List of teams and cyclists in the 1956 Tour de France

Last updated

As was the custom since 1930, the 1956 Tour de France was contested by national and regional teams. Seven national teams were sent, with 10 cyclists each from France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and Luxembourg/Mixed (the latter a combined team of seven Luxembourgian cyclists plus one Portuguese, one British and one Italian cyclist). France additionally sent five regional teams from 10 cyclists each, divided into Center-North East France, South East France, West France, Ile de France and South West France. [1] In total, 120 cyclists started the race. [1]

Contents

The winner of the three previous editions, Louison Bobet, was absent because he had surgery. [2] There were less climbs than usual and no mountain top finishes, so cycling experts expected this edition to be too easy. [3] No other former Tour de France winner started the race. This was the third time in history that the race started without former winners, after the initial 1903 Tour de France and the 1927 Tour de France. [2] As Bobet was not there, the race was open, and so there were many riders thought able to win the Tour. The most favourite of these was probably Charly Gaul, who had won the 1956 Giro d'Italia, although he was in a weak team, and would also be aiming for the mountains classification. [2]

Start list

By team

France
No.RiderPos.
1Flag of France.svg  Pierre Barbotin  (FRA)46
2Flag of France.svg  Gilbert Bauvin  (FRA)2
3Flag of France.svg  Louis Bergaud  (FRA)54
4Flag of France.svg  André Darrigade  (FRA)16
5Flag of France.svg  Jean Forestier  (FRA)12
6Flag of France.svg  Raphaël Géminiani  (FRA)49
7Flag of France.svg  François Mahé  (FRA)DNF
8Flag of France.svg  Jean Malléjac  (FRA)34
9Flag of France.svg  René Privat  (FRA)9
10Flag of France.svg  Antonin Rolland  (FRA)35
Italy
No.RiderPos.
11Flag of Italy.svg  Pierino Baffi  (ITA)55
12Flag of Italy.svg  Agostino Coletto  (ITA)27
13Flag of Italy.svg  Angelo Conterno  (ITA)41
14Flag of Italy.svg  Nino Defilippis  (ITA)5
15Flag of Italy.svg  Alessandro Fantini  (ITA)48
16Flag of Italy.svg  Pasquale Fornara  (ITA)24
17Flag of Italy.svg  Pietro Giudici  (ITA)42
18Flag of Italy.svg  Bruno Monti  (ITA)23
19Flag of Italy.svg  Gastone Nencini  (ITA)22
20Flag of Italy.svg  Arigo Padovan  (ITA)26
Belgium
No.RiderPos.
21Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Jan Adriaensens  (BEL)3
22Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Jean Brankart  (BEL)39
23Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Alex Close  (BEL)17
24Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Fred De Bruyne  (BEL)20
25Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Gilbert Desmet  (BEL)21
26Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Raymond Impanis  (BEL)33
27Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Marcel Janssens  (BEL)32
28Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Stan Ockers  (BEL)8
29Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Richard Van Genechten  (BEL)45
30Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  André Vlayen  (BEL)DNF
Netherlands
No.RiderPos.
31Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Daan de Groot  (NED)15
32Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Jos Hinsen  (NED)DNF
33Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Jef Lahaye  (NED)86
34Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Jan Nolten  (NED)28
35Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Michel Stolker  (NED)DNF
36Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Piet Van De Brekel  (NED)DNF
37Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Léo Van Der Pluym  (NED)30
38Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Wies Van Dongen  (NED)DNF
39Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Gerrit Voorting  (NED)11
40Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Wout Wagtmans  (NED)6
Spain
No.RiderPos.
41Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Federico Bahamontes  (ESP)4
42Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Salvador Botella  (ESP)65
43Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Miguel Bover  (ESP)74
44Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Miguel Chacón  (ESP)DNF
45Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Jesús Loroño  (ESP)29
46Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  René Marigil  (ESP)58
47Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Carmelo Morales  (ESP)77
48Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Miguel Poblet  (ESP)DNF
49Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  Bernardo Ruiz  (ESP)70
50Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg  José Serra  (ESP)81
Switzerland
No.RiderPos.
51Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Werner Arnold  (SUI)87
52Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Jacky Bovay  (SUI)DNF
53Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Claude Frei  (SUI)64
54Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Jean-Claude Grèt  (SUI)60
55Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Hans Hollenstein  (SUI)DNF
56Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Fausto Lurati  (SUI)DNF
57Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Remo Pianezzi  (SUI)62
58Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Fritz Schär  (SUI)DNF
59Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Max Schellenberg  (SUI)47
60Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Ernst Traxel  (SUI)DNF
Luxembourg Mixed
No.RiderPos.
61Flag of Portugal.svg  Antonio Barbosa Alves  (POR)10
62Flag of Italy.svg  Aldo Bolzan  (ITA)DNF
63Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Marcel Ernzer  (LUX)51
64Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Charly Gaul  (LUX)13
65Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Edmond Jacobs  (LUX)DNF
66Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Willy Kemp  (LUX)83
67Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Nicolas Morn  (LUX)68
68Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Brian Robinson  (GBR)14
69Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Jean Schmit  (LUX)DNF
70Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Jean-Pierre Schmitz  (LUX)36
France – North-East/Centre
No.RiderPos.
71Flag of France.svg  Ugo Anzile  (FRA)DNF
72Flag of Italy.svg  Mario Bertolo  (ITA)43
73Flag of France.svg  Roger Chupin  (FRA)82
74Flag of France.svg  Adolphe Deledda  (FRA)71
75Flag of France.svg  Camille Huyghe  (FRA)80
76Flag of France.svg  Pierre Pardoën  (FRA)DNF
77Flag of France.svg  Raymond Reisser  (FRA)DNF
78Flag of France.svg  Gilbert Scodeller  (FRA)DNF
79Flag of France.svg  Pierre Scribante  (FRA)52
80Flag of France.svg  Roger Walkowiak  (FRA)1
France – South-East
No.RiderPos.
81Flag of France.svg  Roger Chaussabel  (FRA)88
82Flag of France.svg  Jean Dotto  (FRA)19
83Flag of France.svg  Raymond Elena  (FRA)DNF
84Flag of France.svg  Lucien Flifel  (FRA)DNF
85Flag of France.svg  José Gil  (FRA)DNF
86Flag of France.svg  Nello Lauredi  (FRA)7
87Flag of France.svg  Jean Lerda  (FRA)57
88Flag of France.svg  Raymond Meyzencq  (FRA)69
89Flag of France.svg  Joseph Mirando  (FRA)75
90Flag of France.svg  Vincent Vitetta  (FRA)53
France – West
No.RiderPos.
91Flag of France.svg  Armand Audaire  (FRA)76
92Flag of France.svg  Arthur Bihannic  (FRA)DNF
93Flag of France.svg  Roger Hassenforder  (FRA)50
94Flag of France.svg  Louis Caput  (FRA)56
95Flag of France.svg  Claude Le Ber  (FRA)59
96Flag of France.svg  Eugène Letendre  (FRA)DNF
97Flag of France.svg  Joseph Morvan  (FRA)63
98Flag of France.svg  Fernand Picot  (FRA)18
99Flag of France.svg  Maurice Quentin  (FRA)25
100Flag of France.svg  Joseph Thomin  (FRA)37
France – Île-de-France
No.RiderPos.
101Flag of France.svg  Nicolas Barone  (FRA)38
102Flag of France.svg  Stanislas Bober  (FRA)DNF
103Flag of Ireland.svg  Seamus Elliott  (IRL)DNF
104Flag of France.svg  René Fournier  (FRA)DNF
105Flag of France.svg  Raymond Hoorelbeke  (FRA)40
106Flag of France.svg  Jean Le Guilly  (FRA)DNF
107Flag of France.svg  Francis Siguenza  (FRA)44
108Flag of France.svg  Henri Sitek  (FRA)DNF
109Flag of France.svg  Jean-Claude Skerl  (FRA)72
110Flag of France.svg  Alfred Tonello  (FRA)66
France – South-West
No.RiderPos.
111Flag of France.svg  Philippe Agut  (FRA)85
112Flag of France.svg  Pierre Beuffeuil  (FRA)31
113Flag of France.svg  Albert Dolhats  (FRA)78
114Flag of France.svg  Georges Gay  (FRA)DNF
115Flag of France.svg  Robert Gibanel  (FRA)73
116Flag of France.svg  Marcel Guitard  (FRA)79
117Flag of France.svg  Valentin Huot  (FRA)61
118Flag of France.svg  Maurice Lampre  (FRA)67
119Flag of France.svg  Tino Sabbadini  (FRA)84
120Flag of France.svg  Jacques Vivier  (FRA)DNF

