After obtaining a dental degree from the University of Calcutta in 1923,she became the first female dentist in undivided India. She was a close associate and adviser to her brother,Muhammad Ali Jinnah. After the independence of Pakistan,she co-founded the All Pakistan Women's Association,which played an integral role in the settlement of women migrants in the newly formed country. She remained the closest confidant of her brother until his death. After his death,Fatima was prevented from addressing the nation until 1951;her 1951 radio address was interrupted,which many believed was an attempt by the Liaquat administration to censor her.[3] She wrote the book My Brother in 1955,but it was only published 32 years later,in 1987. Before publication,several pages were removed by Sharif al Mujahid of the Quaid-i-Azam Academy,as they were deemed to be against the "ideology of Pakistan."[4] Fatima came out of her self-imposed political retirement in 1965 to participate in the presidential election against President Ayub Khan. Despite winning the popular vote,Fatima lost the electoral college to Ayub Khan.
Fatima died in Karachi on 9 July 1967,sparking controversy with rumours of unnatural causes. Although her nephew,Akbar Pirbhai,called for an inquiry,no official report was issued. Nearly half a million people attended her funeral in Karachi.[5]
Fatima was born into the Jinnah family on 31 July 1893,the youngest of seven children to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his wife Mithibai,in Kathiawar,Gujarat,during the Bombay Presidency in British India.[8] Fatima had six siblings:Muhammad Ali,Ahmad Ali,Bunde Ali,Rahmat Ali,Maryam,and Shireen Jinnah.[9] Of her siblings she was the closest to Muhammad Ali who became her guardian upon the death of their father in 1901.[10] She joined the Bandra Convent in Bombay in 1902. In 1919,she was admitted to the highly competitive University of Calcutta where she attended the Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College. After she graduated,she opened a dental clinic in Bombay in 1923.[11]
Fatima lived with her brother until 1918,when he married Rattanbai Petit.[12] Upon Rattanbai's death in February 1929,she closed her clinic,moved into her brother Muhammad Ali's bungalow to care for her niece Dina Jinnah and took charge of his house. This transition began the lifelong companionship that lasted until her brother's death on 11 September 1948.[13][14]
Political career
Fatima accompanies her brother,Muhammad Ali Jinnah,as he arrives in Lahore in 1948 to discuss the Kashmir crisis.
Fatima accompanied her brother to every public appearance that he made.[15] She travelled to London,England in 1930,returned to Bombay for a year,and then went back to England in 1931,where she lived for four years.[16] After she moved back to India,Muhammad Ali sought to make an independent homeland for Indian Muslims. She actively supported and campaigned for that cause. Muhammad acknowledged her contribution,especially when she stood by him during difficult times,offering encouragement and care.[12] Although she never held political office,Fatima played an important role in supporting Muhammad Ali,particularly during his illness in 1943,which helped him continue his efforts toward the creation of Pakistan.[17] She supported the Two-nation theory,which subsequently played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan in 1947.[18]
On 11 August 1947,Fatima attended the first session of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan from the visitor's gallery,symbolising her unwavering support for Muhammad Ali,who was elected its president.[19]
She also played a significant role in the settlement of Muhajirs in the new state of Pakistan.[20]
Role in women's movement
Fatima played a significant role in mobilising Muslim women during the Pakistan Movement. At a time when most Muslim women were confined to household work and not actively involved in politics,her leadership helped change this dynamic. A separate women's organisation within the All-India Muslim League was created for that purpose. The movement then was led by Fatima as she headed a procession of the Central Committee. She urged the Muslim women to join in the Pakistan Movement.[18]
She was leading a movement that brought thousands of women into the fold of the Muslim League;the movement came to be termed as women's movement. The women's movement was started by Fatima;she trained women for the forthcoming challenges and provided them training of National Guards,first aid training,etc.,and also opened some educational institutes for them. In 1947,during the Civil disobedience movement against the Unionist Government of Punjab Province,the women in Lahore,under her leadership,were involved in processions and courting arrests.[18]
In 1949,during a visit to the North-West Frontier Province,where provincialism and separatist sentiments had long been a concern,Fatima addressed a public gathering in Peshawar. She urged them to "[e]schew all personal and factionalism recriminations . . . [to] strengthen the hands of the popular government in all their nation-building programs." Similarly,in the polarizing Punjab elections of 1951,her message to the public was to "vote fearlessly for the right person;do not be cowed down by threats or lured by promises. The vote is a sacred trust and not to be bought or sold." While she refrained from endorsing any specific side,her concerns grew later that year as defections from the Muslim League became increasingly visible. Speaking at a women's gathering in Multan in December 1951,she cautioned against provincialism,describing it as "the greatest danger to the stability of the state," and urged vigilance to prevent its spread.[21]
Her commitment to women's empowerment was evident in a speech delivered soon after the formation of the Punjab government under Mumtaz Daultana in 1951,where she proclaimed the "onward march towards emancipation and freedom of women" and noted their increasing participation in social,educational,and political activities,including roles as members of legislatures and the Constituent Assembly.[22]
