[[Nicolae Rădescu]]
[[Petru Groza]]"},"term_start":{"wt":"4 November 1944"},"term_end":{"wt":"30 November 1946"},"predecessor":{"wt":"[[Nicolae Marinescu (general)|Nicolae Marinescu]]"},"successor":{"wt":""},"order1":{"wt":"[[Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (Romania)|Minister of Labour and Social Insurance]]"},"primeminister1":{"wt":"[[Petru Groza]]"},"term_start1":{"wt":"1 December 1946"},"term_end1":{"wt":"2 June 1952"},"predecessor1":{"wt":""},"successor1":{"wt":""},"order2":{"wt":"[[Ministry of Labor and Social Protection (Romania)|Minister of Social Provisions]]"},"primeminister2":{"wt":"[[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]]"},"term_start2":{"wt":"2 June 1952"},"term_end2":{"wt":"28 July 1952"},"predecessor2":{"wt":""},"successor2":{"wt":"Pericle Negescu"},"order3":{"wt":"[[Ministry of Education (Romania)|Minister of National Education]]"},"primeminister3":{"wt":"[[Petru Groza]]"},"term_start3":{"wt":"30 December 1947"},"term_end3":{"wt":"14 April 1948"},"predecessor3":{"wt":"[[Ștefan Voitec]]"},"successor3":{"wt":"[[Gheorghe Vasilichi]]"},"birth_date":{"wt":"{{Birth date|1899|05|19}}"},"birth_place":{"wt":"[[Rădăuți]],[[Bukovina]],[[Austria-Hungary]]"},"death_date":{"wt":"{{Death date and age|1955|08|24|1899|05|19}}"},"death_place":{"wt":"[[Stockholm]],Sweden"},"resting_place":{"wt":""},"resting_place_coordinates":{"wt":""},"monuments":{"wt":""},"nationality":{"wt":""},"other_names":{"wt":""},"citizenship":{"wt":""},"education":{"wt":""},"alma_mater":{"wt":""},"occupation":{"wt":"Journalist,linguist,politician"},"years_active":{"wt":""},"known_for":{"wt":""},"party":{"wt":"[[Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948)|Romanian Social Democratic Party]]
[[Romanian Communist Party|Romanian Workers' Party]]"},"otherparty":{"wt":""},"movement":{"wt":""},"spouse":{"wt":"Eugenia Rădăceanu"},"children":{"wt":""},"parents":{"wt":""},"mother":{"wt":""},"father":{"wt":""},"relatives":{"wt":""},"family":{"wt":""},"awards":{"wt":""},"website":{"wt":""},"module":{"wt":""},"signature":{"wt":""},"footnotes":{"wt":""}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwBA">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}
The Romanian Communist Party was a communist party in Romania. The successor to the pro-Bolshevik wing of the Socialist Party of Romania, it gave an ideological endorsement to a communist revolution that would replace the social system of the Kingdom of Romania. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the interwar period and submitted to direct Comintern control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the Soviet Union, which led to the creation of competing factions that sometimes came into open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various front organizations, most notably the Peasant Workers' Bloc. During the mid-1930s, due to the purges against the Iron Guard, the party was on the road to achieving power, but the dictatorship of king Carol II crushed this. In 1934–1936, PCR reformed itself in the mainland of Romania properly, with foreign observers predicting a possible communist takeover in Romania. The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political scene in August 1944, when it became involved in the royal coup that toppled the pro-Nazi government of Ion Antonescu. With support from Soviet occupational forces, the PCR pressured King Michael I into abdicating, and it established the Romanian People's Republic in December 1947.
Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu was a Romanian communist politician and leading member of the Communist Party of Romania (PCR), also noted for his activities as a lawyer, sociologist and economist. For a while, he was a professor at the University of Bucharest. Pătrășcanu rose to a government position before the end of World War II and, after having disagreed with Stalinist tenets on several occasions, eventually came into conflict with the Romanian Communist government of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. He became a political prisoner and was ultimately executed. Fourteen years after Pătrășcanu's death, Romania's new communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, endorsed his rehabilitation as part of a change in policy.
Ion Mihalache was a Romanian agrarian politician, the founder and leader of the Peasants' Party (PȚ) and a main figure of its successor, the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ).
Gheorghe Cristescu was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. Nicknamed "Plăpumarul", he is also occasionally referred to as "Omul cu lavaliera roșie", after the most notable of his accessories.
