List of mayors of Los Angeles

Then-Mayor Eric Garcetti (center) with his predecessors Antonio Villaraigosa (right) and James Hahn (left) in 2013.

The mayor of Los Angeles is the chief executive of the Government of Los Angeles as set in the city charter. The current officeholder, the 43rd in the sequence of regular mayors, is Karen Bass, a member of the Democratic Party, though the office has been nonpartisan since 1909. ^[1]

When Los Angeles was founded as a small town, a comisionado (Military Commissioner) was appointed before the title was changed to alcalde (Mayor) in 1786. Between 1841 and 1844, there were two mayors called the Jueces de Paz (Justices of Peace). When the United States took control, the office was renamed to Mayor. ^[2]

The longest serving mayors have been Tom Bradley (1973–1993; 20 years), Fletcher Bowron (1938–1953; 14 years), Sam Yorty (1961–1973; 12 years), and Eric Garcetti (2013–2022; 9 years). ^[3] The shortest tenures, not counting Acting Mayors, were John Bryson (77 days), Bernard Cohn (14 days), and William Stephens (11 days).

Although the President of the Los Angeles City Council serves as acting mayor when the Mayor is out of the city, only five have served due to a vacancy: Manuel Requena (1855 and 1856), Wallace Woodworth (1860–1861), Bernard Cohn (1878), Niles Pease (1909), and Martin F. Betkouski (1916); only one, Cohn, ascended from Acting Mayor to Mayor. ^[4] Two Mayors have died during their terms: Henry Mellus and Frederick A. MacDougall.

Los Angeles has had five Latino mayors post-incorporation: Antonio F. Coronel, Manuel Requena, Cristobal Aguilar, Antonio Villaraigosa, and Eric Garcetti. ^[5] The city has also had two African-American mayors, Tom Bradley and Karen Bass. Two French-Canadian politicians, Damien Marchesseault and Prudent Beaudry, have served as Mayors. ^[6] The first woman to serve as Mayor is Karen Bass, who was elected in 2022. ^[7]

Spanish era (1781–1821)

The office of Alcalde , the Mayor of El Pueblo de la Reina de los Ángeles, was elected annually, without the right to reelection for two years. ^[8] With the incomplete nature of records from the Spanish colonial period of Los Angeles, only the first year of 1781 is certain. ^{[9] [10]}

Comisionado

Name	Term in office
José Vicente Féliz [upper-alpha 1]	1781–1786
Guillermo Soto [upper-alpha 2]	1812–1816

Alcalde

Name	Term in office
José Vanegas	1786–1788
José Sinova	1789–1790
Francisco Reyes	1790 [upper-alpha 3]
Mariano Verdugo	1790–1793
José Vanegas	1792–1793
Francisco Reyes	1793–1795
José Vanegas	1796–1797
Manuel Arellanes	1797–1798
Guillermo Soto	1798–1799
Francisco Serrano	1799–1800
Joaquin Higuera	1800–1802
Mariano Verdugo	1802–1809
Francisco Avila	1810–1811
Manuel Gutierrez	1811–1812
Antonio Maria Lugo	1816–1819
Anastasio Avila	1819–1821

Notes

1. Féliz acted as the Chief Public Official during his term as Comisionado.
2. Soto assumed the responsibilities of alcalde during his term as Comisionado.
3. Removed from office for gambling in July.

Mexican era (1821–1848)

In 1821, Los Angeles became under Mexican rule, and the city continued having an alcalde. ^[11] The inaugural holder was Abel Stearns, an American trader who came to California in 1829 from Massachusetts. ^{[12] [13]}

Name	Term in office
Abel Stearns	1821–1822
Manuel Gutierrez	1822–1824
Guillermo Cota	1824
Encarnacion Urquides	1824–1825
José Maria Avila	1825–1826
José Antonio Carrillo	1826
Claudio López	1826–1827
Guillermo Cota	1827–1828
José Antonio Carrillo	1828–1829
Guillermo Soto	1829–1830
Tiburcio Tapia	1830–1831
Manuel Dominguez	1832–1833
José Antonio Carrillo	1833–1834
José Perez	1834–1835
Francisco Javier Alvarado	1835–1836
Manuel Requena	1836–1837
José Sepúlveda	1837–1838
Luis Arenas	1838–1839

First & Second Alcalde

In 1839, instead of one alcalde, two officials served as First and Second Alcalde.

