Related Research Articles
Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano,1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish explorers and conquistadors who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico,as well as the most populous city in North America,and is one of the country's 32 federal entities. Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the world. It is located in the Valley of Mexico,a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico,at an altitude of 2,240 meters (7,350 ft). The city has 16 demarcaciones territoriales,subdivisions colloquially known as alcaldías or boroughs.
New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains,sharing the Four Corners region of the western U.S. with Utah,Colorado,and Arizona,and bordering Texas to the east and southeast,Oklahoma to the northeast,and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora to the south. The state capital is Santa Fe,which is the oldest capital in the U.S.,founded in 1610 as the government seat of Nuevo México in New Spain;the largest city is Albuquerque.
Benito Pablo Juárez García was a Mexican liberal politician and lawyer who served as the 26th president of Mexico from 1858 until his death in office in 1872. A Zapotec,he was the first president of Mexico of indigenous origin.
Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez,known as Diego Rivera,was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement in Mexican and international art.
Francisco Villa was initially a bandit,who became a general in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary violence that forced out President Porfirio Díaz and brought Francisco I. Madero to power in 1911. When Madero was ousted by a coup led by General Victoriano Huerta in February 1913,he led anti-Huerta forces in the Constitutionalist Army 1913–14. The commander of the coalition was civilian governor of Coahuila Venustiano Carranza. After the defeat and exile of Huerta in July 1914,Villa broke with Carranza. Villa dominated the meeting of revolutionary generals that excluded Carranza and helped create a coalition government that was weak and ineffective. Emiliano Zapata and Villa became formal allies in this period,but it was only in principle. Like Zapata,Villa was strongly in favor of land reform,but his plans were not implemented when he had power. At the height of his power and popularity in late 1914 and early 1915,the U.S. considered recognizing him as Mexico's legitimate authority. Civil war broke out when Carranza challenged Villa. Villa was decisively defeated by Constitutionalist General Álvaro Obregón in summer 1915,and the U.S. aided Carranza directly against Villa in the Second Battle of Agua Prieta in November 1915. Much of Villa's army left after Villa's defeat on the battlefield and his lack of resources to buy arms and pay soldiers' salaries. Angered at the U.S. aid to Carranza,Villa conducted a raid on the border town of Columbus,New Mexico to goad the U.S. to invade Mexico in 1916-17. Despite a major contingent of soldiers and the latest military technology,the U.S. failed to capture Villa. When President Carranza was ousted from power in 1920,Villa negotiated an amnesty with interim President Adolfo de la Huerta and was given a landed estate,on the condition he retire from politics. He was assassinated in 1923. Although his faction did not prevail in the Revolution,he is one of its most charismatic and prominent figures.
The Mexican Revolution was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history." It resulted in the destruction of the Federal Army and its replacement with a revolutionary army,as well as the transformation of Mexican culture and government. The northern Constitutionalist faction prevailed on the battlefield and drafted the present-day Constitution of Mexico,which aimed to create a strong central government,with revolutionary generals holding power from 1920 to 1940. The revolutionary conflict was primarily a civil war,but foreign powers,having important economic and strategic interests in Mexico,figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles. The United States played an especially significant role.
Billy the Kid,also known by the pseudonym William H. Bonney,was an outlaw and gunfighter of the American Old West,who killed eight men before he was shot and killed at the age of 21. He also fought in New Mexico's Lincoln County War,during which he allegedly committed three murders.
Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón was a Mexican painter known for her many portraits,self-portraits,and works inspired by the nature and artifacts of Mexico. Inspired by the country's popular culture,she employed a naïve folk art style to explore questions of identity,postcolonialism,gender,class,and race in Mexican society. Her paintings often had strong autobiographical elements and mixed realism with fantasy. In addition to belonging to the post-revolutionary Mexicayotl movement,which sought to define a Mexican identity,Kahlo has been described as a surrealist or magical realist. She is known for painting about her experience of chronic pain.
Maximilian I was an Austrian archduke who reigned as the only Emperor of the Second Mexican Empire from 10 April 1864 until his execution on 19 June 1867. A younger brother of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria,Maximilian had a distinguished career as commander-in-chief of the Imperial Austrian Navy.
The Battle of the Alamo was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege,Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna reclaimed the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar,killing most of the Texians and Tejanos inside. Santa Anna's cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians and Tejanos to join the Texian Army. Buoyed by a desire for revenge,the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto,on April 21,1836,ending the rebellion in favor of the newly-formed Republic of Texas.
Andrés Manuel López Obrador,also known by his initials AMLO,is a Mexican politician who has been the 65th president of Mexico since 1 December 2018.