The Romanian Social Democratic Party was a social-democratic political party in Romania. In the early 1920s, the Socialist Party of Romania split over the issue of affiliation with the Third International. The majority, which supported affiliation, evolved into the Communist Party of Romania in 1921, while the members who opposed the new orientation formed various political groupings, eventually reorganizing under a central leadership in 1927. From 1938 to 1944, the party was outlawed but remained active in clandestinity. After 1944, it allied with the Communists and eventually was forced to reunite with them to form the Workers' Party of Romania in 1948. It published the magazines Socialismul, Lumea Nouă, and Libertatea. After the end of the Communist single-party system in 1989, a group of former members created a new party which proclaimed itself the direct descendant of the PSD.
Ștefan Voitec was a Romanian Marxist journalist and politician who held important positions in the state apparatus of Communist Romania. Debuting as a member of the Socialist Party of Romania in his late teens, he formed the Socialist Workers Party of Romania, then the United Socialist Party, while also engaging in human rights activism and advocating prison reform. The mid-1930s brought him into contact with the Romanian Communist Party, with whom he formed tactical alliances; however, he rejected its political line, and was for a while known as a Trotskyist. In 1939, he joined the consolidated Social Democratic Party, which reunited various socialist groups outlawed by the National Renaissance Front. During World War II, despite ostensibly withdrawing form political life to do research, Voitec served as the party's Secretary and joined the anti-fascist underground. Some reports suggest that he was also a committed anti-communist, critical of the Soviet Union to the point on endorsing war in the East. As a war correspondent, Voitec made contributions to Nazi propaganda, an issue which made him vulnerable to blackmail in later decades.
IoanFlueraș was a Romanian social democratic politician and a victim of the communist regime.
The Ploughmen's Front was a Romanian left-wing agrarian-inspired political organisation of ploughmen, founded at Deva in 1933 and led by Petru Groza. At its peak in 1946, the Front had over 1 million members.
The Tămădău affair was an incident that took place in Romania in July 1947. It was the source of a political scandal and show trial.
Grigore Preoteasa was a Romanian communist activist, journalist and politician, who served as Communist Romania's Minister of Foreign Affairs between October 4, 1955, and the time of his death.
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The Socialist Party of Romania was a Romanian socialist political party, created on December 11, 1918 by members of the Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR), after the latter emerged from clandestinity. Through its PSDR legacy, the PS maintained a close connection with the local labor movement and was symbolically linked to the first local socialist group, the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party. Its creation coincided with the establishment of Greater Romania in the wake of World War I; after May 1919, it began a process of fusion with the social democratic groups of in the former territories of Austria-Hungary — the Social Democratic Parties of Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina. The parties adopted a common platform in October 1920. Progressively influenced by Leninism, the PS became divided between a maximalist majority supporting Bolshevik guidelines and a reformist-minded minority: the former affiliated with the Comintern as the Socialist-Communist Party in May 1921, while the minority eventually established a new Romanian Social Democratic Party.
Ion Costache Frimu was a Romanian socialist militant and politician, a leading member of the Social Democratic Party of Romania (PSDR) and labor activist. He died after being beaten and contracting an illness in prison, where he was being held for his participation in the typographic workers' demonstration of December 1918.
The Socialist Peasants' Party was a short-lived political party in Romania, presided over by the academic Mihai Ralea. Created nominally in 1938 but dissolved soon after, it reemerged during World War II. A clandestine group, it opposed the fascist regime of Ion Antonescu, although its own roots were planted in authoritarian politics. Looking to the Soviet Union for inspiration, the PSȚ was cultivated by the Romanian Communist Party (PCdR), and comprised a faction of radicalized social democrats, under Lothar Rădăceanu.
Ilie B. Moscovici was a Romanian socialist militant and journalist, one of the noted leaders of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR). A socialist since early youth and a party member since its creation in 1910, he returned from captivity in World War I to lead the PSDR from Bucharest, and involved himself in a violent clash with the Romanian authorities. He mediated between reformist and Bolshevik currents, and helped establish the Socialist Party of Romania (PS) as a fusion of both tendencies. Moscovici served as a PS representative in Chamber, but was deposed over his instigation of the 1920 general strike, then imprisoned. Although he voted against the creation of a Communist Party from the rump PS and criticized Comintern interference in Romanian affairs, he was again apprehended in 1921. Together with the communists, he appeared as a defendant in the Dealul Spirii Trial.
