sarah Loguen Fraser: Determined to be a doctor". syracuse. 17 February 2003. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  71. "Matilde Hidalgo abrió las puertas de una sociedad equitativa en Ecuador – Ministerio de Salud Pública" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  72. "Reconocimiento a Trayectoria Laboral de Mujeres con más de 30 años al servicio del MINSAL | Observatorio de Recursos Humanos en Salud de El Salvador". rrhh.salud.gob.sv. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  73. "Diccionario Histórico Biográfico de Guatemala". www.fundacionhcg.org. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  74. "A Tribute to Renowned Guyanese- Chinese". Guyana Times International. 26 February 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  75. 1 2 Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-392-6.
  76. Tecnología, Dirección Ejecutiva de Gestión de. "FALLECE PRIMERA DOCTORA Y GINECÓLOGA DE HONDURAS". presencia.unah.edu.hn (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  77. "Obituary: Dr Cicely Williams". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  78. "Muere Matilde Montoya Lafragua. Primera médica mexicana | Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos – México". www.cndh.org.mx. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  79. PALACIOS, CONCEPCION ARBIZU CAMPOS. Muere Conchita, una sandinista de gran corazón.
  80. "Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares Rivera". EnCaribe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  81. "Principales acciones sanitarias llevadas a cabo en la postguerra (1879-1932)" (PDF). Ministerio de Salud Pública (Paraguay).
  82. Díaz, Héctor (June 2007). "Primera médica peruana, Dra. Laura Esther Rodríguez Dulanto (1872–1919)". Anales de la Facultad de Medicina. 68 (2): 181–184. doi: 10.15381/anales.v68i2.1229 . ISSN   1025-5583.
  83. "Historic St. Kitts – Dr. Lenore Harney". www.historicstkitts.kn. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  84. "SLMDA AWARDS 2020 – HIGHLIGHTS – SLMDA Articles". www.slmda.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  85. "Sophie Redmond | Vrouwelijke pioniers". Atria (in Dutch). 6 June 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  86. Mohammed, Patricia (1998). Stories in Caribbean Feminism: Reflections on the Twentieth Century. Centre for Gender and Development Studies, The University of the West Indies. ISBN   978-976-620-145-6.
  87. Boyd, Julia (2013). The Excellent Doctor Blackwell: The Life of the First Woman Physician. Thistle Publishing. ISBN   9781909609785.
  88. Herrero, Maria Sol Antolin (17 August 2018). "La historia de Paulina Luisi, la primera médica uruguaya" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  89. Traviezo-Valles, Luis Eduardo (2020). "Lya Imber, pediatra microbióloga y primera doctora de Venezuela (1914-1981)". Kasmera (in Spanish). 48 (1).
  90. Emadi, Hafizullah (1 January 2002). Repression, Resistance, and Women in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   9780275976712.
  91. "Azərbaycanın ilk həkim qadın Sona Vəlixana aid materiallar Milli Azərbaycan Tarixi Muzeyində". azhistorymuseum.gov.az. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  92. "First for Bahrain: Women in medicine". www.citizensforbahrain.com. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  93. Latif, Muhammad Murad (8 November 2008). "A tribute to Dr Zohra Kazi". The Daily Star. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  94. Musdi, Zasika (2008). "Princess Hjh Masna presents eight women with special achievement awards". www.sultanate.com. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  95. Kimsong, Kay; Ratana, Keo. "Learn more about Pung Chhiv Kek – Cambodia's first female doctor and founder of rights group Licadho". www.phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  96. "Meet Pung Chhiv Kek, Cambodia's First Female Doctor and Founder of Human Rights Group | Seasia.co". Good News from Southeast Asia. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  97. "First lady doctor of India". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  98. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  99. "Dokter Perempuan Pertama Indonesia". Historia – Majalah Sejarah Populer Pertama di Indonesia (in Indonesian). 22 March 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  100. "معرفی زنان نامی در عرصه‌ی تاریخ". پايگاه خبری افکارنيوز (in Persian). Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  101. "زنان تاثیرگذار ایرانی: سکینه پری". IranWire | خانه (in Persian). Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  102. العال, أ: صوريــة سلمــاني د محمد فتحي عبد. "وكالة الحدث الاخبارية – المرأة والطب". www.alhadathcenter.net (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  103. Kristof, Nicholas D. (1 October 2002). "Iraq's Little Secret". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  104. 埼玉県. "荻野吟子について". 埼玉県 (in Japanese). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  105. "د. نيفين التوتنجي : ذاكرة النهضة الطبية مع تأسيس الدولة". alrainewspaper. 20 November 2017.
