Macintosh conversion

Last updated

To date, two methods have been used to make a personal computer, not offered by Apple, but able to run a Mac operating system: either create a Macintosh conversion or build a Macintosh clone.

Contents

Unlike Mac clones that contain little or no original Apple hardware, Mac conversions are essentially modification kits that require the core components of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, such as the Macintosh ROM or the motherboard, in order to become a functional computer system.

This places the commercial production of a Mac conversion under the protection of the first-sale doctrine in the U.S. and similar legal concepts in most other countries.

Background

Since the early days of Macintosh computers, manufacturers have sought to fulfill the needs of customers who wanted to have a computer with Mac OS, but with a functionality not provided by Apple’s existing Macintosh (later called Mac) lineup. Companies making Mac conversions start with a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer, and use them in combination with their own manufactured components to assemble their custom Mac solution. Modifications can be as minor as the addition of a touch-sensitive display bezel to an otherwise factory standard iMac to create for example a kiosk system, [1] [2] or as extensive as the complete replacement of a MacBook's laptop enclosure to create a Tablet Mac. [3]

While this business model of aftermarket modification is most commonly used in the car industry, with one of the most famous examples being the Shelby Mustang, a high performance variant of the Ford Mustang, it has been applied with equal success in the Mac market.

Whereas Mac clones typically aim to compete directly with Apple's solutions through lower prices, commercial Mac conversions rely on offering features/solutions not available from Apple, and where the need for that particular Mac solution is high enough to justify the combined cost of the full price of the Mac donor computer plus the price of the conversion kit and labor. [4] Commercially successful Mac conversions were discontinued when Apple introduced products with competing features. [5]

Legality

By definition, a Macintosh conversion is an aftermarket modification of a previously purchased, genuine Apple Mac computer or laptop, while preserving the core components required to run the Mac operating system, such as the donor Mac's motherboard. Conversions are thus completely compatible with Macintosh software, [6] and avoid any of the copyright misuse, DMCA or Mac operating system licensing issues that form the basis of the legal threat unlicensed Mac clone manufacturers have to face.

The performance of aftermarket modifications is in the U.S. protected by the First-sale doctrine and similar legal concepts in most other countries. [7] [8] Its legality has been tested through litigation, most notably in the automotive industry, where automobile manufacturers have attempted to hinder or suppress automotive aftermarket businesses by means of copyright and/or patent infringement lawsuits.

The application of the aftermarket process makes for a critical legal distinction between Macintosh conversions and Macintosh clones. Whereas none of the Mac conversions of the companies listed below have seen legal action, Psystar, an unlicensed Mac clone maker, was sued by Apple in federal court within months [9] of the introduction of their first Mac clones. [10]

Companies

The following companies have created commercially available Mac conversion solutions:

Axiotron, Inc.

Axiotron, Inc., was founded as a Delaware corporation in 2005 [11] with headquarters in Los Angeles, California. It was acquired in 2008 [12] by the publicly traded Toronto, Canada-based Axiotron Corp. (TSX-V: AXO) and dissolved in 2010. [13] [14] The company was the first Mac conversion manufacturer to create a pen-enabled tablet Mac computer. [15]

Notable products include:

Colby Systems, Inc.

Founded in 1982 [19] by Chuck Colby and operating out of Fresno, California, Colby Systems, Inc. launched its first Macintosh portable computer in 1987. [20] In 1991, after introducing but never shipping its final portable Mac solution, the company left the Mac conversion business to work with video technology [21] and was dissolved in 2016. [22]

Notable products include:

The first WalkMac, from Colby Systems, was based upon a Mac Plus logic board, with a plasma display. WalkMac.jpg
The first WalkMac, from Colby Systems, was based upon a Mac Plus logic board, with a plasma display.

Dynamac Corporation

Dynamac Corporation, out of Denver, Colorado, also known as Dynamac Computer Products Inc., was founded as a Delaware corporation in 1970 [34] and offered Mac portable computer systems between 1986 [35] and 1991. [36]

Notable products include:

Intelitec Systems Corporation

Intelitec Systems Corporation, based out of Fairfield, Iowa, offered Macintosh portable computers from 1987 [45] until 1989 when the introduction of the Apple Macintosh Portable made their product obsolete. [46]

Notable products include:

Modbook Inc.

Founded in February 2012, Modbook Inc., a privately held [48] U.S. company based out of Los Angeles, California, [49] is currently the only active Mac conversion manufacturer. The company offers mid- and high-end pen-enabled Tablet Mac solutions for creative professionals.

Notable products include:

Outbound Systems, Inc.

Outbound Systems Inc., based in Boulder, Colorado, and founded in 1989, [56] offered Mac portable computer systems between 1989 [57] and 1991, [58] and left the Mac conversion business in 1992 to build windows-based PC solutions. [59] [60]

Notable products include:

Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc.

Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc., a California corporation based out of Scotts Valley, operated between 1987 [67] and 1994, [68] offering performance-enhanced tower workstation solutions for the high and top-end professional Mac market.

Notable products include:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power Macintosh</span> Family of personal computers released by Apple Computer

The Power Macintosh, later Power Mac, is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc as the core of the Macintosh brand from March 1994 until August 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh IIfx</span> Personal computer by Apple

The Macintosh IIfx is a personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from March 1990 to April 1992. At introduction it cost from US$9,000 to US$12,000, depending on configuration, and it was the fastest Macintosh available at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh SE/30</span> Personal computer released by Apple Computer

The Macintosh SE/30 is a personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from January 1989 to October 1991. It is the fastest of the original black-and-white compact Macintosh series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh IIci</span> Personal computer by Apple, Inc.

The Macintosh IIci is a personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from September 1989 to February 1993. It is a more powerful version of the Macintosh IIcx, released earlier that year, and shares the same compact case design. With three NuBus expansion slots and a Processor Direct Slot, the IIci also improved upon the IIcx's 16 MHz Motorola 68030 CPU and 68882 FPU, replacing them with 25 MHz versions of these chips.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh IIx</span> Personal computer by Apple, Inc.

The Macintosh IIx is a personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from September 1988 to October 1990. This model was introduced as an update to the original Macintosh II, replacing the 16 MHz Motorola 68020 CPU and 68881 FPU with a 68030 CPU and 68882 FPU running at the same clock speed. The initial price of the IIx was US$7,769 or US$9,369 for the version with a 40 MB hard drive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh Quadra</span> Family of personal computers by Apple

The Macintosh Quadra is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from October 1991 to October 1995. The Quadra, named for the Motorola 68040 central processing unit, replaced the Macintosh II family as the high-end Macintosh model.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh Portable</span> First battery-powered portable Macintosh by Apple

The Macintosh Portable is a portable computer that was designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from September 1989 to October 1991. It is the first battery-powered Macintosh, which garnered significant excitement from critics, but sales to customers were quite low. It featured a fast, sharp, and expensive monochrome active matrix LCD screen in a hinged design that covered the keyboard when the machine was not in use. The Portable was one of the early consumer laptops to employ an active matrix panel—only the most expensive of the initial PowerBook line, the PowerBook 170, had such a panel. The machine was designed to deliver high performance, at the cost of increased price and weight. The Portable was discontinued in October 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PowerBook Duo</span> Line of subnotebooks manufactured and sold by Apple Computer

The PowerBook Duo is a line of subnotebooks manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from 1992 until 1997 as a more compact companion to the PowerBook line. Improving upon the PowerBook 100's portability, the Duo came in seven different models. They were the Duo 210, 230, 250, 270c, 280, 280c, and 2300c, with the 210 and 230 being the earliest, and the 2300c being the final version before the entire line was dropped in early 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh Classic II</span> Personal computer by Apple

The Macintosh Classic II is a personal computer designed and manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. from October 1991 to September 1993. The system has a compact, appliance design with an integrated 9" monitor, typical of the earliest of the Macintosh range. A carrying handle moulded into the case added a degree of portability at a time when laptops were still relatively uncommon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh clone</span> Computer running Mac OS not produced by Apple

A Macintosh clone is a computer running the Mac OS operating system that was not produced by Apple Inc. The earliest Mac clones were based on emulators and reverse-engineered Macintosh ROMs. During Apple's short lived Mac OS 7 licensing program, authorized Mac clone makers were able to either purchase 100% compatible motherboards or build their own hardware using licensed Mac reference designs.

Outbound Systems, Inc., was an American computer company based in Boulder, Colorado. Founded by Warren Conner in 1989, the company offered Macintosh clone computer systems in various portable form factors between 1989 and 1991. It left the Mac conversion business in 1992 to build Windows-based desktop computers before going bankrupt in 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PowerBook 500 series</span> Range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers

The PowerBook 500 series is a range of Apple Macintosh PowerBook portable computers first introduced by Apple Computer with the 540c model on May 16, 1994. It was the first to have stereo speakers, a trackpad, and Ethernet networking built-in.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PowerBook 100</span> Laptop by Apple

The PowerBook 100 is a notebook-sized laptop computer designed and manufactured by Sony for Apple Computer and introduced on October 21, 1991, at the COMDEX computer expo in Las Vegas, Nevada. Priced at US$2,500 with external floppy drive, the PowerBook 100 was the low-end model of the first three simultaneously released PowerBooks. Its CPU and overall speed closely resembled those of its predecessor, the Macintosh Portable. It had a Motorola 68000 processor at 16 MHz, 2-8 megabytes (MB) of RAM, a 9-inch (23 cm) monochrome backlit liquid-crystal display (LCD) with 640 × 400 pixel resolution, and the System 7.0.1 operating system. It did not have a built-in floppy disk drive and was noted for its unique compact design that placed a trackball pointing device in front of the keyboard for ease of use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PowerBook 100 series</span>