The Romanian Social Democratic Party was a social democratic political party in Romania. Founded in 1990, shortly after the fall of the Communist party rule in Romania in December 1989, it claimed to be the direct successor of the historical Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSD) which existed between 1927 and 1948, until it merged with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) to create the Romanian Workers' Party (PMR).
The Socialist Workers Party of Romania, later renamed the Independent Socialist Party of Romania, was a political party in Romania. The party was founded in Bucharest on 15 July 1928, as a leftist splinter group of the Social Democratic Party, formed by a minority that opposed the cooperation with the National Peasants' Party.
Alexandru Claudian was a Romanian sociologist, political figure, and poet. A student and practitioner of Marxism, he worked as a schoolteacher, entry-level academic, field researcher, and journalist, before finally earning a professorship at the University of Iași. An anti-fascist, Claudian enlisted with the Romanian Social Democratic Party during the interwar, moving closer to the anti-communist center by the late 1940s, and became that faction's main theoretician. His condemnation of Marxism and totalitarianism made him an enemy of the communist regime, which imprisoned him for several years and kept him under surveillance until the time of his death.
Dumitru Petrescu, believed to have been born Gheorghe M. Dumitru, also known as Gheorghe Petrescu and Petrescu-Grivița, was a Romanian general, trade union leader, and Communist Party (PCR) activist. After training as a metalworker in Grivița, he took to left-wing politics, joining the underground communist groups at some point before the railwaymen's strike of February 1933, which he helped organise together with Constantin Doncea and Gheorghe Vasilichi. Arrested by the Romanian Kingdom authorities in its wake, he received a 15-year prison sentence. He broke out of Craiova penitentiary a few months later, together with Vasilichi and Doncea, after overpowering a guard. With support from the International Red Aid, Petrescu made his way into Czechoslovakia, and then headed for the Soviet Union, where he lived until 1944. He worked in publishing and trained as a propagandist at the International Lenin School in Moscow.
Lothar Rădăceanu | |
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Minister of Labour | |
In office 4 November 1944 –30 November 1946 | |
Prime Minister | Constantin Sănătescu Nicolae Rădescu Petru Groza |
Preceded by | Nicolae Marinescu |
Minister of Labour and Social Insurance | |
In office 1 December 1946 –2 June 1952 | |
Prime Minister | Petru Groza |
Minister of Social Provisions | |
In office 2 June 1952 –28 July 1952 | |
Prime Minister | Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej |
Succeeded by | Pericle Negescu |
Minister of National Education | |
In office 30 December 1947 –14 April 1948 | |
Prime Minister | Petru Groza |
Preceded by | Ștefan Voitec |
Succeeded by | Gheorghe Vasilichi |
Personal details | |
Born | Lothar Würzer May 19,1899 Rădăuți,Bukovina,Austria-Hungary |
Died | August 24,1955 56) Stockholm,Sweden | (aged
Political party | Romanian Social Democratic Party Romanian Workers' Party |
Spouse | Eugenia Rădăceanu |
Occupation | Journalist,linguist,politician |
Lothar or Lotar Rădăceanu (born Lothar Würzer or Würzel;May 19,1899 – August 24,1955) was a Romanian journalist and linguist,best known as a socialist and communist politician.
Born to an ethnic German family in Rădăuți,Bukovina (part of Austria-Hungary at the time),he trained in German studies and eventually became a professor at the University of Bucharest.
From early on,Rădăceanu was a member of the Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR),one of its main ideologists and representatives in the Chamber of Deputies,as well as a regular contributor to the socialist journals Libertatea and Lumea Nouă.
In the early 1930s,he shared his party's concerns regarding the predominant agricultural character of Romanian economy. He contributed to the Poporanist paper Viața Românească an article which stated that:
Working in community and cooperative farming are the conditions for survival in peasant-based agriculture.