  106. "[이 아침의 인물] '한국 최초의 女의사' 박에스더". hankyung.com (in Korean). 15 March 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  107. Apysheva, Apal (1969). Doroga schastʹi︠a︡ zhenshchin Kirgizstana (in Russian). Kyrgyzstan.
  108. Windsor, Laura Lynn (1 January 2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   9781576073926.
  109. al-Muqtaṭaf (in Arabic). 1938.
  110. Maʻṣūm, ʻAlī ibn Aḥmad Ibn (1961). Talkhīṣ al-Riyāḍ: aw tuḥfat al-ṭālbīn al-muqtaṭaf min Riyāḍ al-sālikīn fī sharḥ ṣaḥīfatSayyid al-Sājidīn (in Arabic). Maṭbaʻat al-Ḥaydarī.
  111. "Salma Ismail, first Malay woman doctor, dies at 95". The Star. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  112. Du̇vzhir, T︠S︡ (1974). Aldart ėmėgtėĭchu̇u̇d (in Mongolian). Ulsyn Khėvlėliĭn Gazar.
  113. Mongolyn soëlyn tu̇u̇kh: Mėdlėgiĭn aĭmag (in Mongolian). Admon. 1999. ISBN   9789992950821.
  114. "Эрүүл мэнд, анагаах ухааны салбарын түүхийг бүтээлцсэн эмэгтэйчүүд". www.unen.mn. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  115. Than, Tharaphi (7 November 2013). Women in Modern Burma. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-66663-8.
  116. "Pioneering women doctors of South Asia". NewsIn.Asia. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  117. Borthwick, Meredith (8 December 2015). The Changing Role of Women in Bengal, 1849-1905. Princeton University Press. ISBN   978-1-4008-4390-9.
  118. "Milestones in the History of Arab Women" (PDF). Arab Women Organization.
  119. Anjum, Zāhid Ḥusain (1992). Pākistān men̲ avval avval: insāʼīklopīḍiyā (in Urdu). Maktabah-yi Taʻmīr-i Insāniyyat.
  120. "First Filipino Woman Doctor". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 29 March 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  121. المدني *, قراءة: د عبدالله (10 November 2017). "3 سعوديات.. اقتحمن الطب في الزمن الصعب". Okaz (in Arabic). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  122. "SINGAPORE WOMEN'S HALL OF FAME – Lee Choo Neo". 13 January 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  123. Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science : pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. Internet Archive. New York : Routledge. ISBN   978-0-415-92038-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
  124. Rao, Mallika (8 April 2014). "Meet The Three Female Medical Students Who Destroyed Gender Norms A Century Ago". HuffPost. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  125. Storm.mg (24 May 2019). "台灣第一位女醫師有多神?七歲能背千家詩、打敗日人考上醫學院...也許你阿嬤也被她接生過-風傳媒". www.storm.mg (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  126. "Наша Софья. К 90-летию выдающегося ученого и врача Саъдинисо Хакимовой | Новости Таджикистана ASIA-Plus". asiaplustj.info. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  127. Srisuwan, Artyasit (15 November 2018). "คุณหมอมากาเร็ต ลิน เซเวียร์ แพทย์หญิงคนแรกของเมืองไทย" [Dr. Margaret Lin Xavier – Thailand's first female doctor]. The Matter. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  128. "تعرف على تجربة المرأة التي أصبحت أول طبيبة في الإمارات". www.eremnews.com (in Arabic). 31 December 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  129. Большая Медицинская Энциклопедия (БМЭ), под редакцией Петровского Б.В., 3-е издание
  130. PLO.VN (27 February 2020). "Henriette Bùi Quang Chiêu – Nữ bác sĩ đầu tiên của Việt Nam". PLO. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  131. Planiol, Thérèse (2000). Herbes folles hier, femmes médecins aujourd'hui (in French). Editions Cheminements. ISBN   978-2-84478-097-3.