1st Alcalde	2nd Alcalde	Term in office
Tiburcio Tapia	José Sepúlveda	1839–1840

Jueces de Paz (Justices of Peace)

In 1841, the office of alcalde was abolished, instead being replaced by two Jueces de Paz (Justice of the peace). ^[14]

1st Juez de Paz	2nd Juez de Paz	Term in office
Ygnacio Palomares	Ygnacio Alvarado	1841–1842
Manuel Dominguez	José Sepúlveda	1842–1843
	Antonio F. Coronel	1843–1844

First & Second Alcalde

In 1844, the office of alcalde was restored, reverting to its 1839 posts. ^[14]

1st Alcalde	2nd Alcalde	Term in office
Manuel Requena	Tiburcio Tapia	1844–1845
Vicente Sanchez	Juan Sepúlveda	1845–1846
Juan Gallardo	José Sepúlveda	1846–1847
José Salazar	Enrique Avila	1847–1848
Ygnacio Palomares	José Sepúlveda	1848

American Territorial era (1848–1850)

Between the Interim government of California and California's statehood, the Mayor was appointed by the Governor of California in 1848 and was elected in 1850.

Portrait	Name	Term in office
	Stephen C. Foster	January 1, 1848 – May 21, 1849 [lower-roman 1]
	Ygnacio del Valle	January 1, 1850 – July 1, 1850

Notes

1. Foster resigned as alcalde on May 21, 1849; the remainder of the year, he served as prefecto (prefect). ^[15]

Post-incorporation (1850–present)