The PowerBook 100 series is a line of laptop PCs produced by Apple Computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PowerBook 160</span> Laptop by Apple

The PowerBook 160 is a portable computer that was released by Apple Computer along with the PowerBook 180 on October 19, 1992 and the PowerBook 165 variants were released the following year. At the time, it constituted the mid-range model replacing the previous PowerBook 140 in processing power. The PowerBook 160 was sold until August 16, 1993.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power Macintosh 6400</span> Personal computer by Apple Computer

The Power Macintosh 6400 is a personal computer designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Computer from August 1996 to August 1997. It is the only Macintosh mini-tower system to be branded as a Performa, and alongside the Performa 6360 was the last new Performa-branded model introduced by Apple.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Other World Computing</span> American computer hardware company

Other World Computing (OWC), founded in 1988, is an American computer hardware and software company, with an online store for upgrading Mac, Windows and accessories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chuck Colby</span> American electronics engineer

Chuck Colby was an electronics engineer and chief-inventor, founder and president of Colby Systems Corporation, a company that created the first DVR-based video surveillance systems but is also very notable as a pioneer in portable computing, being the first to market both DOS and Macintosh portable computers, as well as a remarkable number of other technological firsts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Classic Mac OS</span> Original operating system of Apple Mac (1984–2001)

Mac OS is the series of operating systems developed for the Macintosh family of personal computers by Apple Computer, Inc. from 1984 to 2001, starting with System 1 and ending with Mac OS 9. The Macintosh operating system is credited with having popularized the graphical user interface concept. It was included with every Macintosh that was sold during the era in which it was developed, and many updates to the system software were done in conjunction with the introduction of new Macintosh systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macintosh LC</span> Personal computer by Apple

The Macintosh LC is a personal computer designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer, Inc. from October 1990 to March 1992.