  132. Poirier, Jean (1972). Ethnologie régionale: Asie. Amérique. Mascareignes (in French). Gallimard.
  133. "Dr. Helen Isabel Huston". www.alberta.ca. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  134. "Dr. Bethel Harris Fleming: The Fabulous Flemings of Kathmandu · Wilson in the World · Hankey Center for the History of Women's Education". exhibits.wilson.edu. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  135. "19 gusht 1937, mjekja e parë shqiptare kthehet në atdhe". Diaspora Shqiptare (in Albanian). 19 August 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  136. "Վերգինե Գևորգի Միքաելյան". ysmu.am. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  137. "Women Students". www.univie.ac.at. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  138. "Первая в истории Беларуси женщина-врач – Каталог всех новостей – Новости Библиотека УО 'ГрГМУ'". library.grsmu.by. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  139. "Isala Van Diest, the first female doctor in Belgium". Focus on Belgium. 3 December 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  140. Fuchs, Brigitte; Tahirović, Husref (December 2019). "Teodora Krajewska, Official Female Doctor of Tuzla and Sarajevo: Medical Practitioner, Woman of Science, Polish Patriot and Feminist". Acta Medica Academica. 48 (3): 317–327. doi: 10.5644/ama2006-124.274 . ISSN   1840-2879. PMID   32124632.
  141. North-western Christian Advocate. Swormstedt & Poe. 1 January 1897.
  142. Nazarska, Georgeta (2008). "Bulgarian Women Medical Doctors in the Social Modernization of the Bulgarian Nation State (1878-1944)". Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. 33 (2 (124)): 232–246. ISSN   0172-6404. JSTOR   20762285.
  143. Medical Journal. NOLIT Publishing House. 1970.
  144. "Τα άγνωστα νοσοκομεία της Λεμεσού και η πρώτη γυναίκα ιατρός". Health News. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  145. "ŽENA-IN.cz – První česká lékařka se překážek nezalekla – Magazín". 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  146. "lex.dk". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  147. Nõukogude Eesti tervishoid: Zdravookhrnenie Sovetskoĭ Ėstonii (in Estonian). Ajalehtede-Ajakirjade Kirjastus. 1983.
  148. Garets, Françoise Taliano-des (21 August 2019). Un siècle d'histoire culturelle en France: de 1914 à nos jours (in French). Armand Colin. ISBN   978-2-200-62662-4.
  149. "პელაგია ნაცვლიშვილი – საქართველოს ექიმები". www.nplg.gov.ge. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  150. Schiebinger, L. (1990): "The Anatomy of Difference: Race and Sex in Eighteenth-Century Science", pg. 399, Eighteenth Century Studies 23(3) pgs. 387-405
  151. She was however an exception. Emilie Lehmus and Franziska Tiburtius became the first women physicians after Germany allowed women to become medical doctors in 1899, and Ida Democh-Maurmeier became the first licensed woman doctor in Germany in 1901.
  152. Agnodice was a 4th century BCE physician before modern Greece.
  153. Iván Völgyes, Nancy Völgyes, The liberated female: life, work, and sex in socialist Hungary, Westview Press, 1977, p. 9
  154. "100 ár frá því fyrsta konan lauk háskólaprófi". RÚV (in Icelandic). 15 February 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  155. Karlsson, Gunnar (1 January 2000). The History of Iceland. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN   9780816635894.
  156. "Fleury, Eleonora Lilian | Dictionary of Irish Biography". www.dib.ie. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  157. "Қазақтың алғашқы әйел дәрігерлері". www.diagnews.kz (in Kazakh). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  158. "Sievietes, kuras iedvesmo cauri gadsimtiem". LA.LV (in Latvian). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  159. Butkuvienė, Anelė (2007). Garsios Lietuvos moterys (in Lithuanian). Baltos lankos. pp. 255–262. ISBN   978-9955-23-065-6.
