Macintosh conversion

Last updated

To date, two methods have been used to make a personal computer, not offered by Apple, but able to run the Mac operating system: either create a Macintosh conversion or build a Macintosh clone.

Contents

Unlike Mac clones that contain little or no original Apple hardware, Mac conversions are essentially modification kits that require the core components of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, such as the Macintosh ROM or the motherboard, in order to become a functional computer system.

This places the commercial production of a Mac conversion under the protection of the first-sale doctrine in the U.S. and similar legal concepts in most other countries.

Background

Since the early days of Macintosh computers, manufacturers have sought to fulfill the needs of customers who wanted to have a computer with Mac OS, but with a functionality not provided by Apple’s existing Macintosh (later called Mac) lineup. Companies making Mac conversions start with a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, and use them in combination with their own manufactured components to assemble their custom Mac solution. Modifications can be as minor as the addition of a touch-sensitive display bezel to an otherwise factory standard iMac to create for example a kiosk system, [1] [2] or as extensive as the complete replacement of a MacBook's laptop enclosure to create a Tablet Mac. [3]

While this business model of aftermarket modification is most commonly used in the car industry, with one of the most famous examples being the Shelby Mustang, a high performance variant of the Ford Mustang, it has been applied with equal success in the Mac market.

Whereas Mac clones typically aim to compete directly with Apple's solutions through lower prices, commercial Mac conversions rely on offering features/solutions not available from Apple, and where the need for that particular Mac solution is high enough to justify the combined cost of the full price of the Mac donor computer plus the price of the conversion kit and labor. [4] Commercially successful Mac conversions were discontinued when Apple introduced products with competing features. [5]

Legality

By definition, a Macintosh conversion is an aftermarket modification of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer or laptop, while preserving the core components required to run the Mac operating system, such as the donor Mac's motherboard. Retaining the core Mac computer inside the Mac conversion avoids any of the copyright misuse, DMCA or Mac operating system licensing issues that forms the basis of the legal threat unlicensed Mac clone manufacturers have to face.

The performance of aftermarket modifications is in the U.S. protected by the First-sale doctrine and similar legal concepts in most other countries. [6] [7] Its legality has been tested through litigation, most notably in the automotive industry, where automobile manufacturers have attempted to hinder or suppress automotive aftermarket businesses by means of copyright and/or patent infringement lawsuits.

The application of the aftermarket process makes for a critical legal distinction between Macintosh conversions and Macintosh clones. Whereas none of the Mac conversions of the companies listed below have seen legal action, Psystar, an unlicensed Mac clone maker, was sued by Apple in federal court within months [8] of the introduction of their first Mac clones. [9]

Companies

The following companies have created commercially available Mac conversion solutions:

Axiotron, Inc.

Axiotron, Inc., was founded as a Delaware corporation in 2005 [10] with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. It was acquired in 2008 [11] by the publicly traded Toronto, Canada-based Axiotron Corp. (TSX-V: AXO) and dissolved in 2010. [12] [13] The company was the first Mac conversion manufacturer to create a pen-enabled tablet Mac computer. [14]

Notable products include:

Colby Systems, Inc.

Founded in 1982 [18] by Chuck Colby and operating out of Fresno, California, Colby Systems, Inc. launched its first Macintosh portable computer in 1987. [19] In 1991, after introducing but never shipping its final portable Mac solution, the company left the Mac conversion business to work with video technology [20] and was dissolved in 2016. [21]

Notable products include:

The first WalkMac, from Colby Systems, was based upon a Mac Plus logic board, with a plasma display. WalkMac.jpg
The first WalkMac, from Colby Systems, was based upon a Mac Plus logic board, with a plasma display.

Dynamac Corporation

Dynamac Corporation, out of Denver, Colorado, also known as Dynamac Computer Products Inc., was founded as a Delaware corporation in 1970 [32] and offered Mac portable computer systems between 1986 [33] and 1991. [34]

Notable products include:

Intelitec Systems Corporation

Intelitec Systems Corporation, based out of Fairfield, Iowa, offered Macintosh portable computers from 1987 [43] until 1989 when the introduction of the Apple Macintosh Portable made their product obsolete. [44]

Notable products include:

Modbook Inc.

Founded in February 2012, Modbook Inc., a privately held [46] U.S. company based out of Los Angeles, California, [47] is currently the only active Mac conversion manufacturer. The company offers mid- and high-end pen-enabled Tablet Mac solutions for creative professionals.

Notable products include:

Outbound Systems, Inc.

Outbound Systems Inc., based in Boulder, Colorado, and founded in 1989, [54] offered Mac portable computer systems between 1989 [55] and 1991, [56] and left the Mac conversion business in 1992 to build windows-based PC solutions. [57] [58]

Notable products include:

Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc.

Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc., a California corporation based out of Scotts Valley, operated between 1987 [65] and 1994, [66] offering performance-enhanced tower workstation solutions for the high and top-end professional Mac market.

