The following is a list of MANPATS .
Three main categories of MANPATS are in use, which are split into the following lists.
List of rocket launchers that entered service after the end of the Cold War (since 1990).
System name | Manufacturers and designers | Image | Origin | Use | In service since | Warhead calibre | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rocket launchers | |||||||
MARA | CITEFA / Fray Luis Beltrán munition factory | Argentina | Disposable | 2005 | 78 mm | [1] | |
PF-89 | Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) | China | Disposable | 1993 | 80 mm | 5 warheads (HEAT, incendiary, HESH, HEAT tandem, HEAT/thermobaric tandem) [2] [3] | |
Panzerfaust 3 | Dynamit Nobel AG | Germany | Reusable | 1997 | 110 mm | Development started in 1978 | |
M90 Stršljen / RBR 120 | Sloboda | Macedonia Serbia | Disposable | 2002 | 120 mm | [5] | |
M72E5 LAW | Nammo Raufoss AS in cooperation with Talley Defense (absorbed into Nammo in 2007) | Norway United States | Disposable | 1983 [6] | 66 mm | Many variants in continuous production [7] | |
Yasin (RPG) | Hamas | — | Palestine | Reusable | 2004 | 85 mm | It is a variant of the RPG-2 [8] |
MRO | NPO Bazalt | Russia | Disposable | 2003 | 72.5 mm | Further evolution of the RPO-A Shmel Variants:
| |
RPG-28 | NPO Bazalt | Russia | Disposable | 2011 | 125 mm | [10] | |
RPG-30 | NPO Bazalt | Russia | Disposable | 2013 | 105 mm | [11] | |
RPG-32 Barkas | NPO Bazalt | — | Russia | Reusable | 2012 | 72.5 mm / 105 mm | JADARA is producing it as well under license. |
RShG-2 "Agleni-2", or 6G31 | NPO Bazalt | Russia | Disposable | 2003 | 72.5 mm | Evolution to the RPG-26, using a larger warhead, and a derivative of the TBG-7V thermobaric rocket for the RPG-7 [13] | |
Alcotán-100 (M2) | Instalaza SA | Spain | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1998 | 100 mm | Variants [14] | |
CS-70 | Instalaza SA | — | Spain | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2023 | 72 mm | — |
C90-CR (M3) | Instalaza SA | Spain | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1990 | 90 mm | Warhead variants: [15]
| |
Kestrel | NCSIST | Taiwan | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2015 | 110 mm | Variants: [16] | |
PSRL-1 | AirTronicUSA | United States | Reusable | 2017 | 93 mm | American RPG-7, warhead variants:
| |
VE-NILANGAL | CAVIM | — | Venezuela | — | — | 72 mm | — |
Recoilless rifles | |||||||
Carl Gustaf M4 | Saab Bofors Dynamics | Sweden | Reusable | 2014 | 84 mm | [18] | |
Recoilless guns | |||||||
PF-98 | Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) | China | Reusable | 1998 | 120 mm | Successor of the Type 78 in the PLA [19] [20] | |
RGW 60 | Dynamit Nobel AG | Germany | Disposable | — | 60 mm | 4 warheads HEAT, HEAT MP (Multi-Purpose), HESH, ASM (Anti Structure Munition) [21] | |
RGW 90 MATADOR | Dynamit Nobel AG | Germany Israel Singapore | Disposable | 2000 | 90 mm | [22] | |
RGW 110 | Dynamit Nobel AG | — | Germany | Disposable | 2023 | 110 mm | Hungary, first client of this weapon, contract 2022 [23] [24] |
Anti-tank guided missiles | |||||||
Shershen | CJSC SRPC, JSC Peleng. | Belarus Ukraine | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2012 | 130 mm 152 mm | Belarus licensed variants of Stugna-P / Skif [25] | |
MSS-1.2 | SIATT | Brazil Italy | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2009 | 127 mm | OTO Melara initially co-developed the missile, starting in 1985, but withdrew from the program and ceded its share [26] | |
HJ-12 Red Arrow | Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) | China | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2021 | 130 mm | [27] | |
Eryx | Aérospatiale then, MBDA France now | France | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1993 | 136 mm | [28] | |
Akeron MP | MBDA France Saab Bofors Dynamics Switzerland | France Switzerland | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2017 | 140 mm | The missile design is French, the warhead is close to the one of the NLAW, developed and manufactured by Saab in Switzerland (former RUAG) | |