No.	Portrait	Name	Term in office	Length of service	Party affiliation [lower-alpha 1]		Election	Previous office
1		Alpheus P. Hodges (1821–1858; aged 37)	July 1, 1850 – May 7, 1851	340 days		Democratic	1850	None
2		Benjamin D. Wilson (1811–1878; aged 66)	May 7, 1851 – May 4, 1852	363 days		Democratic	1851	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1851)
3		John G. Nichols (1812-1898; aged 85)	May 4, 1852 – May 3, 1853	364 days		Democratic	1852	Los Angeles City Recorder (1850–1851)
4		Antonio F. Coronel (1817–1894; aged 76)	May 3, 1853 – May 4, 1854	1 year, 1 day		Democratic	1853	1st Los Angeles County Assessor (1850–1853)
5		Stephen C. Foster (1820–1898; aged 77)	May 4, 1854 – January 13, 1855 [lower-alpha 2]	254 days		Democratic	1854	Member of the Los Angeles Board of Education (1853–1854)
–		Manuel Requena [lower-alpha 2] (1802–1876; aged 74)	January 13, 1855 – January 25, 1855	12 days		Republican		Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1855)
(5)		Stephen C. Foster [lower-alpha 3] (1820-1898; aged 77)	January 25, 1855 [lower-alpha 2] – May 9, 1855	138 days		Democratic	1855 (J)	Mayor of Los Angeles (1854–1855)
6		Thomas Foster (unknown birth or death)	May 9, 1855 – May 7, 1856	364 days		Democratic	1855 (M)	Member of the Board of Education School Commission (1860–1862)
(5)		Stephen C. Foster [lower-alpha 3] (1820-1898; aged 77)	May 7, 1856 – September 22, 1856 [lower-alpha 4]	138 days		Democratic	1856 (M)	Mayor of Los Angeles (1855)
–		Manuel Requena (1802–1876; aged 74)	September 22, 1856 – October 4, 1856	12 days		Republican		Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1856–1867)
(3)		John G. Nichols [lower-alpha 3] (1812-1898; aged 85)	October 4, 1856 – May 9, 1859	2 years, 217 days		Democratic	1856 (O) 1857 1858	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1855–1856)
7		Damien Marchesseault (1818–1868; aged 49)	May 9, 1859 – May 9, 1860	1 year		Democratic	1859	None
8		Henry Mellus † [lower-alpha 5] (1816–1860; aged 44)	May 9, 1860 – December 26, 1860	231 days		Democratic	1860	None
–		Wallace Woodworth [lower-alpha 5] (1832–1882; aged 50)	December 26, 1860 – January 7, 1861	12 days		Democratic		Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1860–1861)
(7)		Damien Marchesseault [lower-alpha 3] (1818–1868; aged 49)	January 7, 1861 – May 5, 1865	4 years, 119 days		Democratic	1861 1862 1863 1864	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1860)
9		Jose Mascarel (1816–1899; aged 83)	May 5, 1865 – May 10, 1866	1 year, 5 days		Republican	1865	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1864–1865)
10		Cristobal Aguilar (1816–1886; aged 70)	May 10, 1866 – May 8, 1867 [lower-alpha 6]	363 days		Democratic	1866	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1861–1862)
(7)		Damien Marchesseault [lower-alpha 3] (1818–1868; aged 49)	May 8, 1867 – August 8, 1867 [lower-alpha 6]	92 days		Democratic	1867	Zanjero of Los Angeles (1866–1867)
(10)		Cristobal Aguilar [lower-alpha 3] (1816–1886; aged 70)	August 8, 1867 – December 7, 1868	1 year, 121 days		Democratic		Mayor of Los Angeles (1866–1867)
11		Joel Turner (1820–1888; aged 68)	December 9, 1868 – December 9, 1870	2 years		Democratic	1868 1869	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1862–1864)
(10)		Cristobal Aguilar [lower-alpha 3] (1816–1886; aged 70)	December 9, 1870 – December 5, 1872	1 year, 362 days		Democratic	1870 1871	Mayor of Los Angeles (1867–1868)
12		James R. Toberman (1836–1911; aged 75)	December 5, 1872 – December 18, 1874	2 years, 13 days		Democratic	1872 1873	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1870)
13		Prudent Beaudry (1819–1893; aged 74)	December 18, 1874 – December 8, 1876	1 year, 356 days		Democratic	1874 1875	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1871–1874)
14		Frederick A. MacDougall † [lower-alpha 7] (1818–1878)	December 8, 1876 – November 16, 1878	1 year, 348 days		Democratic	1876 1877	None
–		Bernard Cohn [lower-alpha 7] (1835–1889; aged 53)	November 16, 1878 – November 21, 1878	5 days		Democratic		Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1876–1878)
15			November 21, 1878 – December 5, 1878	14 days
(12)		James R. Toberman [lower-alpha 3] (1836–1911; aged 75)	December 5, 1878 – December 9, 1882	4 years, 4 days		Democratic	1878 1879 1880 1881	Mayor of Los Angeles (1872–1874)
16		Cameron E. Thom (1825–1915; aged 89)	December 9, 1882 – December 9, 1884	2 years		Democratic	1882 1883	15th Los Angeles County District Attorney (1877–1879)
17		Edward F. Spence (1832–1892; aged 59)	December 9, 1884 – December 14, 1886	2 years, 5 days		Republican	1884 1885	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1879–1881)
18		William H. Workman (1839–1918; aged 79)	December 14, 1886 – December 10, 1888	1 year, 362 days		Democratic	1886 1887	Member of the Los Angeles Common Council (1878–1880)
