This is a list of public artworks in Philadelphia . The Association for Public Art estimates the city has hundreds of public artworks; [1] the Smithsonian lists more than 700. [2] Since 1959 nearly 400 works of public art have been created as part of the city's Percent for Art program, the first such program in the U.S. [3]
This list contains only works of public art in outdoor public spaces, and not, for example, works inside museums. Most of the works mentioned are sculptures.
Most monuments to historical figures are of men. Of about 1,500 city-owned statues and public monuments, just four are of real women. [4]
Including Philadelphia Museum of Art, East Fairmount Park, Laurel Hill Cemetery, West Fairmount Park, and Philadelphia Zoo.
Title | Image | Location and coordinates | Year | Artist | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ashanti Gratitude (Brenner) | Mander Playground 33rd & Diamond Streets 39°59′20″N75°11′15″W / 39.9889°N 75.1875°W | 1976 | Bernard Brenner | Steel sculpture, painted red | 72 x 12 x 12 in | IAS PA000417 [207] | ||||
Athlete (Brown) | Vogt Playground Unruh Avenue & Cottage Street 40°01′42″N75°02′56″W / 40.0283°N 75.0490°W | 1967 | Joe Brown (sculptor) | Bronze sculpture, brick base | IAS 88320120; [208] IAS 75009387 [209] | |||||
Carved relief | General David B. Birney Public School, 900 West Lindley Street 40°08′42″N75°49′12″W / 40.145°N 75.820°W | Limestone | ||||||||
Don Quixote | 2nd & Girard Streets | 1997 | Bronze | [210] | ||||||
The Spirit of the American Doughboy | 2nd & Spring Garden Streets 39°57′39″N75°08′29″W / 39.9608°N 75.1413°W | 1919 | E. M. Viquesney | War memorial | bronze | IAS 47260100 [211] |
Title | Image | Location and coordinates | Year | Artist | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bull Negative and Bull Positive | Woodmere Art Museum, 9201 Germantown Avenue | 1943 | Filippo Bermani | Cor-Ten steel on steel bases | IAS PA000414 [212] | |||||
Butterfly | Woodmere Art Museum garden, 9201 Germantown Avenue | 1964 | George Papashvily | Sculpture: granite, base: fieldstone | 19 x 39 x 6-1/2 in | IAS 88320127 [213] | ||||
Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Monument | Market Square, 5500 Germantown Avenue 40°02′04″N75°10′20″W / 40.034325°N 75.172300°W | 1883 | Union Soldier by John Lachmier Eagles and plaques by John Massey Rhind James H. Windrim, architect | War memorial | Granite statue, granite pedestal & base, bronze eagles & plaques | Statue: 114 in Overall: 428 in | IAS 88320047 [214] | |||
Corn Bench | Village of Arts and Humanities, 2544 Germantown Avenue | 1991 | Alejandro Lopez | IAS 74960135 [215] | ||||||
Eagle (World War I Memorial) | Chelten Square, Chelten Avenue & Wister Street | 1923 | J. Otto Schweizer | War memorial | Eagle: bronze, granite base with bronze medallions & shields | Eagle: 30 x 30 x 24 in | IAS PA000084 [216] | |||
Fountain and Sculpture | Nicetown Park, Germantown Avenue & St. Pauls Street | 1974 | Jon Bogle | Sculpture: metal, base: concrete | 144 x 48 in | IAS PA001155 [217] | ||||
Freedom Corner | Freedom Square, Germantown Avenue & Wister Street | 1995 | James Dupree | Painted concrete and cowry shells | IAS 74910006 [218] | |||||
Helical Form | Germantown Friends School, 31 West Coulter Street | 1972 | William P. Daley | Sculpture: Tomasil bronze, base: limestone | 22 x 60 in | IAS 75009365 [219] | ||||
Hood Cemetery Gateway | 4901 Germantown Avenue | 1849 | William Johnson, architect William Struthers, mason | HABS [220] | ||||||
Horse | Germantown Friends School, 31 West Coulter Street | 1969 | Margaret Wasserman Levy | Acrylic | 44 x 46 x 21 in | IAS PA000059 [221] | ||||