The Second French Intervention in Mexico,also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War,1861–1867;was an invasion of Mexico,launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire,which hoped to replace the Mexican Republic with a monarchy favorable to French interests.
Mexico,officially the United Mexican States,is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States;to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean;to the southeast by Guatemala,Belize,and the Caribbean Sea;and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 square kilometers (761,610 sq mi),making it the world's 13th-largest country by area;with approximately 126,014,024 inhabitants,it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish-speakers. Mexico is organized as a federation comprising 31 states and Mexico City,its capital and largest metropolis. Other major urban areas include Guadalajara,Monterrey,Puebla,Toluca,Tijuana,Ciudad Juárez,and León.
Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán Loera,commonly known as "El Chapo" because of his 168 cm stature,is a Mexican former drug lord and a former leader within the Sinaloa Cartel,an international crime syndicate. He is considered to have been one of the most powerful drug traffickers in the world.
The Mexican drug war is an ongoing asymmetric low-intensity conflict between the Mexican government and various drug trafficking syndicates. When the Mexican military began to intervene in 2006,the government's main objective was to reduce drug-related violence. The Mexican government has asserted that their primary focus is dismantling the cartels,and preventing drug trafficking demand along with U.S. functionaries. Therefore,the conflict has been described as the Mexican theater of the global war on drugs,as led by the U.S. federal government.
The Sinaloa Cartel,also known as the CDS,the Guzmán-Loera Organization,the Pacific Cartel,the Federation and the Blood Alliance,is a large international drug trafficking,money laundering,and organized crime syndicate established in Mexico during the late 1980s as one of a various number of "plazas" operating under a predecessor organization known as the Guadalajara Cartel. It is currently headed by Ismael Zambada García and is based in the city of Culiacán,Sinaloa,with operations in many world regions but primarily in the Mexican states of Sinaloa,Baja California,Durango,Sonora,and Chihuahua. It also has a notable presence in a number of other regions in Latin America,such as Colombia;as well as in cities across the U.S. The United States Intelligence Community generally considers the Sinaloa Cartel to be the most powerful drug trafficking organization in the Western Hemisphere,making it perhaps even more influential and capable than the infamous Medellín Cartel of Colombia was during its prime. It has repeatedly been said to be one of the strongest criminal organizations in the world and indisputably the most powerful in Mexico since at least the late 2000s and early 2010s by various sources including the Los Angeles Times.
The Mexican–American War,also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the Intervención estadounidense en México,was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas,which Mexico considered Mexican territory since the Mexican government did not recognize the Velasco treaty signed by Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna when he was a prisoner of the Texian Army during the 1836 Texas Revolution. The Republic of Texas was de facto an independent country,but most of its citizens wished to be annexed by the United States. Domestic sectional politics in the U.S. were preventing annexation since Texas would have been a slave state,upsetting the balance of power between Northern free states and Southern slave states. In the 1844 United States presidential election,Democrat James K. Polk was elected on a platform of expanding U.S. territory in Oregon and Texas. Polk advocated expansion by either peaceful means or armed force,with the 1845 annexation of Texas furthering that goal by peaceful means. However,the boundary between Texas and Mexico was disputed,with the Republic of Texas and the U.S. asserting it to be the Rio Grande and Mexico claiming it to be the more-northern Nueces River. Both Mexico and the U.S. claimed the disputed area and sent troops. Polk sent U.S. Army troops to the area;he also sent a diplomatic mission to Mexico to try to negotiate the sale of territory. U.S. troops' presence was designed to lure Mexico into starting the conflict,putting the onus on Mexico and allowing Polk to argue to Congress that a declaration of war should be issued. Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces,and the United States Congress declared war.
Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón,usually known as Santa Anna or López de Santa Anna, was a Mexican politician and general. His influence on post-independence Mexican politics and government in the first half of the nineteenth century is such that historians of Mexico often refer to it as the "Age of Santa Anna". He has been called "the Man of Destiny" "he was a quintessential caudillo [strongman]". Although initially in the post-independence period he identified as a federalist and participated in a coup that ousted the conservatives in 1833,he became increasingly conservative. Elected President in 1833,López de Santa Anna declined to serve and retired to his home state and power base of Veracruz,a pattern that was to repeat itself until his ouster in 1855.
Cinco de Mayo is a yearly celebration held on May 5,which commemorates the anniversary of Mexico's victory over the Second French Empire at the Battle of Puebla in 1862,led by General Ignacio Zaragoza. The victory of a smaller,poorly equipped Mexican force against the larger and better-armed French army was a morale boost for the Mexicans. Zaragoza died months after the battle from an illness,and a larger French force ultimately defeated the Mexican army at the Second Battle of Puebla and occupied Mexico City.
References
 | This article about a Ecologist Green Party of Mexico politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |