List of text corpora

Text corpora (singular: text corpus ) are large and structured sets of texts, which have been systematically collected. Text corpora are used by both AI developers to train large language models and corpus linguists and within other branches of linguistics for statistical analysis, hypothesis testing, finding patterns of language use, investigating language change and variation, and teaching language proficiency. ^[1]

English language

• American National Corpus
• Bank of English
• BookCorpus
• British National Corpus
• Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language (COLT)
• Brown Corpus, forming part of the "Brown Family" of corpora, together with LOB, Frown and F-LOB
• Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) 425 million words, 1990–2011. Freely searchable online
• Corpus Resource Database (CoRD), more than 80 English language corpora. ^[2]
• Coruña Corpus, a corpus of late Modern English scientific writing covering the period 1700–1900, developed by the Muste research group at the University of A Coruña
• DBLP Discovery Dataset (D3), a corpus of computer science publications with sentient metadata. ^[3]
• GUM corpus, the open source Georgetown University Multilayer corpus, with very many annotation layers
• Google Books Ngram Corpus ^{[4] [5]}
• International Corpus of English
• Oxford English Corpus
• RE3D (Relationship and Entity Extraction Evaluation Dataset)
• Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English
• Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech
• Strathy Corpus of Canadian English

European languages

• CETENFolha
• Basque: ^[6]
• The Corpus of Electronic Texts
• Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum (CIIC), covering Primitive Irish inscriptions in Ogham
• Google Books Ngram Corpus
• The Georgian Language Corpus
• Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (Ancient Greek)
• Eastern Armenian National Corpus (EANC) 110 million words. Freely searchable online.
• Spanish text corpus by Molino de Ideas, which contains 660 million words. ^[7]
• CorALit: the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian Academic texts published in 1999–2009 (approx. 9 million words). Compiled at the University of Vilnius, Lithuania ^[8]
• Reference Corpus of Contemporary Portuguese (CRPC)
• Turkish National Corpus ^[9]
• CoRoLa - The Reference Corpus of the Contemporary Romanian Language (Corpus reprezentativ al limbii române contemporane )
• TS Corpus - A large set of Turkish corpora. TS Corpus is a Free&Independent Project that aims to build Turkish corpora, NLP tools and linguistic datasets...
• MacMorpho - an annotated corpus of Brazilian Portuguese text

Slavic

East Slavic

• Belarusian N-korpus
• Russian National Corpus
• General Internet Corpus of Russian
• General regionally annotated corpus of Ukrainian
• Ukrainian Language Corpus on the Mova.info Linguistic Portal
• Ukrainian Language Corpus
• Araneum Russicum
• Russian Corpus of Biographical Texts ^[10]
• RuTweetCorp ^[11]
• RusAge: Corpus for Age-Based Text Classification

South Slavic

• Bulgarian National Corpus ^[12]
• Macedonian Electronic Corpus ^[13]
• Croatian Language Corpus
• Croatian National Corpus
• Slovenian National Corpus

West Slavic

• Czech National Corpus ^[14]
• National Corpus of Polish
• Slovak National Corpora

German

• German Reference Corpus (DeReKo) More than 4 billion words of contemporary written German.
• Free corpus of German mistakes from people with dyslexia

Middle Eastern Languages

• Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
• Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften
• Hamshahri Corpus (Persian)
• Persian in MULTEXT-EAST corpus (Persian) ^[15]
• Amarna letters (for Akkadian, Egyptian, Sumerogram's, etc.)
• TEP: Tehran English-Persian Parallel Corpus ^[16]
• TMC: Tehran Monolingual Corpus, Standard corpus for Persian Language Modeling ^[16]
• PTC: Persian Today Corpus: The Most Frequent Words of Today Persian, based on a one-million-word corpus (in Persian: Vāže-hā-ye Porkārbord-e Fārsi-ye Emrūz), Hamid Hassani, Tehran, Iran Language Institute (ILI), 2005, 322 pp. ISBN   964-8699-32-1
• Kurdish-corpus.uok.ac.ir (Kurdish-corpus Sorani dialect) University of Kurdistan, Department of English Language and Linguistics
• Bijankhan Corpus A Contemporary Persian Corpus for NLP researches, University of Tehran, 2012
• Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project
• Quranic Arabic Corpus (Classical Arabic)
• Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
• Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
• Asosoft text corpus ^[17] – Central Kurdish (Sorani)
• Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae (ancient Egyptian, Afro-Asiatic)

Turkic languages

• Uzbek national corpus (20 million words)

Devanagari

• Nepali Text Corpus (90+ million running words/6.5+ million sentences)