Ile Ife Park | Village of Arts and Humanities, 2544 Germantown Avenue | 1987 | Lily Yeh | ceramic tile, concrete, stone, glass, plants | IAS PA001139 [222] | |||||
Leopardopterus | Woodmere Art Museum garden, 9201 Germantown Avenue | 1987 | John Parker | 108 x 96 x 78 in | IAS PA000415 [223] | |||||
Meditation Park | Village of Arts and Humanities, 2544 Germantown Avenue | 1991 | Lily Yeh | IAS 74960136 [224] | ||||||
Obele Uno (Small House) | Village of Arts and Humanities, 2544 Germantown Avenue | 1995 | John Horace Stone Robert Craddock Austino Okafor Simone Leigh | Painted wood, asphalt, copper sheeting, marble, ceramic | IAS 74910018 [225] | |||||
Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Monument | Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia 7301 Germantown Avenue 40°02′03″N75°11′31″W / 40.0343°N 75.191925°W | 1917 | J. Otto Schweizer | Bronze statue and reliefs, granite base | 108 x 180 x 44 in | IAS 88320108 [226] | ||||
Francis Daniel Pastorius Monument | Vernon Park, 5798 Germantown Avenue 40°02′13″N75°10′34″W / 40.036900°N 75.176150°W | 1917 | Albert Jaegers | Tennessee marble, granite base | 324 x 111 x 141 in | IAS 75009363 [227] | ||||
Teedyuscung Indian in the Wissahickon | Wissahickon Creek, north of Walnut Lane Bridge 40°04′06″N75°13′13″W / 40.068234°N 75.220326°W | 1902 | John Massey Rhind | Marble (replaced 1856 wood statue) | 144 in | IAS 75009308 [228] | ||||
Together Family | Mount Airy Playground, Germantown Avenue & Sedgwick Street | 1977 | Ken Clark | Weathering steel | 60 in x 84 in | IAS PA000412 [229] | ||||
Vertical Form 89-5 | Woodmere Art Museum garden, 9201 Germantown Avenue | 1989 | Thomas Sternal | Steel cage, glacial river rocks | 108 x 51 x 51 in | IAS PA000060 [230] | ||||
War Memorial to Mothers | Wister's Woods, Belfield Avenue & 21st Street | 1927 | Harry Lewis Raul | War memorial | Sculpture: bronze, base: granite | 103 x 74 x 47 in | IAS 75009364 [231] | |||
John Wister | Vernon Park, 5700 Germantown Avenue | 1903 | Raffaello Romanelli | Sculpture: bronze, base: granite | 90 x 26 x 26 in | IAS 88320066 [232] |
Title | Image | Location and coordinates | Year | Artist | Type | Material | Dimensions | Designation | Owner / administrator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awakening | Union Baptist Church garden, 1910 Fitzwater Street 39°56′34″N75°10′27″W / 39.9427°N 75.1742°W | 1971 | Ron T. Pierce | Bronze sculpture, concrete base | 58.5 x 22 x 35 in | IAS 88320129 [233] | ||||
The Batter | Citizens Bank Park 39°54′19″N75°10′04″W / 39.9052°N 75.1677°W | 1974 | Joe Brown (sculptor) | Bronze sculpture; concrete base | IAS PA000184 [234] | |||||
Columbus Monument | Marconi Plaza, Broad and Oregon Streets 39°54′56″N75°10′19″W / 39.9155°N 75.1720°W | 1876 | Emanuele Caroni (attributed) | Italian marble with stone base | IAS PA000620 [235] | |||||
Connie Mack | Citizens Bank Park | 1957 | Harry Rosin | Bronze sculpture with granite base | IAS 75009371 | |||||
Admiral George W. Melville | Philadelphia Naval Shipyard Broad Street & Preble (Intrepid?) Avenue 39°53′46″N75°10′33″W / 39.8962°N 75.1758°W | 1923 | Samuel Murray | Bronze sculpture, granite base | IAS 88320105 [236] | |||||
Play at Second Base | Citizens Bank Park 39°54′18″N75°10′01″W / 39.905°N 75.167°W | 1976 | Joe Brown (sculptor) | Bronze sculpture; concrete base | IAS PA000185 [237] | |||||
The Punter | Citizens Bank Park 39°54′N75°10′W / 39.90°N 75.16°W | 1974 | Joe Brown (sculptor) | Bronze sculpture; concrete base | IAS PA000186 [47] | |||||