PARS 3 MR | MBDA Deutschland, Diehl BGT Defence | Germany France United Kingdom Netherlands | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | Cancelled | 159 mm | France, the UK and the Netherlands withdrew from the common development program. [32] Infantry variant therefore cancelled, only the PARS-3 LR variant used by German Army Tiger Helicopter. | |
Enforcer | MBDA Deutschland | Germany | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2024 | 90 mm | A light guided missile, with some potential alternative variants are to be developed. [33] TDW warhead. | |
Amogha missile | Bharat Dynamics Limited | India | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | In development | — | 3 variants [34] | |
MPATGM | DRDO VEM Technologies | India | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2023-4 | 120 mm | [35] [36] | |
Spike | Rafael Advanced Defense Systems | Spike LR | Israel | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | — | 110 mm 130 mm | Multiple variants that are in this MANPATS category:
|
Teaser | Israel Aerospace Industries | — | Israel | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | In development | — | [37] |
Type 01 LMAT (or XATM-5) | Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute | Japan | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2001 | 140 mm | [38] | |
Terminator | Jadara EDS, | — | Jordan | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2020 | 107 mm | Partnership with Azerbaijan in discussion [39] |
Pirat PPK Light ATGM | Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch", CRW Telesystem-Mesko | Poland Ukraine | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2025 | 107 mm | Ordered by Poland [40] | |
MOSKIT Long range ATGM | Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch", CRW Telesystem-Mesko | Poland Ukraine | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2025 | — | Ordered by Poland [40] | |
9M133 Kornet | Degtyarev plant, | Russia | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1998 | 152 mm | Five variants used (HEAT, thermobaric, or blast fragmentation warheads) [41] | |
AT-1K Raybolt | Hanwha Defense | South Korea | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2017 | 150 mm | [42] | |
RBS 56 BILL 2 | Saab Bofors Dynamics | Sweden Switzerland | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1999 | 150 mm | Major upgrade with OTA capacity with special warhead made by RUAG. [43] Saab acquired the designer / manufacturer of the warhead in 2007 and maintained the activity locally. [44] | |
NLAW | Saab Bofors Dynamics Saab Bofors Dynamics Switzerland Thales Air Defence UK | Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2009 | 150 mm | [45] | |
Karaok | Roketsan | — | Turkey | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2022 | 125 mm | [46] [47] |
OMTAS | Roketsan | Turkey | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2017 | 160 mm | [48] | |
Stugna-P | Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch" | Ukraine | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2011 | 130 mm | [49] | |
RK-3 Corsar | Kyiv Design Bureau "Luch" | Ukraine | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2017 | 107 mm | [50] | |
LMM Martlet | Thales Air Defence | United Kingdom | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2021 | 76 mm | Multi-role missile, usable against air targets, light boats, and armoured vehicles, laser guided. The anti-armour surface-to-surface variant isn't its primary role though [51] | |
FGM-148 Javelin | Texas Instruments Martin Marietta (now Raytheon Technologies & Lockheed Martin ) | United States | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1996 | 127 mm | [52] | |
FGM-172 SRAW | Lockheed Martin | United States | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 2002 | 139 mm | Only 960 produced, used by USA and Israel, remained 4 years in service [53] | |
Close-Combat Missile System – Heavy (CCMS-H) | — | — | United States | Reusable | 2032 | — | BGM-71 TOW successor in development / selection [54] |
List of MANPATS that entered service during the Cold War (1946–1989).