East Asian Languages

• Kotonoha Japanese language corpus ^[18]
• LIVAC Synchronous Corpus (Chinese)

South Asian Languages

• Hindi: ^[19]
• SinMin dataset ^[20] (Sinhala)

African languages

• Amharic: ^[21]
• Creole (Gulf of Guinea): ^[22]
• Hausa: ^[23]
• Igbo: ^[24]
• Oromo: ^[25]
• Yoruba: ^[26]
• Zulu: ^[27]

Parallel corpora of diverse languages

• Chinese/English Political Interpreting Corpus (CEPIC) ^{[28] [29]} consists of transcripts of speeches delivered by top political figures from Hong Kong, Beijing, Washington DC and London, as well as their translated/interpreted texts. Developed by Jun Pan and HKBU Library.
• Europarl Corpus - proceedings of the European Parliament from 1996 to 2012
• EUR-Lex corpus - collection of all official languages of the European Union, created from the EUR-Lex database ^[30]
• OPUS: Open source Parallel Corpus in many many languages ^[31]
• Tatoeba A parallel corpus which contains over 8.9 million sentences in multiple languages; 107 languages have more than 1,000 sentences each; a further 81 languages have from 100 to 1,000 sentences each. ^[32]
• NTU-Multilingual Corpus in 7 languages (ara, eng, ind, jpn, kor, mcn, vie) ^[33] (legacy repo)
• SeedLing corpus - A Seed Corpus for the Human Language Project with 1000+ languages from various sources. ^[34]
• GRALIS parallel texts for various Slavic languages, compiled by the institute for Slavic languages at Graz University (Branko Tošović et al.)
• The ACTRES Parallel Corpus (P-ACTRES 2.0) is a bidirectional English-Spanish corpus consisting of original texts in one language and their translation into the other. P-ACTRES 2.0 contains over 6 million words considering both directions together. ^[35]
• The JRC-Acquis Multilingual Parallel Corpus of the total body of European Union (EU) law: Acquis Communautaire with 231 language pairs. ^[36]
• European Parliament Proceedings Parallel Corpus 1996–2011
• The Opus project aims at collecting freely available parallel corpora
• Japanese-English Bilingual Corpus of Wikipedia's Kyoto Articles Archived 2012-08-22 at the Wayback Machine
• COMPARA – Portuguese/English parallel corpora
• TERMSEARCH – English/Russian/French parallel corpora (Major international treaties, conventions, agreements, etc.
• TradooIT – English/French/Spanish – Free Online tools
• Nunavut Hansard – English/Inuktitut parallel corpus
• ParaSol – A parallel corpus of Slavic and other languages
• Glosbe: Multilanguage parallel corpora Archived 2013-05-27 at the Wayback Machine with online search interface
• InterCorp: A multilingual parallel corpus 40 languages aligned with Czech, online search interface
• myCAT – Olanto, concordancer (open source AGPL) with online search on JCR and UNO corpus
• TAUS, with online search interface.
• linguatools multilingual parallel corpora, online search interface.
• EUR-Lex Corpus – corpus built up of the EUR-Lex database consists of European Union law and other public documents of the European Union
• Language Grid – Multilingual service platform that includes parallel text services

Comparable Corpora

• Corpus of Political Speeches contains four collections of political speeches in English and Chinese from The Corpus of U.S. Presidential Speeches (1789–2015), The Corpus of Policy Address by Hong Kong Governors (1984–1996) and Hong Kong Chief Executives (1997–2014), The Corpus of Speeches given on New Year's days and Double Tenth days by Taiwan Presidents (1978–2014), and The Corpus of Report on the Work of the Government by Premiers of the People's Republic of China (1984–2013). Developed by HKBU Library.
• WaCky - The Web-As-Corpus Kool Yinitiative Web as Corpus (eng, fre, deu, ita)
• Disambiguating Similar Language Corpora Collection (DSLCC) ^[37] (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Indonesian, Malay, Czech, Slovak, Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, Peninsular Spanish, Argentine Spanish)
• Wikipedia Comparable Corpora (registration required) when (41 million aligned Wikipedia articles for 253 language pairs)
• The TenTen Corpus Family – comparable web corpora of target size 10 billion words. These corpora are available in the corpus management system Sketch Engine, currently, there exist TenTen corpora for more than 30 languages (such as English TenTen corpus, ^[38] Arabic TenTen corpus, ^[39] Spanish TenTen corpus, ^[40] Russian Tenten corpus, ^{[41] [42]} ). The overview of existing TenTen corpora can be found at https://www.sketchengine.co.uk/documentation/tenten-corpora/
• Timestamped JSI web corpora – web corpora of news articles crawled from a list of RSS feeds. Newsfeed corpora are being prepared in the framework of the project implemented by the Jožef Stefan Institute at Slovenian scientific research institute. ^[43] and published in Sketch Engine. More information about the project is on the project websites.