Guglielmo Marconi | Marconi Plaza, Broad and Oregon Streets 39°54′56″N75°10′19″W / 39.9155°N 75.1720°W | 1975 | Saleppichi Giancarlo (attributed) | Bronze with marble base | ||||||
Mike Schmidt | Citizens Bank Park, Third Base Gate, SE corner 11th & Hartranft Streets 39°54′25″N75°10′04″W / 39.9070°N 75.1678°W | 2004 | Zenos Frudakis | Bronze sculpture; red granite base | H. 120 in | |||||
Tackle | Citizens Bank Park 39°54′N75°10′W / 39.90°N 75.16°W | 1975 | Joe Brown (sculptor) | Bronze sculpture; concrete base | H. 132 x W. 108 x Diam. 72 in. | IAS PA000187 [238] | ||||
Turtle | Palumbo Recreational Center, 10th & Fitzwater Streets | 1978 | Eric Berg | Bronze | 27 x 36 x 53 in | IAS PA000492 [239] |
Title | Image | Artist | Year | Location | Coordinates | Material | Dimensions | Owner |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bear | Dexter Jones | 1968 | Columbia Avenue Playground, 11th Street & Cecil B. Moore Avenue, northeast corner | 39°58′41″N75°09′09″W / 39.9781°N 75.1524°W | Bronze sculpture, concrete base | IAS PA000502 | ||
Beginning of an Adventure | Karl O. Karhumaa | 1966 | Conshohocken Avenue & Windemere Street (where?) | Bronze on a concrete base | IAS 75009408 | |||
Benjamin Banneker | James W. Washington Jr. [262] | 1969 | Progress Plaza Shopping Center, Broad & Oxford Streets | 39°58′37″N75°09′28″W / 39.9770°N 75.1579°W | Granite | IAS 88320137 | ||
Benjamin Franklin in Fireman's Hat | Dexter Jones | 1968 | Fire Station, Engine #8, Ladder #2, 4th & Arch Streets | 39°57′09″N75°08′47″W / 39.9524°N 75.1464°W | Aluminum | IAS PA000611 | ||
Bird Form | Jane E. Stein | 1966 | Paley Library courtyard | 39°58′52″N75°09′16″W / 39.9810°N 75.1545°W | Blue marble on a concrete base | IAS 88320132 | ||
Bird in Flight | Marco Zubar | 1971 | Ardleigh & Haines Streets | 40°03′08″N75°09′53″W / 40.0523°N 75.1647°W | Cor-Ten steel set into a concrete walkway | IAS 75009367 | ||
Bird | Harold Kimmelman | 1970 | Hellerman & Walker Streets | 40°01′35″N75°03′13″W / 40.0264°N 75.0537°W | Steel sheet, painted blue; pole, painted pink; concrete base | IAS PA000400 | ||
Bolt of Lightning...Memorial to Ben Franklin | Isamu Noguchi | 1933, 1980 | 4th Street between Race and Vine, across from Franklin Square | 39°57′20″N75°08′56″W / 39.955467°N 75.148858°W | metal: steel Sculpture: stainless steel with steel cables; Base: painted steel | IAS 66530048 [263] [264] [265] [266] [267] | ||
The Boxers | Ahron Ben-Shmuel | 1937 | Philadelphia Museum of Art East court | 39°57′55″N75°10′50″W / 39.9654°N 75.1806°W | Coopersburg granite on a concrete base | H. 61 1/2 in. | IAS 88320092 [268] | |
Boy With Hawk | Charles Cropper Parks | 1973 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base; brick | IAS 76007393 [269] | ||||
Bronze Figure | Neil Lieberman | 1970 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: brick | IAS 75009377 [270] | ||||
Bronze Sphere | Klaus Ihlenfeld | 1970 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: concrete | IAS 75009382 [271] | ||||
Buddha | Unknown | 1800 | Jizo Buddha presented to the Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1954; presented to the City of Philadelphia in 1954 along with the Japanese House and the Shofuso Garden, and then installed in the Shofuso Garden of the Japanese House in West Fairmount Park | stone: Sculpture: stone; Base: concrete | IAS PA000132 [272] | |||
Buddha "Siddhartha Gautama" | Blanche Nevin | 1900 | Originally at Windsor Forge in Churchtown, Pennsylvania, then moved to the University of the Arts, Philadelphia | concrete: cement Sculpture: cement with quartz crystals; Base: cement | IAS PA000176 [273] | |||