System name | Manufacturers and designers | Image | Origin | Use | In service since | Warhead calibre | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rocket launchers | |||||||
FHJ-84 | Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) | — | China | Reusable | 1984 | 62 mm | [55] |
Type 69 RPG | Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) | China | Reusable | 1970 | 85 mm | ||
RPG-75 | Zeveta a.s. | Czechoslovakia | Disposable | 1975 | 68 mm | [56] | |
AC 300 Jupiter | Luchaire SA MBB | France West Germany | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | Mid 1980s | 115 mm | A MILAN 2 warhead was mounted to an Armbrust launcher, but never placed in production | |
Dard 120 | Societe Europeenne de Propulsion (which became SNECMA) | — | France | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | Mid 1980s | 120 mm | Competition lost with the Jupiter 300 against the APILAS for a rocket launcher with more power than the LRAC F1. [58] The French Army has used it, but more information is needed. Evolution of the DARD 90, very similar to LRAC F1. |
LRAC F1 | Luchaire SA / Manufacture Nationale d'Armes de Saint-Etienne | France | Reusable | 1972 | 89 mm | [59] | |
LRAC 73 mm Modèle 1950 | — | France | Reusable | 1950 | 73 mm | Development financed by the Marshall Plan [60] | |
SARPAC | Hotchkiss-Brandt | France | Disposable | 1975 | 68 mm | Limited production [61] | |
WASP 58 | Luchaire SA | — | France | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1987 | 58 mm | [62] |
Panzerfaust 2 / Panzerfaust 44 mm | Dynamit Nobel AG | West Germany | Reusable | 1963 | 44 mm | HEAT warhead named Panzerfaustgeschoß DM32 | |
ARIS IV | Elliniki Biomihania Oplon | — | Greece | Disposable | Cancelled | 113 mm | [64] |
B-300 | Israel Military Industries | Israel | Reusable | 1980 | 82 mm | [65] | |
RPG-76 Komar | Zakład Sprzętu Precyzyjnego | Polish People's Republic | Disposable | 1985 | 40 mm 68 mm | [66] | |
RPG-2 | Kovrov Mechanical Plant | Soviet Union | Reusable | 1949 | 82 mm | [67] | |
RPG-7 | NPO Bazalt and | Soviet Union | Reusable | 1961 | 40 – 105 mm | Many variants of warheads in service [68] | |
RPG-16 | NPO Bazalt | — | Soviet Union | Reusable | 1976 | 58.3 mm | Used mostly by special forces [69] |
RPG-18 | NPO Bazalt | Soviet Union | Disposable | 1972 | 64 mm | [70] | |
RPG-22 | NPO Bazalt | Soviet Union | Disposable | 1985 | 72.5 mm | [71] | |
RPG-26 | NPO Bazalt | Soviet Union | Disposable | 1985 | 72.5 mm | [72] | |
RPG-27 | NPO Bazalt | Soviet Union | Disposable | 1989 | 105 mm | [73] | |
RPG-29 | NPO Bazalt | Soviet Union | Reusable | 1989 | 105 mm | [74] | |
LAW 80 | Hunting Engineering | United Kingdom | Disposable | 1987 | 94 mm | [75] | |
FGR-17 Viper | General Dynamics | United States | Disposable | 1983 | 70 mm | Poor performance, few delivered, quickly cancelled, the Army requirements were the source of the result [76] | |
M202A1 FLASH | Northrop Corporation (Electro-Mechanical Division) | United States | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1978 | 4 × 66 mm | Multiple-barrel incendiary rocket launcher [77] | |
M72 LAW | Talley Defense Systems | United States | Disposable | 1963 | 66 mm | [78] | |
MK-153 (SMAW) | McDonnell Douglas Talley Defense Systems | United States | Reusable | 1984 | 83 mm | Derivative of IMI B-300 [79] | |
M79 Osa (RL-90 M95) | Sloboda | Yugoslavia | Reusable launcher, disposable tube | 1979 | 90 mm | [80] | |
M80 Zolja | Sloboda | Yugoslavia | Disposable | 1980 | 64 mm | [81] | |
Recoilless rifles | |||||||
Carl Gustaf M1 – M3 | Saab Bofors Dynamics(at first, Carl Gustafs stads gevärsfaktori) | Sweden | Reusable | 1946 | 84 mm | [18] | |
Miniman | Saab Bofors Dynamics | Sweden | Reusable | 1968 | 74 mm | [82] | |
RAK 74 "Raketenrohre NORA" | Waffenfabrik Bern | — | Switzerland | Reusable | 1974 | 83 mm | Project abandoned [83] |
M40 recoilless rifle | Watervliet Arsenal | United States | Reusable | 1955 | 105 mm | [84] | |
Recoilless guns | |||||||
APILAS "Armour Piercing Infantry Light Arm System" | GIAT | France | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1985 | 112 mm | Also known as "RAC 112" in the French Army. | |
Armbrust | Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm | West Germany | Disposable | 1978 | 67 mm | [87] | |
RPO-A Shmel | Tula (now KDB) | Soviet Union | Disposable | 1980s | 93 mm | [9] | |
AT4 | Saab Bofors Dynamics | Sweden | Disposable | 1987 | 84 mm | [88] | |
Raketenrohr 80 | Société Anonyme Constructions Mécaniques du Léman (CML) | Switzerland | Reusable | 1980 | 83 mm | [83] | |
Anti-tank guided missiles | |||||||
Mathogo | CITEFA | Argentina | — | 1978 | 102 mm | [89] | |
HJ-8 | Norinco (China North Industries Corporation) | China | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1984 | 120 mm | [90] | |
SS.10 | Nord Aviation | France | — | 1955 | 160 mm | [91] | |
ENTAC | DTAT | France | — | 1957 | 152 mm | [91] | |