By rider

Legend
No.Starting number worn by the rider during the Tour
Pos.Position in the general classification
DNFDenotes a rider who did not finish
No.NameNationalityTeamPos.Ref
1 Pierre Barbotin Flag of France.svg FranceFrance46 [4]
2 Gilbert Bauvin Flag of France.svg FranceFrance2 [4]
3 Louis Bergaud Flag of France.svg FranceFrance54 [4]
4 André Darrigade Flag of France.svg FranceFrance16 [4]
5 Jean Forestier Flag of France.svg FranceFrance12 [4]
6 Raphaël Géminiani Flag of France.svg FranceFrance49 [4]
7 François Mahé Flag of France.svg FranceFranceDNF [4]
8 Jean Malléjac Flag of France.svg FranceFrance34 [4]
9 René Privat Flag of France.svg FranceFrance9 [4]
10 Antonin Rolland Flag of France.svg FranceFrance35 [4]
11 Pierino Baffi Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly55 [4]
12 Agostino Coletto Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly27 [4]
13 Angelo Conterno Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly41 [4]
14 Nino Defilippis Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly5 [4]
15 Alessandro Fantini Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly48 [4]
16 Pasquale Fornara Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly24 [4]
17 Pietro Giudici Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly42 [4]
18 Bruno Monti Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly23 [4]
19 Gastone Nencini Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly22 [4]
20 Arigo Padovan Flag of Italy.svg ItalyItaly26 [4]
21 Jan Adriaensens Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium3 [4]
22 Jean Brankart Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium39 [4]
23 Alex Close Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium17 [4]
24 Fred De Bruyne Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium20 [4]
25 Gilbert Desmet Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium21 [4]
26 Raymond Impanis Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium33 [4]
27 Marcel Janssens Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium32 [4]
28 Stan Ockers Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium8 [4]
29 Richard Van Genechten Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgium45 [4]
30 André Vlayen Flag of Belgium (civil).svg BelgiumBelgiumDNF [4]
31 Daan de Groot Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlands15 [4]
32 Jos Hinsen Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlandsDNF [4]
33 Jef Lahaye Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlands86 [4]
34 Jan Nolten Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlands28 [4]
35 Michel Stolker Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlandsDNF [4]
36 Piet Van De Brekel Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlandsDNF [4]
37 Leo van der Pluym Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlands30 [4]
38 Wies van Dongen Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlandsDNF [4]
39 Gerrit Voorting Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlands11 [4]
40 Wout Wagtmans Flag of the Netherlands.svg NetherlandsNetherlands6 [4]
41 Federico Bahamontes Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain4 [4]
42 Salvador Botella Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain65 [4]
43 Miguel Bover Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain74 [4]
44 Miguel Chacón Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpainDNF [4]
45 Jesús Loroño Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain29 [4]
46 René Marigil Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain58 [4]
47 Carmelo Morales Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain77 [4]
48 Miguel Poblet Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpainDNF [4]
49 Bernardo Ruiz Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain70 [4]
50 José Serra Flag of Spain (1945-1977).svg SpainSpain81 [4]
51 Werner Arnold Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerland87 [4]
52 Jacky Bovay Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerlandDNF [4]
53 Claude Frei Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerland64 [4]
54 Jean-Claude Grèt Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerland60 [4]
55 Hans Hollenstein Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerlandDNF [4]
56 Fausto Lurati Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerlandDNF [4]
57 Remo Pianezzi Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerland62 [4]
58 Fritz Schär Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerlandDNF [4]
59 Max Schellenberg Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerland47 [4]
60 Ernst Traxel Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SwitzerlandSwitzerlandDNF [4]
61 Antonio Barbosa Alves Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal Luxembourg Mixed10 [4]
62 Aldo Bolzan Flag of Italy.svg ItalyLuxembourg MixedDNF [4]
63 Marcel Ernzer Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg Mixed51 [4]
64 Charly Gaul Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg Mixed13 [4]
65 Edmond Jacobs Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg MixedDNF [4]
66 Willy Kemp Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg Mixed83 [4]
67 Nicolas Morn Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg Mixed68 [4]
68 Brian Robinson Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Great BritainLuxembourg Mixed14 [4]
69 Jean Schmit Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg MixedDNF [4]
70 Jean-Pierre Schmitz Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg Luxembourg Mixed36 [4]
71 Ugo Anzile Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/CentreDNF [4]
72 Mario Bertolo Flag of Italy.svg ItalyFrance – North-East/Centre43 [4]
73 Roger Chupin Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/Centre82 [4]
74 Adolphe Deledda Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/Centre71 [4]
75 Camille Huyghe Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/Centre80 [4]
76 Pierre Pardoën Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/CentreDNF [4]
77 Raymond Reisser Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/CentreDNF [4]
78 Gilbert Scodeller Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/CentreDNF [4]
79 Pierre Scribante Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/Centre52 [4]
80 Roger Walkowiak Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – North-East/Centre1 [4]
81 Roger Chaussabel Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East88 [4]
82 Jean Dotto Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East19 [4]
83 Raymond Elena Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-EastDNF [4]
84 Lucien Fliffel Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-EastDNF [4]
85 José Gil Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-EastDNF [4]
86 Nello Lauredi Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East7 [4]
87 Jean Lerda Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East57 [4]
88 Raymond Meyzenq Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East69 [4]
89 Joseph Mirando Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East75 [4]
90 Vincent Vitetta Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-East53 [4]
91 Armand Audaire Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West76 [4]
92 Arthur Bihannic Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – WestDNF [4]
93 Roger Hassenforder Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West50 [4]
94 Louis Caput Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West56 [4]
95 Claude Le Ber Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West59 [4]
96 Eugène Letendre Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – WestDNF [4]
97 Joseph Morvan Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West63 [4]
98 Fernand Picot Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West18 [4]
99 Maurice Quentin Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West25 [4]
100 Joseph Thomin Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – West37 [4]
101 Nicolas Barone Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-France38 [4]
102 Stanislas Bober Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-FranceDNF [4]
103 Seamus Elliott Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland France – Île-de-FranceDNF [4]
104 René Fournier Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-FranceDNF [4]
105 Raymond Hoorelbeke Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-France40 [4]
106 Jean Le Guilly Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-FranceDNF [4]
107 Francis Siguenza Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-France44 [4]
108 Henri Sitek Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-FranceDNF [4]
109 Jean-Claude Skerl Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-France72 [4]
110 Alfred Tonello Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – Île-de-France66 [4]
111 Philippe Agut Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West85 [4]
112 Pierre Beuffeuil Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West31 [4]
113 Albert Dolhats Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West78 [4]
114 Georges Gay Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-WestDNF [4]
115 Robert Gibanel Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West73 [4]
116 Marcel Guitard Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West79 [4]
117 Valentin Huot Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West61 [4]
118 Maurice Lampre Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West67 [4]
119 Tino Sabbadini Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-West84 [4]
120 Jacques Vivier Flag of France.svg FranceFrance – South-WestDNF [4]