Burst of Joy | Harold Kimmelman | 1977 | (th and Market, NW corner) | 39°57′06″N75°09′19″W / 39.9516°N 75.1552°W | metal: steel Sculpture: polished stainless steel; Base: polished black granite | IAS 77001322 IAS 77001322 | ||
Butterfly | Harold Kimmelman | 1970 | Stainless steel; polished black granite base | IAS 77001328 | ||||
Butterfly | George Papashvily | 1964 | stone: granite Sculpture: granite; Base: fieldstone | IAS 88320127 [274] | ||||
Calvary Scene | Unknown (Italian) | 1960 | stone: marble Sculpture: marble; Base: cement | IAS PA001166 [275] | ||||
Castalua | Stella Elkins Tyler | 1935 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: red sandstone; Basin: sandstone, carved | IAS PA000382 [276] | ||||
Cat and Fish | Jean Eda Francksen | 1967 | concrete: Cast-concrete | IAS 75009413 [277] | ||||
Cats | Henry Mitchell | 1974 | metal: bronze Cats: bronze; Fountain: granite (?) | IAS PA000385 [278] | ||||
Center Device | Harold D. Van Houten | 1993 | mixed: Concrete and Cor-Ten steel | IAS PA000208 [279] | ||||
Center of Mass I | Ken Clark | 1977 | metal: steel Sculpture: stainless steel, welded; Base: concrete | IAS PA000413 [280] | ||||
Central Post | Charlie James | 1850 | wood: cedar Totem: cedar; Pedestal: stainless steel | IAS PA000619 [281] | ||||
Charioteer of Delphi | Unknown (Greek) (copy after) | 1977 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: black marble | IAS PA001128 [282] | ||||
Charles Allen Smith | Francis P. Moitz | 1917 | stone: granite | IAS 75009368 [283] | ||||
Charles Custis Harrison LLD | Frank Lynn Jenkins | 1925 | metal: bronze Figure: bronze; Base: limestone | IAS 76006522 [284] | ||||
Charles Lennig | John J. Boyle | 1900 | South wall of Callege Hall, Penn (W) | Bronze bust, granite base | IAS 77001625 [285] | |||
Child Care | Joseph J. Greenberg | 1966 | plastic: Reinforced plastic on a concrete base | IAS 75009401 [286] | ||||
Children Playing | Sarala Ruth Pinto | 1800 | metal: Sculpture: painted metal; Base: painted metal | IAS 75009389 [287] | ||||
Children's Hospital Gateposts | Beatrice Fenton | 1931 | Four gateposts in the courtyard of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia | stone: limestone Figure: limestone; Base: granite and brick | IAS 88320095 [288] | |||
Chimes of Faith | Hunter Malpass | 1976 | metal: steel Arches: stainless steel; Chimes: bronze; Base: concrete | IAS PA000127 [289] | ||||
Chimpanzee | Joseph J. Greenberg | 1965 | South entrance to the Rare Animal House of Philadelphia Zoological Garden, 34th Street & Girard Avenue | Indiana limestone relief | IAS 75009340 [290] | |||
Chinese Water Stone | Unknown | 1900 | stone: Greystone | IAS 74910004 [291] | ||||
Christopher Columbus | Antonio Venditti | 1955 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: marble | IAS PA000166 [292] | ||||
City Seal | Dexter Jones | 1966 | metal: bronze Gold-leafed bronze bas-relief | IAS 75009353 [293] | ||||
Civil War Memorial | H. S. Tarr | 1865 | stone: Sculpture: stone; Base: stone | IAS PA001084 [294] | ||||
Civil War Memorial | Joseph B. Leach | 1869 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: Quincy granite | IAS PA001459 [295] | ||||
Civil War Monument | Unknown | 1887 | stone: granite Sculpture: granite; Base: granite | IAS PA000108 [296] | ||||
Civil War Soldier | Martin Milmore | 1872 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: granite | IAS PA000125 [297] | ||||
Civil War Soldiers and Sailors Monument | Unknown | 1909 | stone: granite Sculpture: granite; Base: limestone | IAS 88320058 [298] | ||||