MILAN | At first made by Euromissile (JV Aérospatiale and DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG), now MBDA | France West Germany | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1972 | 103 mm, 115 mm | Made under licence by Bharat Dynamics (India) and BAe Dynamics (United Kingdom) | |
MAPATS (or "Hutra") | IMI Systems | Israel | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1985 | 156 mm | [93] | |
Type 64 MAT (or KAM-3) | Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute | Japan | — | 1964 | 120 mm | [94] | |
Type 79 Jyu-MAT (or KAM-9) | Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute | Japan | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1984 | 153 mm | [95] | |
Type 87 Chū-MAT (or Shin Chu-MAT) | Defense Agency Technical Research and Development Institute | Japan | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1989 | 110 mm | [96] | |
ZT3 Ingwe | Denel Dynamics | South Africa | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1987 | 127 mm | [97] | |
9M14 Malyutka | Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP) | Soviet Union | — | 1963 | 125 mm | [98] | |
9K111 Fagot | Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP) | Soviet Union | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1970 | 120 mm | [99] | |
9M113 Konkurs | Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP) – Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod | Soviet Union | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1974 | 135 mm | [100] | |
9K115 Metis | Tula Machinery Design Bureau (Tula KBP) – Tulsky Oruzheiny Zavod | Soviet Union | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1982 | 94 mm | [101] | |
RBS 56 BILL | Bofors | Sweden | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1988 | 150 mm | [43] | |
RB 53 Bantam | Bofors | Sweden | Reusable | 1963 | 110 mm | [102] | |
Cobra | Contraves AG Oerlikon, Bölkow | Switzerland West Germany | — | 1957 | 100 mm | Considered as most effective anti-tank missile in the 50s [103] | |
Mamba | Contraves AG Oerlikon, Bölkow | Switzerland West Germany | — | 1957 | 120 mm | [103] | |
Mosquito | Contraves AG Oerlikon, Bölkow | Switzerland West Germany | — | 1964 | 120 mm | Licensed produced in Italy (Contraves Italiana SpA) [104] | |
Vigilant | Vickers | United Kingdom | Reusable | 1963 | 131 mm | [105] | |
BGM-71 TOW | Hughes Aircraft Company | United States | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1970 | 152 mm | [106] | |
M47 Dragon | Raytheon | United States | Fire unit resuable, tube disposable | 1975 | 127 mm | [107] |
List of rocket launchers that entered service during World War II (1939–1945).
System name | Manufacturers and designers | Image | Origin | Use | In service since | Warhead calibre | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rocket launchers | |||||||
44M Buzogányvető | Weiss Manfréd Factory | Hungary | Reusable | 1944 | — | One of the most effective anti-tank weapon during WW2 | |
Type 4 | Unknown | Japan | Reusable | 1944 | 70 mm | ||
Panzerschreck Raketenpanzerbüchse 54 | Enzinger Union, HASAG and Jackel | Nazi Germany | Reusable | 1943 | 88 mm | [108] | |
M1 Bazooka | Several manufacturers over time | United States | Reusable | 1942 | 60 mm | [109] | |
M20 Super bazooka | Several manufacturers over time | United States | Reusable | 1945 | 89 mm | [110] | |
Recoilless rifles | |||||||
Carl Gustaf 20 mm recoilless rifle | Carl Gustafs stads gevärsfaktori | Sweden | Reusable | 1942 | 20 mm | [111] | |
Recoilless guns | |||||||
Panzerfaust | HASAG, Werk Schlieben | Nazi Germany | Disposable | 1942 | 100mm 106 mm 149 mm | [112] | |
Anti-tank missiles | |||||||
X-7 Rotkäppchen | Ruhrstahl AG | X-7 missile based on air-to-air X-4 shown above, modifications on the tail, remote controlled | Nazi Germany | Fire unit resuable | 1945 | 150 mm | First anti-tank missile, few reports of its use on the Eastern Front, but seems successful. [113] |
Other category | |||||||
PIAT | Imperial Chemical Industries | United Kingdom | Reusable | 1942 | 83 mm | [114] |
A rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) is a shoulder-fired rocket weapon that launches rockets equipped with an explosive warhead. Most RPGs can be carried by an individual soldier, and are frequently used as anti-tank weapons. These warheads are affixed to a rocket motor which propels the RPG towards the target and they are stabilized in flight with fins. Some types of RPG are reloadable with new rocket-propelled grenades, while others are single-use. RPGs are generally loaded from the front.
An anti-tank guided missile (ATGM), anti-tank missile, anti-tank guided weapon (ATGW) or anti-armor guided weapon is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily armored military vehicles. ATGMs range in size from shoulder-launched weapons, which can be transported by a single soldier, to larger tripod-mounted weapons, which require a squad or team to transport and fire, to vehicle and aircraft mounted missile systems.