L2 (English) Corpora

• Cambridge Learner Corpus ^[44]
• Corpus of Academic Written and Spoken English (CAWSE), ^[45] a collection of Chinese students’ English language samples in academic settings. Freely downloadable online.  
• English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings (ELFA), ^[46] an academic ELF corpus. ^{[47] [48]}
• International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), ^[49] a corpus of learner written English.
• Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage (LINDSEI), ^[50] a corpus of learner spoken English.
• Trinity Lancaster Corpus, one of the largest corpus of L2 spoken English. ^{[51] [52]}
• University of Pittsburgh English Language Institute Corpus (PELIC) ^[53]
• Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English (VOICE), ^[54] an ELF corpus. ^[47]

References

1. Leech, Geoffrey (2007). "Teaching and language corpora: a convergence". In Wichmann, A.; et al. (eds.). Teaching and Language Corpora. London: Longman. p. 9.
2. "Corpus Resource Database (CoRD)". Department of English, University of Helsinki.
3. Wahle, Jan Philip; Ruas, Terry; Mohammad, Saif; Gipp, Bela (2022). "D3: A Massive Dataset of Scholarly Metadata for Analyzing the State of Computer Science Research". Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference. Marseille, France: European Language Resources Association: 2642–2651. arXiv: 2204.13384 .
4. Professor Mark Davies at BYU created an online tool to search Google's English language corpus, drawn from Google Books, at http://googlebooks.byu.edu/x.asp.
5. "PhraseFinder". A search engine for the Google Books Ngram Corpus that supports wildcard queries and offers an API.
6. ,Basque corpora
7. (in Spanish) "Molinolabs - corpus". molinolabs.com. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
8. "CorALit – CorALit - Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstynas". coralit.lt. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
9. "Turkish National Corpus - Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi - Homepage". tnc.org.tr. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
10. Glazkova, A (2020). "Topical Classification of Text Fragments Accounting for Their Nearest Context". Automation and Remote Control. 81 (12): 2262–2276. doi:10.1134/S0005117920120097. S2CID   231929892.
11. Rubtsova, Yu (2015). "Constructing a corpus for sentiment classification training". Software & Systems. 1: 72–78. doi:10.15827/0236-235X.109.072-078.
12. "Under Update". search.dcl.bas.bg. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
13. "Електронски корупус на македонски книжевни текстови".
14. "Portál | Český národní korpus".
15. Zdravkova, Katrina; Tufiş, Dan; Simov, Kiril; Radziszewski, Adam; Qasemizadeh, Behrang; Priest-Dorman, Greg; Petkevič, Vladimír; Oravecz, Csaba; Krstev, Cvetana; Kotsyba, Natalia; Kaalep, Heiki-Jaan; Ide, Nancy; Garabík, Radovan; Dimitrova, Ludmila; Derzhanski, Ivan; Barbu, Ana-Maria; Erjavec, Tomaž (2010-05-14). "Available from CLARIN". http://nl.ijs.si/me/v4/ .{{cite journal}}: External link in |journal= (help)
16. "University of Tehran NLP Lab". ece.ut.ac.ir. Archived from the original on 28 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
17. Hadi Veisi, Mohammad MohammadAmini, Hawre Hosseini; Toward Kurdish language processing: Experiments in collecting and processing the AsoSoft text corpus, Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, fqy074, https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqy074
18. "KOTONOHA「現代日本語書き言葉均衡コーパス」 少納言". kotonoha.gr.jp. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
19. "Download Corpora Hindi".
20. D. Upeksha, C. Wijayarathna, M. Siriwardena, L. Lasandun, C. Wimalasuriya, N. de Silva, and G. Dias . 2015. Implementing a Corpus for Sinhala Language. In Symposium on Language Technology for South Asia.
21. Glossa (uio.no)
22. "The Gulf of Guinea Creole Corpora". May 2014. pp. 523–529.
23. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.06991.pdf, https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/en/download/Hausa
24. "IgTenTen – Igbo corpus from the web | Sketch Engine". 20 June 2022.
25. "Oromo text corpora | Sketch Engine". 15 January 2019.
26. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336274457_Digital_Yoruba_Corpus, https://www.sketchengine.eu/corpora-and-languages/yoruba-text-corpora/
27. "Download Corpora Zulu".
28. Pan, Jun (2019). "The Chinese/English Political Interpreting Corpus (CEPIC). Hong Kong Baptist University Library" . Retrieved January 3, 2022.
29. Pan, Jun (2019-10-30). "The Chinese/English Political Interpreting Corpus (CEPIC): A New Electronic Resource for Translators and Interpreters". Proceedings of the Second Workshop Human-Informed Translation and Interpreting Technology Associated with RANLP 2019. Incoma Ltd., Shoumen, Bulgaria: 82–88. doi: 10.26615/issn.2683-0078.2019_010 . S2CID   211257773.
30. "EUR-Lex Corpus". sketchengine.co.uk. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
31. "OPUS - an open source parallel corpus". opus.lingfil.uu.se. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
32. "Tatoeba - Number of sentences per language". tatoeba.org. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
33. Liling Tan and Francis Bond (14 May 2012). "Building and Annotating the Linguistically Diverse NTU-MC (NTU — Multilingual Corpus)" (PDF). International Journal of Asian Language Processing. 22 (4): 161–174. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
34. Guy Emerson, Liling Tan, Susanne Fertmann, Alexis Palmer and Michaela Regneri . 2014. SeedLing: Building and using a seed corpus for the Human Language Project. In Proceedings of the use of Computational methods in the study of Endangered Languages (ComputEL) Workshop. Baltimore, USA.
35. H. Sanjurjo-González and M. Izquierdo. 2019. P-ACTRES 2.0: A parallel corpus for cross-linguistic research. In Parallel Corpora for Contrastive and Translation Studies: New resources and applications (pp. 215-231). John Benjamins Publishing.
36. Ralf, Ralf Steinberger; Pouliquen, Bruno; Widiger, Anna; Ignat, Camelia; Erjavec, Tomaž; Tufiş, Dan; Varga, Dániel (2006). The JRC-Acquis: A multilingual aligned parallel corpus with 20+ languages. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'2006). Genoa, Italy, 24–26 May 2006.
37. Liling Tan, Marcos Zampieri, Nikola Ljubešic, and Jörg Tiedemann. Merging comparable data sources for the discrimination of similar languages: The DSL corpus collection. In Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora (BUCC). 2014.
38. Kilgarriff, Adam (2012). "Getting to Know Your Corpus". Text, Speech and Dialogue. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 7499. pp. 3–15. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.452.8074 . doi:10.1007/978-3-642-32790-2_1. ISBN   978-3-642-32789-6.
39. Belinkov, Y., Habash, N., Kilgarriff, A., Ordan, N., Roth, R., & Suchomel, V. (2013). arTen-Ten: a new, vast corpus for Arabic. Proceedings of WACL.
40. Kilgarriff, A., & Renau, I. (2013). esTenTen, a vast web corpus of Peninsular and American Spanish. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 95, 12-19.
41. Хохлова, М. В. (2016). Обзор больших русскоязычных корпусов текстов. In Материалы научной конференции" Интернет и современное общество" (pp. 74-77).
42. Khokhlova, M. (2016). Comparison of High-Frequency Nouns from the Perspective of Large Corpora. RASLAN 2016 Recent Advances in Slavonic Natural Language Processing, 9.
43. Trampuš, M., & Novak, B. (2012, October). Internals of an aggregated web news feed. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Information Science Conference IS SiKDD 2012 (pp. 431-434)
44. "Cambridge English Corpus", Wikipedia, 2019-09-27, retrieved 2020-01-07
45. "CAWSE Corpus - The University of Nottingham Ningbo China - 宁波诺丁汉大学". nottingham.edu.cn. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
46. "English as a Lingua Franca in Academic Settings". University of Helsinki. 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
47. "English as a lingua franca", Wikipedia, 2019-12-14, retrieved 2020-01-07
48. Mauranen, A (2010). "English as an academic lingua franca: The ELFA project". English for Specific Purposes. 29 (3): 183–190. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2009.10.001.
49. "ICLE". UCLouvain. Retrieved 2020-01-07.
50. "LINDSEI". UCLouvain (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-07.
51. "Trinity Lancaster Corpus | ESRC Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social Science (CASS)" . Retrieved 2020-01-07.
52. Gablasova, D (2019). "The Trinity Lancaster Corpus: Development, Description and Application". International Journal of Learner Corpus Research. 5 (2): 126–158. doi: 10.1075/ijlcr.19001.gab .
53. Juffs, A., Han, N-R., & Naismith, B. (2020). The University of Pittsburgh English Language Corpus (PELIC) [Data set]. doi : 10.5281/zenodo.3991977
54. "Project". univie.ac.at. Retrieved 2020-01-07.

See also

• Ancient text corpora