List of venomous animals

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Many venomous animals, such as this greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata), are brightly colored or can display bright colors to warn potential predators Hapalochlaena lunulata2.JPG
Many venomous animals, such as this greater blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena lunulata), are brightly colored or can display bright colors to warn potential predators

Numerous animal species naturally produce chemical toxins which are used to kill or incapacitate prey or as a defense against predators. Venomous animals actively deliver their toxins (called venom) into their target through a specially designed mechanism, such as a bite or sting, by using a venom apparatus, such as fangs or a stinger, in a processes called envenomation. [1] [2] They are often distinguished from poisonous animals, which instead passively deliver their toxins (called poison) to their victims upon contact such as through inhalation, absorption through the skin, or after being ingested. [1] [2] [3] The only difference between venomous animals and poisonous animals is how they deliver the toxins. [3] This list deals exclusively with venomous animals.

Contents

Venoms have adapted to serve a wide variety of purposes. Their intended effects can range from mild fleeting discomfort to paralysis and death, and they may be highly selective in which species they target, often making them harmless to all but a few specific organisms; what may be fatal to one species may be totally insignificant to another species. Because the definition of "venomous" can be extremely broad, this list includes only those animals with venom that is known or suspected to be medically significant for humans or domestic animals.

Invertebrates

Arthropods

Arachnids

Strictly speaking, all spiders and scorpions possess venom, though only a handful are dangerous to humans. Spiders typically deliver their venom with a bite from piercing, fang-like chelicerae; scorpions sting their victims with a long, curved stinger mounted on the telson.

Spiders
Latrodectus mactans, one of several venomous North American black widows Adult Female Black Widow.jpg
Latrodectus mactans , one of several venomous North American black widows
Scorpions

Of more than a thousand known species of scorpion, only a few dozen have venom that is dangerous to humans, [6] most notably the bark scorpions, including:

Insects

Other arthropods

Mollusks

Many species of octopus, squid, and cuttlefish make use of venom when hunting their prey.

Cnidarians

Echinoderms

Chaetognathans

Annelids

Glyceridae, also called bloodworms, is a family of carnivorous polychaete worms which have an eversible proboscis equipped with four jaws connected to venom glands, used for killing the invertebrates they feed on. [13]

Vertebrates

Fish

Synanceia verrucosa, a species of stonefish, is lined with dorsal spines that deliver an intensely painful and lethal venom. It is sometimes called the most venomous fish in the world. Stone Fish at AQWA SMC2006.jpg
Synanceia verrucosa , a species of stonefish, is lined with dorsal spines that deliver an intensely painful and lethal venom. It is sometimes called the most venomous fish in the world.

There are at least 1,200 species of venomous fish, including:

Reptiles

Snakes

The black mamba has one of the deadliest bites of any snake Dendroaspis polylepis (14).jpg
The black mamba has one of the deadliest bites of any snake

Lizards

Dinosaurs

Some scientists have proposed that Sinornithosaurus had a venomous bite, but recent evidence suggests otherwise. [16]

Amphibians

Though there are numerous poisonous amphibian species capable of secreting lethal toxins through their skin, relatively few amphibians are truly venomous.

Frogs

Salamanders

Caecilians

Mammals

Only a few modern mammal species are capable of producing venom; they are likely the last living examples of what was once a more common trait among the mammals. The definition of "venomous" becomes less distinct here, however, and whether some species are truly venomous is still debated.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The venom is produced only by the male and only during the breeding season.