In a 1953 Radio Pakistan broadcast on the death anniversary of Muhammad Ali,Fatima addressed the Kashmir issue,stating that "Under the leadership of the Quaid-i-Azam,80 million Mussalmans got freedom from the clutches of two of the most powerful forces [British and Hindu]. Four million Mussalmans of Kashmir are now yearning for the taste of that freedom for themselves and for the right of self-determination." She questioned whether it should have been so difficult for Pakistan,as an established state,to assist Kashmiris in achieving their objectives.[23]
In the same broadcast,Fatima criticised the delays in drafting Pakistan's constitution and urged the Constituent Assembly to resolve not to disperse until its work was completed. She also highlighted "sectarianism" and "provincialism" as key obstacles to Pakistan's progress,calling for their eradication. This speech followed the anti-Ahmadi violence earlier that year.[24]
In another message to the nation on Muhammad Ali's birthday in 1953,she addressed the people of East Bengal,urging them to safeguard unity and avoid disunity during the upcoming elections. She encouraged them to reorganize and revitalize the Muslim League,emphasizing its historic foundation in Dacca in 1906. Fatima publicly endorsed the Muslim League for the first time during the 1954 provincial elections in East Bengal. She toured the region,urging people to vote for the party. However,her endorsement failed to resonate with the electorate,as the Muslim League faced significant resentment in Bengal,particularly due to the national language controversy and the underrepresentation of Bengalis in civil and military institutions. The Awami League's victory in the election highlighted the widespread discontent with the Muslim League's leadership in the region.[24]
Calls to enter active politics
In 1954,following the rout of the Muslim League in East Bengal's provincial elections,numerous appeals emerged urging Fatima to assume a leadership role. A man from Karachi wrote,"A disconsolate nation turns to you as to a mother for solace…You alone can galvanize us once more into action and lead us along during the second stage of our march." Similarly,a journalist from Dhaka implored her to accept the presidency of the Muslim League,calling her "the ablest person to lead and guide this organization."[25]
Support also came from various organizations,such as the City Muslim League chapter of Hyderabad (Sindh),which declared in an open letter that Fatima was the only person "above personal jealousies and scruples" who commanded the "highest honour and regard of the masses." Calls for her leadership resurfaced in 1955,with the Karachi Bar Association passing a resolution urging her "to come forward and actively lead the nation," and again in 1958,after the death of Muslim League President Abdul Rab Nishtar,when prominent women from the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan requested her to assume the party's leadership.[26]
Several women from the newly formed Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan,including Jahanara Shahnawaz,wrote to Fatima requesting her to accept the presidency of the Pakistan Muslim League,with support from Muslim League chapters such as in Rahim Yar Khan. Additionally,a man from Lahore suggested Fatima organize a new party,criticizing the failure of existing political parties. A student from Rawalpindi,excited by the possibility of Fatima leading the Muslim League,urged her to reconsider her decision to decline the presidency for the sake of the country.[27]
In the 1960s,Fatima returned to the forefront of political life when she ran for the presidency of Pakistan as a candidate for the Combined Opposition Parties (COPP).[28] She described her opponent,Ayub,as a dictator.[29] In her early rallies,nearly 250,000 people thronged to see her in Dhaka,and a million lined the 293-mile route from there to Chittagong. Her train,called the Freedom Special,was 22 hours late because men at each station pulled the emergency cord,and begged her to speak. The crowds hailed her as Madar-e-Millat,(Mother of the Nation).[30]
In her speeches,she argued that by coming to terms with India on the Indus Water dispute,Ayub had surrendered control of the rivers to India. She narrowly lost the election,winning a majority in some provinces. The election did not involve direct democracy of the population,and some journalists and historians believe that if it had been a direct election she could have won.[31][32]
Fatima,popularly acclaimed as the Madr-e-Millat,or Mother of the Nation[30] for her role in the Freedom Movement,contested the 1965 elections at the age of 71.[29][failed verification] Except for her brief tour to East Pakistan in 1954,she had not participated in politics since Independence. After the imposition of martial law by Ayub,she once wished the regime well.[29][failed verification] Yet after martial law was lifted,she sympathized with the opposition as she was strongly in favor of democratic ideals.[29][failed verification] Being sister of her beloved brother,she was held in high esteem,and came to symbolize the democratic aspirations of the people. The electoral landscape changed when Fatima decided to contest the elections for the president's office in 1965. She was challenging the dictator and self-proclaimed "president" Ayub in the indirect election,which Ayub had himself instituted.[29][failed verification]
Presidential candidates for the vote of 1965 were announced before commencement of the Basic Democracy elections,which was to constitute the Electoral College for the Presidential and Assembly elections. There were two major parties contesting the election,the Convention Muslim League and the Combined Opposition Parties. The Combined Opposition Parties consisted of five major opposition parties. It had a nine-point program,which included restoration of direct elections,adult franchise and democratization of the 1962 Constitution. The opposition parties of Combined Opposition Parties were not united and did not possess any unity of thought and action. They were unable to select presidential candidates from amongst themselves;therefore they selected Fatima as their candidate.[29][failed verification]