  160. "1920-1930" (in German). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  161. Jungblut, Marie-Paule; Luxembourg, Musée d'Histoire de la Ville de; Fuge, Boris (2004). "Sei sauber--!": eine Geschichte der Hygiene und öffentlichen Gesundheitsvorsorge in Europa (in German). Wienand. ISBN   978-3-87909-837-8.
  162. Cacciottolo, Joseph (2015). "Feminization of the medical profession in Malta" (PDF). Malta Medical Journal. 27 (1): 1–3. Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  163. Baciu, Gheorghe (2015). "FILE DIN TRECUTUL MEDICINE I BASARABENE" (PDF). USMF.
  164. Martinović M.; Jokanović V. (2006). "[Divna Veković (1886–1944)--the first woman physician in Montenegro]". Med Pregl. 59 (7–8): 391–3. doi:10.2298/mpns0608391m. PMID   17140043.
  165. Smith, Bonnie G. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-514890-9.
  166. "ДАЛИ ЗНАЕТЕ: Кои се првите дипломирани лекари во Македонија?". fakulteti.mk. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  167. "De første kvinnelige legene – og kampen de kjempet". NHI.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 11 February 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  168. Uglow, Jennifer S.; Hendry, Maggy (1999). The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography. UPNE. ISBN   978-1-55553-421-9.
  169. Lousada, Isabel (2010). "Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de Lisboa". Roteiro 2, 4 Roteiros Feministas Na Cidade de Lisboa. 1: 57–60.
  170. Arina, Avram (14 June 2016). Femei celebre din România. Mică enciclopedie 2 (in Romanian). Elefant Online. ISBN   978-973-724-848-0.
  171. "Бунтарка от медицины: как Надежда Суслова стала первой женщиной-врачом в России". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 9 February 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  172. "Драга Љочић – прва српска лекарка и пионирка борбе за права жена у Србији". BBC News на српском (in Serbian (Cyrillic script)). 5 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  173. "Mária Bellová". PRVÁ. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  174. "Zgodbe treh pionirskih slovenskih zdravnic | Mladinska knjiga". www.mladinska-knjiga.si (in Slovenian). Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  175. "Dolors Aleu, la primera médica española". historia.nationalgeographic.com.es (in Spanish). 14 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  176. "Інститут історії України НАН України". 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  177. "BBC – History – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  178. Russell, Penny, "Stone, Emma Constance (1856–1902)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 24 September 2021
  179. Simmons, Matilda (7 January 2020). "Fiji's First Woman Doctor". The Fiji Times. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  180. Rose, Samantha (January 2014). "Waves for Change: the role of the South Tarawa-based women's interests program in the decolonisation process of the Gilbert Islands" (PDF). Division of Research and Commercialisation Queensland University of Technology Research Students Centre.
  181. Simon-McWilliams, Ethel, Comp.; Green, Karen Reed, Ed. (February 1987). "Glimpses into Pacific Lives: Some Outstanding Women (Revised)" (PDF). Northwest Regional Educational Lab.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  182. Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Siedeberg, Emily Hancock". teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
  183. Britishness Abroad: Transnational Movements and Imperial Cultures. Academic Monographs. 1 January 2007. ISBN   978-0-522-85392-6.
  184. Journal of Women's History. Indiana University Press. 1991.
  185. Richardson, Amie (15 April 2020). "A woman of the Pacific". www.otago.ac.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  186. Fruean, Adel. "Papalii Dr. Viopapa Atherton, 79". Samoa Observer. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  187. Moore, Clive. "Pikacha, Junilyn – Biographical entry – Solomon Islands Encyclopaedia, 1893-1978". www.solomonencyclopaedia.net. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  188. Commonwealth Currents. Commonwealth Secretariat. 1994.
  189. 1 2 AusAID. "Tuvalu's first female doctors return home" (PDF). focus magazine June 2001 p. 21 (Vol.16 No.2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. List of pages Archived 2015-08-15 at the Wayback Machine