Civil War Soldiers' Monument | John Lachmier | 1883 | stone: granite Sculpture: New England granite with capstone of granite from Gettysburg Battlefield; Base: granite; Plaques: bronze | IAS 88320047 [299] | ||||
Civil War Soldiers & Sailors Memorial | Hermon A. MacNeil | 1921 | stone: marble Sculpture: Tennessee marble; Base: granite | IAS PA000010 [300] | ||||
Civil War Soldiers & Sailors Monument | Unknown | 1800 | IAS 75009309 [301] | |||||
Clevenger Memorial Fountain | Unknown | 1924 | metal: bronze Fountain: bronze or copper; Basin: slate | IAS PA000476 [302] | ||||
The Climbing Stone | Peter Rockwell | 1990 | stone: Stone | IAS PA000116 [303] | ||||
Collab I | James Fuhrman | 1975 | metal: steel Sculpture: Cor-Ten steel | IAS PA001119 [304] | ||||
Colonial Scene | Harold Kimmelman | 1976 | metal: bronze Maybe bronze or brass | IAS PA000609 [305] | ||||
Columbus Memorial | Giuseppe Donato | 1952 | metal: bronze Bust: bronze (?); Base: stone; Foundation: concrete | IAS PA000477 [306] | ||||
Columbus Monument | Emanuele Caroni | 1875 | stone: marble Sculpture: Italian marble; Base: stone | IAS PA000620 [235] | ||||
Columbus | Unknown | 1800 | stone: marble Marble | IAS 75009297 [307] | ||||
Commerce: Seated Male Figure | Alfred Botteiau | 1930 | stone: marble Sculpture: marble | IAS PA001115 [308] | ||||
Compass Rose | David Salama | 1994 | mixed: Plastic, sand, epoxy polymer coating | IAS 74910014 [309] | ||||
Connectedness | M. J. Kralik | 1990 | metal: steel Sculpture: probably stainless steel, etched and burnished; Foundation: concrete | IAS PA000472 [310] | ||||
Cougar | Unknown | 1957 | zoo? Kelly Drive? | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: stone | IAS PA000049 [311] | |||
Courtship | Henry Mitchell | 1958 | metal: bronze Bronze | IAS 77002537 [312] | ||||
Covenant | Alexander Liberman | 1975 | metal: steel Cor-Ten steel, painted red | IAS 77001278 [313] | ||||
Crispus Attucks | James W. Washington | 1969 | 18 in. | Broad & Oxford streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (N) | stone: granite Granite | Progress Plaza Shopping Center; IAS 75009414; [314] IAS 88320136 [315] | ||
Dancers | Stella Elkins Tyler | 1936 | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: bronze | IAS PA000379 [316] | ||||
David Reeves | Unknown | 1871 | metal: bronze Sculpture: possibly bronze; Base: stone | IAS PA001165 [317] | ||||
Decline and Rise | Harold Kimmelman | 1968 | Playground at West Mill Greenway, 51st & Reno Streets | metal: steel Sculpture: stainless steel; Base: possibly concrete | IAS 88320114 [318] | |||
Dedicated to the American Secretary | Costantino Nivola | 1970 | Lobby of Continental Bank, 400 Market Street | mixed: Steel reinforced concrete and sand | IAS 77001320; [319] IAS 88320115 [320] | |||
Diana | Unknown | 1800 | Philadelphia Museum of Art IAS 75009267 [321] | |||||
The Diver | Thomas Wood | 1901 | stone: granite Sculpture: granite; Base: stone | IAS PA000103 [322] | ||||
Dolphin Play Fountain | Joseph C. Bailey | 1972 | plastic: epoxy Epoxy and fiberglass | IAS 75009397 [323] | ||||
Dolphins | Raymond Granville Barger | 1971 | Philadelphia Zoological Garden | metal: Sculptures: metal | IAS 46200002 [324] | |||
Don Diego de Gardoqui | Luis Sanguino | 1977 | Sister Cities Park at Logan Circle, 18th Street & Benjamin Franklin Parkway | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze; Base: stone | IAS PA001088 [325] | |||
A Drinking Fountain | Alexander Stirling Calder | 1900 | East Quad of the Quadrangle Dormitories of the University of Pennsylvania, 34th & Spruce Streets | metal: bronze Bronze with green patina; Basin: granite | IAS 76005588 [326] | |||