Elections were held on 2 January 1965. There were four candidates:Ayub,Fatima,and two obscure persons with no party affiliation.[29][failed verification] There was a short campaigning period of one month,which was further restricted to nine projection meetings that were organized by the Election Commission and were attended only by the members of the Electoral College and members of the press. The public was barred from attending the projection meetings,which would have enhanced Fatima's image.[29][failed verification]
Ayub had a great advantage over the rest of the candidates. The Second Amendment to the Constitution confirmed him as president till the election of his successor. Armed with the wide-ranging constitutional powers of a President,he exercised complete control over all governmental machinery during elections. He utilized the state facilities as head of state,not as the President of the Convention Muslim League or a presidential candidate,and did not hesitate to legislate on electoral matters. Bureaucracy and business,the two beneficiaries of the Ayub regime,helped him in his election campaign. Taking advantage of political opportunities,he brought all the discontented elements together to support him;students were assured the revision of the University Ordinance and journalists the scrutiny of the Press Laws. Ayub also gathered the support of the Ulama who were of the view that Islam does not permit a woman to be the head of an Islamic state.[29][failed verification]
Fatima had detached herself from the political conflicts that had plagued Pakistan after the founder's death. The sight of her moving through the streets of big cities,and even in the rural areas of a Muslim country,added to her popularity. She proclaimed Ayub to be a dictator. Fatima's line of attack was that by coming to terms with the Republic of India on the Indus Water dispute,Ayub had surrendered control of the rivers over to India. Her campaign generated tremendous public enthusiasm. She drew enormous crowds in all cities of East and West Pakistan. The campaign however suffered from several drawbacks. An unfair and unequal election campaign,poor finances,and indirect elections through the Basic Democracy System were some of the basic problems she faced.[29][failed verification] She was backed by a consortium of political parties and won two of Pakistan's largest cities,Karachi and Dhaka.[33] The U.S. magazine,Time,while reporting on the 1965 election campaign,wrote that Fatima faced attacks on her modesty and patriotism by Ayub and his allies.[34][35]
Fatima won the popular vote in the presidential election of 1965. However through post-election rigging,coercion,and manipulation of the electoral college,Ayub got himself elected as the President of Pakistan.[33] It is believed that had the elections been held via direct ballot,she would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats,who were easily manipulated. The importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman was contesting the highest political office of the country. The orthodox religious political parties,including the Jamaat-e-Islami led by Maulana Maududi,which had repeatedly declared that a woman could not hold the highest office in a Muslim country,modified their stance and supported the candidature of Fatima. The election showed that the people had no prejudice against women holding high offices,and they could be key players in politics of the country.[36][37]
During a lawsuit,Matloobul Hassan Syed deposed that during Fatima's election campaign against Ayub,when some local Shia leaders told her that they would vote for Ayub,she contended that she could represent them better as she was a Shia.[38] According to Liaquat H. Merchant,"the Court was inclined to repose more trust in the avowed non-sectarian public stance of the Quaid and his sister".[38] Both Muhammad Ali and his sister "carefully avoided a sectarian label."[38]
Personal life
Fatima Jinnah never married and stayed childless. Her unfinished biography on her brother Muhammad Ali Jinnah,My Brother,was published by the Quaid-i-Azam Academy in 1987.[citation needed]
Death
Tomb of Fatima Jinnah in Karachi
Jinnah died in Karachi on 9 July 1967. Her death became the subject of controversy,with rumors suggesting unnatural causes,including suspicions of murder. However,there was no concrete evidence to substantiate these claims. Her nephew,Akbar Pirbhai,requested an inquiry,but after the provincial government took over the investigation,no official report was ever produced or made public. Rumors persisted,leading to a citizen's appeal for a judicial inquiry in 1972,which resulted in no further action.[39] Her private last rites were performed according to Shia guidelines and the state-sponsored burial followed it.[40][41] She is buried next to her brother,Muhammad Ali Jinnah,at Mazar-e-Quaid,Karachi.
During her funeral,common people were prevented from approaching her body,and no one was allowed to see her face before burial. Those who attempted to do so were met with force,including baton charges and tear gas. Rumors circulated that visible wounds were present on her body,leading to concerns about her death. Newspapers and editorials also raised questions about the circumstances of her death.[42]
Honours and legacy
A monument in Fatima Jinnah Park containing a commemorative plaque. At this park,the government built a shiny tin statue of Jinnah.
Jinnah remained extremely popular and is considered one of the greatest female figures Pakistan has produced.[43] Jinnah is a source of the awakening of women's rights.[44]
In Pakistan,she rose to stand as Pakistan's national symbol,and unlike Ayub Khan who died in poor health and yet no honours were given him,Jinnah received tremendous honours from the society after her death.[45]
Several eponymous entities have been named in her honor. The notable ones are:[44]
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