By nationality

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1958 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1958 Tour de France was the 45th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 26 June to 19 July. The total race distance was 24 stages over 4,319 km (2,684 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1956 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1956 Tour de France was the 43rd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 5 to 28 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 4,498 km (2,795 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1955 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1955 Tour de France was the 42nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 7 to 30 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 4,495 km (2,793 mi). The race was won by Louison Bobet, the last of his three consecutive wins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1954 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1954 Tour de France was the 41st edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 8 July to 1 August 1954. It consisted of 23 stages over 4,656 km (2,893 mi). The race was won by Louison Bobet, the second of his three consecutive wins.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1953 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1953 Tour de France was the 40th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 3 to 26 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 4,476 km (2,781 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1951 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1951 Tour de France was the 38th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 29 July. It consisted of 24 stages over 4,690 km (2,914 mi). The race started outside Île-de-France for the first time since 1926; a change that remained permanent beyond 1951 with the exceptions of 1963, 1983, 1984, 1986 and 2003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1950 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1950 Tour de France was the 37th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 13 July to 7 August. It consisted of 22 stages over 4,773 km (2,966 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1948 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1948 Tour de France was the 35th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 30 June to 25 July 1948. It consisted of 21 stages over 4,922 km (3,058 mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1930 Tour de France</span> Cycling race

The 1930 Tour de France was the 24th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 2 to 27 July. It consisted of 21 stages over 4,822 km (2,996 mi).

References

  1. 1 2 "43ème Tour de France 1956" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour De France. Dog ear publishing. pp. 213–220. ISBN   978-1-59858-180-5 . Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  3. ↑ Boyce, Barry (2004). "Little Known Frenchman Wins TdF!". Cyclingrevealed. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 "43ème Tour de France 1956". Memoire du cyclisme. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.