The Social-Democratic Party [...] commits itself to carrying out a campaign of enlightenment in this direction and appeals to all enlightened peasants and all village intellectuals for help in this respect. [1]
He supported his party's alliance with the National Peasantists (PNȚ) during the late 1920s,and their collaboration in the 1928 election, [2] but later criticized the PNȚgovernment for "proceeding with too little energy with the abolition of reactionary institutions". [3] Like his fellow PSDR member Șerban Voinea ,Rădăceanu advocated the thesis of Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea regarding the special conditions for socialism inside the Romanian economical framework;he accepted the views on Romanian economic history as formulated by Ștefan Zeletin,an advocate of economic liberalism,but disagreed with his conclusions regarding the fundamental role of the bourgeoisie. [4]
In late January 1933,the pro-democracy Rădăceanu had criticized the steps taken by King Carol II to institute a more authoritarian regime after the fall of Iuliu Maniu's PNȚcabinet. Alluding to the event which had been used by Carol — the disagreement between GavrilăMarinescu,the police prefect of Bucharest and a favourite of the king,and Ion Mihalache,the Minister of the Interior —,he stressed that:
[The Maniu cabinet] was toppled by a police prefect,whom it could not remove from his office. It is not therefore the government who had the power to nominate and recall state officials,but an occult and irresponsible power,of which the Constitution makes no mention. [5]
Equally opposed to Bolshevism,he wrote several analytical articles which criticized Stalinism and the Soviet Union. In 1935,he expressed his views on the risks of the Popular Front tactic as proposed by the Soviets:
The will communism has to collaborate cannot be sincere,as long as — instead of collaborating with the Russian Social-Democrats — they torture them in prisons. [6]
However,he was staunchly opposed to the authorities' crackdown on the outlawed Romanian Communist Party (PCR),and wrote pieces in defence of communist activists prosecuted for their activities. In 1936,when Ana Pauker and other PCR members were being tried,he argued in favour of:
the right [of legal existence] for the communist party as well,[while we are] raising our most energetic protest against the persecution to which this party is being submitted in the country where Goga – Cuzism [that is,the fascist National Christian Party] and Codrenism [that is,the fascist Iron Guard] enjoy all liberties. [7]
After 1938,during the time when the PSDR remained active in clandestinity (being banned,together with all other political parties,by King Carol),relations between Rădăceanu and the party leader Constantin Titel Petrescu soured,and he approached the Comintern-backed alliance created by minor parties around the PCR. In 1943,during Ion Antonescu's dictatorship (see Romania during World War II ),he was,with Mihai Ralea,founder and leader of the Socialist Peasants' Party; [8] Rădăceanu soon after returned to his original party,with journalist Victor Frunzăclaiming he infiltrated as a secret PCR affiliate. [9] His political adversaries alleged that,during the period,he was also benefiting from good relations with Nazi German officials present in Romania. [10]
In 1944,the August 23 royal coup overthrew Antonescu,taking Romania out of its alliance with the Axis Powers and into the Allied bloc and leading to the reestablishment of pluralism in political life. On November 4 of that year,Rădăceanu joined the Petru Groza cabinet,supported by the PCR,as Minister of Labor.
Romania under Soviet occupation witnessed a growth in influence for the PCR,which sought to impose its domination on the left-wing portion of the political spectrum. Rădăceanu and Ștefan Voitec stood out inside the PSDR as advocates of close collaboration with the communists: [11] in March 1946,a conflict erupted between those two and Titel Petrescu,splitting the party into respective wings. After several clashes inside the party, [12] Titel Petrescu left to form an Independent Social Democratic Party,while Rădăceanu and Voitec became leaders of a PSDR that had grown to 753,000 members by July 1947. [13] The party,which remained in the National Democratic Front created around the PCR,ran on a single platform with the latter in the November 1946 general election (carried by the bloc through widespread electoral fraud). [14] During a campaign stop at the Grivița Railway Yards,Rădăceanu had a confrontation with the PCR leader,Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej,regarding who is blocking the merger of the PSDR with the PCR. [15] After the election,Rădăceanu stayed on as Minister of Labor in the second Groza government.
In November of the following year,the PCR and PDSR merged to form the Romanian Workers' Party (PMR)—a name it would retain until reverting to the PCR name in 1965. A month later,the PMR forced King Michael I to abdicate,marking the founding of the Romanian People's Republic. Rădăceanu served as a secretary of the merged party's Central Committee and a member of the Politburo until his death. [16] In 1946–1947,Rădăceanu was among the delegates to the Paris Peace Conference (a group led by Gheorghe Tătărescu). He was admitted to the Romanian Academy in 1955.
Throughout his later years,he maintained the prospective of a left-wing social democrat within the PMR. He wrote articles for the Cominform magazine For Lasting Peace,for People's Democracy! which advised Eastern Bloc social democratic parties (which maintained a decorative existence in some Eastern Bloc countries in order to keep up the appearance of pluralism) to be leery of right-wing deviationism. [17] He died in Stockholm,while attending an international peace congress. [17]
His wife Eugenia was actively promoted to party offices under Nicolae Ceaușescu,benefiting from the support of Elena Ceaușescu (as part of a campaign of introducing women activists in the higher echelon). [18]
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