Drinking-Fountain | Singer and Talcott | 1876 | Limestone | AECI 03024654 [327] | ||||
Drunken Satyr | Unknown | 1905 | Now at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, Italy; formerly held by the Penn Museum, which loaned it to the Hill–Physick–Keith House | metal: bronze Sculpture: bronze | IAS 88320063 [328] |
Cyrus Edwin Dallin was an American sculptor best known for his depictions of Native Americans. He created more than 260 works, including the Equestrian Statue of Paul Revere in Boston; the Angel Moroni atop Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City; and Appeal to the Great Spirit (1908), at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He was also an accomplished painter and an Olympic archer.
Samuel Herbert Adams was an American sculptor.
Henry Merwin Shrady was an American sculptor, best known for the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial on the west front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
Eakins Oval is a traffic circle in Philadelphia. It forms the northwest end of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway just in front of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, with a central array of fountains and monuments, and a network of pedestrian walkways.
John Paulding was an American sculptor best remembered for his World War I memorials. Paulding was born in Darke County, Ohio. He studied sculpture at the Art Institute of Chicago and remained in Chicago until his death in 1935 at age 52.
Eve is an outdoor sculpture of the biblical Eve created by Robert William Davidson in 1931. It is currently located in a fountain at Ball Nurses' Sunken Garden and Convalescent Park on the campus of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). The overall dimensions of this bronze sculpture are 5’ tall, 2’ long, and 1’ wide.
Brenda Putnam was an American sculptor, teacher and author.
Smith Memorial Arch is an American Civil War monument at South Concourse and Lansdowne Drive in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Built on the former grounds of the 1876 Centennial Exposition, it serves as a gateway to West Fairmount Park. The Memorial consists of two colossal columns supported by curving, neo-Baroque arches, and adorned with 13 individual portrait sculptures ; two eagles standing on globes; and architectural reliefs of eight allegorical figures.
Heinz Warneke was an American sculptor best remembered as an animalier; his role in the direct carving movement "assured him a place in the annals of 20th-century American sculpture". In 1935 Heinz received the Widener Gold Medal for his sculpture Wild Boars.
A bust of John McDonogh was installed in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States in 1938, as part of the Federal Art Project. It was created by Angela Gregory, a New Orleans native, and was erected at what was designated "McDonogh Place", a small park in Uptown New Orleans at St. Charles Avenue and Toledano Street. In 1958, it was moved to Duncan Plaza by the new City Hall. The artwork was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in 1993.
Ahron Ben-Shmuel, also known as Ben Shmuel, Aaron Ben Shmuel (1903–1984) was an American artist, known for his direct carvered stone sculptures, figural granite work and paintings. He worked for the Works Progress Administration (WPA), and he was associated with left-wing politics despite his art having no clear political references.
James Salvatore John Novelli was an Italian American sculptor known for his funeral and war memorials.
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