19		John Bryson (1852–1915; aged 63)	December 10, 1888 – February 25, 1889 [lower-alpha 8]	77 days		Democratic	1888	Member of the Board of Police Commissioners (1890–1891)
20		Henry T. Hazard (1844–1921; aged 77)	February 25, 1889 – December 5, 1892 [lower-alpha 9]	3 years, 291 days		Republican	1889 1890	Member of the Los Angeles Board of Freeholders (1887–1888)
–		William H. Bonsall [lower-alpha 9] (1846–1905; aged 59)	December 5, 1892 – December 12, 1892	7 days		Republican		Member of the Los Angeles City Council (1889–1892)
21		Thomas E. Rowan (1842–1901; aged 59)	December 12, 1892 – December 12, 1894	2 years		Democratic	1892	8th Los Angeles City Treasurer (1868–1870)
22		Frank Rader (1848–1897; aged 48)	December 12, 1894 – December 16, 1896	2 years, 4 days		Republican	1894	Member of the Los Angeles Street Commission (1890–1894)
23		Meredith P. Snyder (1859–1937; aged 77)	December 16, 1896 – December 15, 1898	1 year, 364 days		Democratic	1896	Member of the Los Angeles City Council (1894–1896)
24		Frederick Eaton (1856–1934; aged 78)	December 15, 1898 – December 12, 1900	1 year, 362 days		Republican	1898	Los Angeles City Engineer (1889–1890)
(23)		Meredith P. Snyder [lower-alpha 3] (1859–1937; aged 77)	December 12, 1900 – December 8, 1904	3 years, 362 days		Democratic	1900 1902	Mayor of Los Angeles (1896–1898)
25		Owen McAleer (1858–1944; aged 86)	December 8, 1904 – December 13, 1906	2 years, 5 days		Republican	1904	Member of the Los Angeles City Council (1902–1904)
26		Arthur C. Harper (1866–1948; aged 82)	December 13, 1906 – March 11, 1909 [lower-alpha 10]	2 years, 88 days		Democratic	1906	Member of the Los Angeles Charter Revision Committee (1906)
–		Niles Pease (1838–1921; aged 83)	March 11, 1909 – March 15, 1909	4 days		Republican		Member of the Los Angeles City Council (1906–1909)
27		William Stephens [lower-alpha 10] (1859–1944; aged 84)	March 15, 1909 – March 26, 1909	11 days		Republican		Member of the Los Angeles Board of Education (1906)
28		George Alexander (1839–1923; aged 83)	March 26, 1909 – July 1, 1913	4 years, 97 days		Republican	1909 (M) 1909 (N) 1911	Member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors (1901–1909)
29		Henry H. Rose (1856–1923; aged 67)	July 1, 1913 – July 1, 1915	2 years		Independent	1913	Judge of the Los Angeles Police Judges (1905–1913)
30		Charles E. Sebastian (1873–1929; aged 56)	July 1, 1915 – September 2, 1916	1 year, 63 days		Democratic	1915	Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (1911–1915)
–		Martin F. Betkouski (1860–1942; aged 81)	September 2, 1916 – September 5, 1916	3 days		Democratic	Member of the Los Angeles City Council (1909–1917)
31		Frederic T. Woodman (1871–1949; aged 77)	September 5, 1916 – July 1, 1919	2 years, 299 days		Republican	1917	Member of the Los Angeles Harbor Commission (1902–1916)
(23)		Meredith P. Snyder [lower-alpha 3] (1859–1937; aged 77)	July 1, 1919 – July 1, 1921	2 years		Democratic	1919	Commissioner of the Los Angeles Ethics Commission (1913–1917)
32		George E. Cryer (1875–1961; aged 86)	July 1, 1921 – July 1, 1929	8 years		Republican	1921 1923 1925	Chief Los Angeles County District Attorney (1915–1919)
33		John C. Porter (1871–1959; aged 88)	July 1, 1929 – July 1, 1933	4 years		Democratic	1929	None
34		Frank L. Shaw (1877–1958; aged 80)	July 1, 1933 – September 26, 1938 [lower-alpha 11]	5 years, 87 days		Republican	1933 1937	Member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors (1928–1933)
35		Fletcher Bowron (1887–1968; aged 81)	September 26, 1938 – July 1, 1953	14 years, 278 days		Republican	1938 1941 1945 1949	Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court (1926–1938)
36		Norris Poulson (1895–1982; aged 82)	July 1, 1953 – July 1, 1961	8 years		Republican	1953 1957	U.S. Representative for California (1947–1953)
37		Sam Yorty (1909–1998; aged 88)	July 1, 1961 – July 1, 1973	12 years		Democratic	1961 1965 1969	U.S. Representative for California (1951–1955)
38		Tom Bradley (1917–1998; aged 80)	July 1, 1973 – July 1, 1993	20 years		Democratic	1973 1977 1981 1985 1989	Member of the Los Angeles City Council (1963–1973)
39		Richard Riordan (1930–2023; aged 92)	July 1, 1993 – July 1, 2001	8 years		Republican	1993 1997	Member of the Board of Recreation and Parks Commissioners (1987–1992)
40		James Hahn (born 1950; age 74)	July 1, 2001 – July 1, 2005	4 years		Democratic	2001	15th Los Angeles City Attorney (1985–2001)
41		Antonio Villaraigosa (born 1953; age 71)	July 1, 2005 – July 1, 2013	8 years		Democratic	2005 2009	Member of the Los Angeles City Council (2003–2005)
42		Eric Garcetti (born 1971; age 53)	July 1, 2013 – December 11, 2022 [lower-alpha 12]	9 years, 163 days		Democratic	2013 2017	Member of the Los Angeles City Council (2001–2013)
43		Karen Bass (born 1953; age 71)	December 12, 2022 – Incumbent	1 year, 320 days		Democratic	2022	U.S. Representative for California (2011–2022)