References

  1. 1 2 Gupta, Ramesh C. (24 March 2017). Reproductive and developmental toxicology. Saint Louis. pp. 963–972. ISBN   978-0-12-804240-3. OCLC   980850276.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. 1 2 Chippaux, JP; Goyffon, M (2006). "[Venomous and poisonous animals--I. Overview]". Médecine Tropicale (in French). 66 (3): 215–20. ISSN   0025-682X. PMID   16924809.
  3. 1 2 "Poison vs. Venom". Australian Academy of Science . 3 November 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  4. ↑ Funnel-web Spiders Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine at the Australian Museum, Sydney
  5. ↑ Jone SC. "Ohio State University Fact Sheet: Brown Recluse Spider". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2006.
  6. ↑ "Poisonous Animals: Scorpion (Scorpiones)". library.thinkquest.org. ThinkQuest. c. 2000. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
  7. ↑ "Meet the World's Only Known Venomous Crustacean". 8 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Jacups, Susan & Currie, Bart. (2008). Blue-ringed octopuses: a brief review of their toxicology. Northern Territory Naturalist. 20. 50–57.
  9. ↑ "Stinging Mechanism". Jellyfish Art. 16 August 2010. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012.
  10. ↑ Recent Studies on the Pathological Effects of Purified Sea Urchin Toxins
  11. ↑ Biology of meso- and bathypelagic chaetognaths in the Southern Ocean
  12. ↑ Magarlamov, T. Y.; Melnikova, D. I.; Chernyshev, A. V. (2017). "Tetrodotoxin-Producing Bacteria: Detection, Distribution and Migration of the Toxin in Aquatic Systems". Toxins. 9 (5): 166. doi: 10.3390/toxins9050166 . PMC   5450714 . PMID   28513564.
  13. ↑ von Reumont, B. M.; Campbell, L. I.; Richter, S.; Hering, L.; Sykes, D.; Hetmank, J.; Jenner, R. A.; Bleidorn, C. (2014). "A Polychaete's Powerful Punch: Venom Gland Transcriptomics of Glycera Reveals a Complex Cocktail of Toxin Homologs". Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (9): 2406–2423. doi:10.1093/gbe/evu190. PMC   4202326 . PMID   25193302.
  14. ↑ Grady, Denise Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn The New York Times 22 August 2006.
  15. ↑ Ternay, A. "Dangerous and Venomous Aquarium Fish" (PDF). fishchannel.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2014.
  16. ↑ Gianechini, F.A., Agnolín, F.L. and Ezcurra, M.D. (2010). "A reassessment of the purported venom delivery system of the bird-like raptor Sinornithosaurus." Paläontologische Zeitschrift, in press. doi : 10.1007/s12542-010-0074-9
  17. ↑ Mailho-Fontana, P. L.; Antoniazzi, M. M.; Alexandre, C.; Pimenta, D. C.; Sciani, J. M.; Brodie Jr, E. D.; Jared, C. (2020). "Morphological Evidence for an Oral Venom System in Caecilian Amphibians". iScience. 23 (7). Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1234M. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101234. PMC   7385905 . PMID   32621800.
  18. ↑ Venom glands similar to those of snakes are found for first time in amphibians
  19. ↑ Nekaris, K.A.I.; Campera, Marco; Nijman, Vincent; Birot, Hélène; Rode-Margono, Eva Johanna; Fry, Bryan Grieg; Weldon, Ariana; Wirdateti, Wirdateti; Imron, Muhammad Ali (2020). "Slow lorises use venom as a weapon in intraspecific competition" (PDF). Current Biology. 30 (20): R1252 –R1253. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.084 . PMID   33080192. S2CID   224775857.
  20. ↑ Nekaris, K Anne-Isola; Moore, Richard S; Rode, E; Fry, Bryan G (2013). "Mad, bad and dangerous to know: the biochemistry, ecology and evolution of slow loris venom". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 19 (1): 21. doi: 10.1186/1678-9199-19-21 . ISSN   1678-9199. PMC   3852360 . PMID   24074353.
  21. ↑ Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola; Nijman, Vincent (2022). "A new genus name for pygmy lorises, Xanthonycticebus gen. nov. (Mammalia, primates)" (PDF). Zoosystematics and Evolution. 98 (1): 87–92. doi: 10.3897/zse.98.81942 . ISSN   1860-0743. S2CID   247649999.
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