Notable products include:

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Sellers, Dennis (May 17, 2001). "Touchscreen system for new iBooks announced". Macworld. Touchscreens and kiosks utilizing Apple's consumer products seem to be a booming industry. Last month a company called Third Stream Media announced plans to roll out its Touch Stand retail kiosk based on iMac systems and Termimac Informations systems unveiled their own line of iMac-based information kiosk systems
  2. ↑ Cohen, Peter (April 26, 2001). "Termimac offers slick iMac kiosk". MacCentral Online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2001. The branded kiosks feature touchscreen-equipped iMac systems, as well.
  3. ↑ Dubey, Krati (2007). "ModBook – the First True Mac Tablet Arrives at Macworld". TechShout. Retrieved September 27, 2017. If your favored input device is the pen, then this is the Mac tablet solution for you
  4. ↑ "Souped-up fx". Seybold Report on Desktop Publishing, Volume 05, Number 01. September 10, 1990. Archived from the original on May 23, 2006. just introduced a IIfx version of the Dash 30. For $11,500, you get a Mac IIfx (40-MHz 68030 CPU and 68882 math chip), 8 MB of high-bandwidth main memory and a 180-MB disk drive rated for 15-ms access time
  5. ↑ "Outbound". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Ultimately, the inexpensive, sleek and lightweight PowerBook 100, co-designed by Apple and Sony, forced Outbound out of business
  6. ↑ "British Leyland Motor Corp & Ors v Armstrong Patents Company Ltd & Ors". United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions. February 27, 1986. It seems to me that when one is considering machinery which is not the subject of any patent protection, it is unnecessary and may be misleading to introduce the concept of an implied licence. The owner of a car must be entitled to do whatever is necessary to keep it in running order and to effect whatever repairs may be necessary in the most economical way possible. To derive this entitlement from an implied licence granted by the original manufacturer seems to me quite artificial. It is a right inherent in the ownership of the car itself. There is an inconsistency between marketing cars and thereby creating whatever rights attach to their ownership on the one hand and acting to restrain the free exercise of those rights on the other. The law does not countenance such inconsistencies.
  7. ↑ "BRITISH LEYLAND MOTOR CORPORATION LTD V ARMSTRONG PATENTS CO LTD: HL 1986". Swarb.co.uk. March 22, 2017. Every owner of a car has the right to repair it. That right would be useless if suppliers of spare parts were not entitled to anticipate the need for repair. The right cannot, in my view, be withheld by the manufacturer of the car by contract with the first purchaser and cannot be withheld from any subsequent owner.
  8. ↑ Taub, Eric A. (June 16, 2008). "Apple Sues Psystar to Block Macintosh Clone Sales". The New York Times . On July 3, Apple filed suit in the Federal District Court for Northern California, asserting that the Florida-based company had breached its trademark agreements by selling non-Apple hardware, including servers, that could run modified versions of the Mac OS X Leopard operating system.
  9. ↑ Lainski, Jennifer (April 14, 2008). "Psystar Releases Mac Clone, But Has Apple Shut Them Down?". CRN. A company called Psystar announced ... that it has created a Mac-clone for $399 that will run Apple's OS Leopard
  10. ↑ "California Department of State: Division of Corporations: Dynamac Computer Products Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Delaware Corporation: AXIOTRON, INC.; File Number: 3908075; Founded: May 1st, 2005
  11. ↑ "Axiotron Corp.: Axiotron Completes Equity/Debt Financings and Closes Qualifying Transaction". SIP TRUNKING REPORT. August 26, 2008. Axiotron Corp. (AXO - TSX Venture) ... today announced that it has closed its ... acquisition of ... El Segundo, California-based, Axiotron, Inc.
  12. ↑ "Shareholders Approve Dissolution of Axiotron, Inc" (PDF). Free-Press-Release.com. June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2017. was dissolved today upon a unanimous vote by its shareholders, following foreclosure against all of its assets by its secured creditors
  13. ↑ "Axiotron Announces Transfer of Listing to NEX Board of TSX Venture Exchange". InvestorPoint.com. December 16, 2010. Trading in the Company's shares will remain suspended in accordance with a general cease trade order issued by the Company's principal regulator, the Ontario Securities Commission, on June 23, 2010
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  15. ↑ Dubey, Krati (2007). "ModBook – the First True Mac Tablet Arrives at Macworld". TechShout. Retrieved September 27, 2017. ModBook the First True Mac Tablet
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  20. ↑ Edwards, Benj (November 23, 2012). "The unusual world of Mac prototypes". Macworld. Colby left the Macintosh development world to work with video technology.
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  23. ↑ Carnoy, David (May 30, 2013). "Walkmac revisited: The inside story of the 'first' portable Mac". CNET.
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  37. ↑ "Apple Portable (Original) Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Introduction Date: September 20, 1989
  38. ↑ "Dynamac EL Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Dynamac EL Specs
  39. ↑ "Apple Portable (Original) Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Introduction Date: September 20, 1989
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  41. ↑ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. The Dynamac IIsf{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  43. ↑ Spiegelman, Lisa L. (March 30, 1987). "Developers Ready MacSE-Compatible Portables". InfoWorld Macintosh News. Intelitec Systems Corp. of Fairfax Iowa, have plans for a Macintosh SE-compatible portable computer
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  46. ↑ "Modbook Inc. Completes Startup Financing". Online PR Media. March 12, 2012. a privately held company ... today announced that it has successfully secured private equity funding
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  50. ↑ Modbook Inc. "Modbook Pro X — 15.4" Retina Quad-Core Mac OS X Tablet". Kickstarter.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Project Page
  51. ↑ Modbook Inc. (December 31, 2016). "Questionnaire Results". Kickstarter.com. [85.4% voted to] getting the Pro X compatible with the latest Touch Bar MacBook Pro generation and fill your Kickstarter rewards with those.
  52. ↑ "Modbook Inc. Launched Equity Crowdfunding Campaign on Wefunder and Introduced the Modbook Pro X, World's First Convertible Tablet Mac". Hawaii News Now. September 14, 2017. Introduced the Modbook Pro X, World's First Convertible Tablet Mac
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