Notes

1. In 1909, Los Angeles adopted a nonpartisan form of government, with the office and mayoral elections being officially nonpartisan since then. ^[1]
2. Foster resigned as Mayor to help lead a lynch mob against David Brown, a man who had killed one of Foster's friends and was given a stay of execution by the California Supreme Court. ^[16] Manuel Requena, the President of the City Council, was the acting mayor in his absence. ^[17] Foster was then re-elected via a special election. ^[18]
3. The City of Los Angeles counts one mayoralty for those who served multiple non-consecutive terms.
4. Foster resigned as mayor to attend to the executorship of the estate of his brother-in-law. ^[19] City Council president Manuel Requena served as acting mayor until a special election could be held. ^[20]
5. Mellus died in office on December 26, 1860. City Council president Wallace Woodworth served as acting mayor until a special election could be held. ^[21]
6. Aguilar was unseated for three months and replaced with Marchesseault, who as Zanjero of Los Angeles was considered more important than the mayor. Aguilar was reinstated on August 8, 1867. ^[22]
7. MacDougall died on November 16, 1878. City Council president Bernard Cohn served as acting mayor until he was appointed by the council to become Mayor. ^[4]
8. Due to a change in the city's election calendar, Bryson's term was cut short due to voter's adoption of a new city charter and Hazard's subsequent election.
9. City Council president William H. Bonsall served as acting mayor for a week during the vacancy between the terms of Hazard and Rowan's terms.
10. Harper resigned as Mayor on March 11, 1909 in the wake of a recall election against him. ^[23] William Stephens, who was named as Harper's opponent in the recall, was appointed as Mayor before the next election. ^{[24] [25]}
11. Recalled from office; first Mayor recalled in Los Angeles history. ^[26]
12. Due to a change in the city's election calendar to align mayoral elections with statewide elections, Garcetti's second term was longer than the usual four years. ^[27]

Appendices

Mayoral terms and term limits

At the office's creation in 1850, mayors served one year terms. In 1889, the dates were change to be on even-numbered years, with the term extending to two years per term; the first election in an even-numbered year was in 1892. In 1909, the city charter changed the election years to odd-numbered years with the March 1909 election, originally slated to be a recall election against Arthur C. Harper. In 1993, voters amended the city charter to implement term limits to elected officials, including mayor. ^[1] In 2015, voters passed a charter amendment that would change the election dates to align with gubernatorial and presidential elections on even-numbered years; the first mayoral election after this change was in 2022. ^[28]

Year	Term	Term limit	Years	Mayor(s) affected
1850	1 year	Unlimited	Unlimited	Alpheus P. Hodges to John Bryson
1889	2 years	Unlimited	Unlimited	Henry T. Hazard to William Stephens
1909	4 years	Unlimited	Unlimited	George Alexander to Meredith P. Snyder
1925	4 years	2 terms	8 years	George E. Cryer and his successors

Interrupted terms

Eight mayors have had interrupted terms: Stephen Clark Foster (1855 and 1856), Henry Mellus (1860), Cristobal Aguilar (1867), Frederick A. MacDougall (1878), John Bryson (1889), Arthur C. Harper (1909), Charles E. Sebastian (1916), and Frank L. Shaw (1938).

Interrupted terms of Los Angeles's elected mayors
Elected mayor	Last elected	End of service	Interim successor	Election	Elected successor	Reason
Stephen Clark Foster	1854	January 13, 1855	Manuel Requena	1855	Stephen Clark Foster	Resigned from office.
Stephen Clark Foster	1856	September 22, 1856	Manuel Requena	1856	John G. Nichols	Resigned from office.
Henry Mellus	1860	December 26, 1860	Wallace Woodworth	1861	Damien Marchesseault	Died in office.
Cristobal Aguilar	1866	May 8, 1867	None	1867	Damien Marchesseault	Unseated from office.
Frederick A. MacDougall	1877	November 16, 1878	Bernard Cohn	None	Bernard Cohn	Died in office.
John Bryson	1888	February 25, 1889	None	1889	Henry T. Hazard	Change in election dates.
Arthur C. Harper	1906	March 11, 1909	John D. Works William Stephens	1909	George Alexander	Resigned from office.
Charles E. Sebastian	1915	September 2, 1916	Martin F. Betkouski	1917	Frederic T. Woodman	Resigned from office.
Frank L. Shaw	1917	September 26, 1938	None	1938	Fletcher Bowron	Recalled from office.

See also

• Los Angeles portal
• Politics portal

• Mayor of Los Angeles
• History of Los Angeles
• Pueblo de Los Angeles
• Los Angeles Pobladores

References

1. "LOS ANGELES: STRUCTURE OF A CITY GOVERNMENT" (PDF). League of Women Voters .
2. Schmal, John P. (April 17, 2004). "The Mayors of Los Angeles". LatinoLA. Archived from the original on December 22, 2004.
3. Van Dyke, Jonathan (August 17, 2015). "SCREENING, PANEL ILLUMINATE THE LIFE OF FORMER MAYOR, UCLA ALUMNUS TOM BRADLEY". UCLA Government & Community Relations.
4. Rasmussen, Cecilia (May 8, 2005). "The City of Angels Has Had Mayors With Demons". Los Angeles Times .
5. Rasmussen, Cecilia (May 18, 2005). "From the 19th Century, a Look at City's Past Latino Mayors". Los Angeles Times .
6. Tindal, Chris. "The French Canadian Mayor of Los Angeles". Acres of Snow.
7. Wick, Julia (December 11, 2022). "Karen Bass sworn in as Los Angeles mayor, the first woman to hold the office". Los Angeles Times .
8. Mason, William M. (2004). "Los Angeles Under The Spanish Flag: Spain's New World" (PDF). Southern California Genealogical Society.
9. Caughey, John and LaRee Caughey. Los Angeles: Biography of a City. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977. 74. ISBN   0-520-03410-4
10. "Alcalde" and "Ayuntamiento" in Pitt, Leonard and Dale PItt. Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. 11 and 33. ISBN   0-520-20274-0
11. Waldron, Granville Arthur (June 1960). "A Pueblo de Los Angeles Memoir ... CALIFORNIA versus HENRIQUE and YUNG: A Case from the Early Judicial Archives of Los Angeles County". University of California Press.
12. "Californio to American: A Study in Cultural Change" (PDF). National Park Service .
13. Barrows, H. D. (1899). "ABEL STEARNS". University of California Press. pp. 197–199.
14. "Los Angeles City Mayors Past to Present". Los Angeles Almanac.
15. Supervisor Stephen Clark Foster Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine , Los Angeles County, accessed 26 Jun 2010
16. "The Hidden History of LA: The mayor who helped lynch a man". KPCC .
17. Rasmussen, Cecilia (May 18, 2005). "From the 19th Century, a Look at City's Past Latino Mayors". Los Angeles Times .
18. Spitzzeri, Paul R. (August 8, 2021). "Stephen Clark Foster's Recollections of "Los Angeles on the Eve of the Gold Rush," Part II, in "Touring Topics," August 1929". Homestead Museum .
19. Chronological Record of Los Angeles City Officials: 1850—1938, Compiled under Direction of Municipal Reference Library City Hall, Los Angeles, March 1938 (Reprinted 1966)
20. "The Four Latino Mayors of Los Angeles". HispanicVista. May 23, 2005. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007.
21. ""Influences That Mastered and Destroyed the Strong Man That Has Just Fallen": The Tragedy of Damien Marchessault, 1818-1868". Homestead Museum . December 13, 2022.
22. Martinez, Yoli (September 24, 2012). "Iconic Hispanic Angelenos in History: Cristóbal Aguilar". KCET .
23. "HARPER'S RESIGNATION DOES NOT HALT RECALL; ELECTION MUST BE HELD, SAYS CITY ATTORNEY". Los Angeles Herald . March 16, 1909.
24. "THE NEWS SUMMARY". Los Angeles Herald . February 2, 1909.
25. "HERALD WINS ITS FIGHT FOR PURE GOVERNMENT". Los Angeles Herald . March 16, 1909.
26. John R. Babcock, "When Los Angeles Was a World-Class City of Corruption," Los Angeles Herald-Examiner," May 12, 1989, page A-19
27. O'Brien, Brendan (March 8, 2017). "Los Angeles mayor wins re-election in landslide". Reuters. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
28. "Hoping to Boost Dismal Turnouts, L.A. Votes to Change Election Dates". KCET. City News Service. March 4, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.

External links

• Office of Mayor website
• City of Los Angeles Officials Database