A recoilless rifle (rifled), recoilless launcher (smoothbore), or simply recoilless gun, sometimes abbreviated to "RR" or "RCL" is a type of lightweight artillery system or man-portable launcher that is designed to eject some form of countermass such as propellant gas from the rear of the weapon at the moment of firing, creating forward thrust that counteracts most of the weapon's recoil. This allows for the elimination of much of the heavy and bulky recoil-counteracting equipment of a conventional cannon as well as a thinner-walled barrel, and thus the launch of a relatively large projectile from a platform that would not be capable of handling the weight or recoil of a conventional gun of the same size. Technically, only devices that use spin-stabilized projectiles fired from a rifled barrel are recoilless rifles, while smoothbore variants are recoilless guns. This distinction is often lost, and both are often called recoilless rifles.
The 9M133 Kornet is a Russian man-portable anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) intended for use against main battle tanks. It was first introduced into service with the Russian army in 1998.
A rocket launcher is a weapon that launches an unguided, rocket-propelled projectile.
Shoulder-fired missile, shoulder-launched missile or man-portable missile, among other variants, are common slang terms to describe high-caliber shoulder-mounted weapons systems; that is, weapons firing large, heavy projectiles ("missiles"), typically using the backblast principle, which are small enough to be carried by a single person and fired while held on one's shoulder. The word "missile" in this context is used in its original broad sense of a heavy projectile, and encompasses all shells and rockets, guided or unguided. A more formal variant is simply shoulder-fired weapons system and the like.
The MATADOR is a 90-millimetre (3.5 in) man-portable, disposable anti-armour and anti-brickwall weapon system developed by Germany, Israel and Singapore. It is an updated version of the German Armbrust design, and operates on the same principles. The development of this weapon began in 2000 and the MATADOR will eventually replace the German Armbrust Light Anti-tank Weapon, which has been in service since the 1980s.
The RPG-27 is a Soviet single shot disposable rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) shoulder-fired missile and rocket launcher. It entered service with the Soviet Army in 1989.
The Panzerfaust 3 is a modern semi-disposable recoilless anti-tank weapon, which was developed between 1978 and 1985 and first entered service with the Bundeswehr in 1987. It was first ordered in 1973 to provide West German infantry with an effective weapon against contemporary Soviet armor, thereby replacing West Germany's aging PzF 44 Light Lanze launchers and the heavy Carl Gustaf 84 mm anti-tank recoilless rifle manufactured in Sweden.
The 9M113 Konkurs is a Soviet SACLOS wire-guided anti-tank missile.
The RPG-18 Mukha is a Soviet short-range, disposable light anti-tank rocket launcher designed in 1972. It was based on the M72 LAW.
The RPG-16 is a handheld anti-tank grenade launcher for anti-tank warfare. It was developed in 1968 and adopted by the Soviet Army in 1970 for special operation teams and the Soviet airborne troops (VDV). These were deployed during the Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) and saw service during several battles in that conflict.
The PF-89 or Type 89 is a portable, disposable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled rocket launcher. Developed by Norinco for the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the PF-89 was designed to replace the obsolete Type 69 RPG, providing a man-portable, single-use assault weapon system that could be used mainly by infantry squads to engage and defeat light armor and bunkers.
The Saegheh is any of at least eight completely separate Iranian weapons systems: a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) warhead, an anti-tank guided missile family, a surface-to-surface rocket, a target drone family, an air-to-air missile, a claimed stealth unmanned aerial vehicle, a fighter jet, and an anti-ship cruise missile.
The ZBD-04 or Type 04 is a Chinese infantry fighting vehicle. It bears some external resemblance to the BMP-3, particularly with regards to its turret and main armament; However, the chassis and internal subsystem possesses a different layout. The earliest prototypes received the designation ZBD-97. An improved version, ZBD-04A, is the vehicle currently in service and being produced.
The 9K115-2 Metis-M is a Russian portable anti-tank guided missile system. "9K115-2" is the GRAU designation of the missile system. The Metis-M1 is the latest upgraded variant of Metis-M. The system is designed to augment the combat power of company-level motorized units.
Bulgaria is a NATO member country with a large indigenous defence industry. Most of its weaponry is of Soviet design, but with significantly improved performance. Bulgaria is ranked as a "medium" small arms exporter according to the Small Arms Survey.
Man-portable anti-tank systems are traditionally portable shoulder-launched projectile systems firing heavy shell-type projectiles, typically designed to combat protected targets, such as armoured vehicles, field fortifications and at times even low-flying aircraft.
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