References

  1. ↑ Sellers, Dennis (May 17, 2001). "Touchscreen system for new iBooks announced". Macworld. Touchscreens and kiosks utilizing Apple's consumer products seem to be a booming industry. Last month a company called Third Stream Media announced plans to roll out its Touch Stand retail kiosk based on iMac systems and Termimac Informations systems unveiled their own line of iMac-based information kiosk systems
  2. ↑ Cohen, Peter (April 26, 2001). "Termimac offers slick iMac kiosk". MacCentral Online. Archived from the original on June 4, 2001. The branded kiosks feature touchscreen-equipped iMac systems, as well.
  3. ↑ Dubey, Krati (2007). "ModBook – the First True Mac Tablet Arrives at Macworld". TechShout. Retrieved September 27, 2017. If your favored input device is the pen, then this is the Mac tablet solution for you
  4. ↑ "Souped-up fx". Seybold Report on Desktop Publishing, Volume 05, Number 01. September 10, 1990. Archived from the original on May 23, 2006. just introduced a IIfx version of the Dash 30. For $11,500, you get a Mac IIfx (40-MHz 68030 CPU and 68882 math chip), 8 MB of high-bandwidth main memory and a 180-MB disk drive rated for 15-ms access time
  5. ↑ "Outbound". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Ultimately, the inexpensive, sleek and lightweight PowerBook 100, co-designed by Apple and Sony, forced Outbound out of business
  6. 1 2 Walker, Nick (January 1987). "Dynamac" (PDF). Personal Computer World. pp. 130–136. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  7. ↑ "British Leyland Motor Corp & Ors v Armstrong Patents Company Ltd & Ors". United Kingdom House of Lords Decisions. February 27, 1986. It seems to me that when one is considering machinery which is not the subject of any patent protection, it is unnecessary and may be misleading to introduce the concept of an implied licence. The owner of a car must be entitled to do whatever is necessary to keep it in running order and to effect whatever repairs may be necessary in the most economical way possible. To derive this entitlement from an implied licence granted by the original manufacturer seems to me quite artificial. It is a right inherent in the ownership of the car itself. There is an inconsistency between marketing cars and thereby creating whatever rights attach to their ownership on the one hand and acting to restrain the free exercise of those rights on the other. The law does not countenance such inconsistencies.
  8. ↑ "BRITISH LEYLAND MOTOR CORPORATION LTD V ARMSTRONG PATENTS CO LTD: HL 1986". Swarb.co.uk. March 22, 2017. Every owner of a car has the right to repair it. That right would be useless if suppliers of spare parts were not entitled to anticipate the need for repair. The right cannot, in my view, be withheld by the manufacturer of the car by contract with the first purchaser and cannot be withheld from any subsequent owner.
  9. ↑ Taub, Eric A. (June 16, 2008). "Apple Sues Psystar to Block Macintosh Clone Sales". The New York Times . On July 3, Apple filed suit in the Federal District Court for Northern California, asserting that the Florida-based company had breached its trademark agreements by selling non-Apple hardware, including servers, that could run modified versions of the Mac OS X Leopard operating system.
  10. ↑ Lainski, Jennifer (April 14, 2008). "Psystar Releases Mac Clone, But Has Apple Shut Them Down?". CRN. A company called Psystar announced ... that it has created a Mac-clone for $399 that will run Apple's OS Leopard
  11. ↑ "California Department of State: Division of Corporations: Dynamac Computer Products Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Delaware Corporation: AXIOTRON, INC.; File Number: 3908075; Founded: May 1st, 2005
  12. ↑ "Axiotron Corp.: Axiotron Completes Equity/Debt Financings and Closes Qualifying Transaction". SIP TRUNKING REPORT. August 26, 2008. Axiotron Corp. (AXO - TSX Venture) ... today announced that it has closed its ... acquisition of ... El Segundo, California-based, Axiotron, Inc.
  13. ↑ "Shareholders Approve Dissolution of Axiotron, Inc" (PDF). Free-Press-Release.com. June 1, 2010. Retrieved September 27, 2017. was dissolved today upon a unanimous vote by its shareholders, following foreclosure against all of its assets by its secured creditors
  14. ↑ "Axiotron Announces Transfer of Listing to NEX Board of TSX Venture Exchange". InvestorPoint.com. December 16, 2010. Trading in the Company's shares will remain suspended in accordance with a general cease trade order issued by the Company's principal regulator, the Ontario Securities Commission, on June 23, 2010
  15. ↑ Cohen, Peter (January 2, 2008). "ModBook tablet Mac finally ships". Macworld. It's the first pen tablet-based Mac.
  16. ↑ Dubey, Krati (2007). "ModBook – the First True Mac Tablet Arrives at Macworld". TechShout. Retrieved September 27, 2017. ModBook the First True Mac Tablet
  17. ↑ Cohen, Peter (January 2, 2008). "ModBook tablet Mac finally ships". Macworld. Modbook Product Specs
  18. ↑ Blass, Evan (January 1, 2008). "Axiotron finally ships Modbook OSX Tablet". Engadget. Modbook Product Specs
  19. ↑ "California Secretary of State: Business Entities: Colby Systems Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. California Corporation: Colby Systems Inc.; File Number: C1129026; Founded: 12/01/1982
  20. ↑ Spiegelman, Lisa L. (March 30, 1987). "Developers Ready MacSE-Compatible Portables". InfoWorld Macintosh News. Colby Systems ... have plans for a Macintosh SE-compatible portable computer
  21. ↑ Edwards, Benj (November 23, 2012). "The unusual world of Mac prototypes". Macworld. Colby left the Macintosh development world to work with video technology.
  22. ↑ "California Secretary of State: Business Entities: Colby Systems Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. California Corporation: Colby Systems Inc.; File Number: C1129026; Dissolved: 02/09/2016
  23. ↑ Spiegelman, Lisa L. (March 30, 1987). "Developers Ready MacSE-Compatible Portables". InfoWorld Macintosh News. Lap-Mac Product Specs
  24. ↑ Carnoy, David (May 30, 2013). "Walkmac revisited: The inside story of the 'first' portable Mac". CNET.
  25. ↑ "WalkMac from Colby's Estate".
  26. ↑ Flynn, Laurie (October 31, 1988). "Colby to Sell SE Model of Walk-Mac". InfoWorld News. Colby SE Product Specs
  27. ↑ "Mac Clones: Colby: WalkMac SE Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Colby WalkMac SE Product Specs
  28. ↑ Crabb, Don (February 1989). "Hey Apple, I Need a Laptop". BYTE. pp. 151–154. Retrieved 2024-10-08.
  29. ↑ "Mac Clones: Colby: WalkMac SE-30 Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Colby WalkMac SE-30 Product Specs
  30. ↑ "Mac SE/30". LowEndMac.com. 19 January 1989. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Colby WalkMac SE-30 Product Specs
  31. ↑ "Colby Classmate Portable Computer". LowEndMac.com. 3 July 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Colby Classmate Portable Product Specs
  32. ↑ "Classmate Portable Computer". Chuck Colby. Colby WalkMac SE-30 Product Specs
  33. ↑ Edwards, Benj (November 23, 2012). "The unusual world of Mac prototypes". Macworld. Never reached the market
  34. ↑ "California Department of State: Division of Corporations: Dynamac Computer Products Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Delaware Corporation: DYNAMAC CORPORATION; File Number: 750817; Founded: May 1st, 1970
  35. ↑ O'Connor, Rory J. (November 24, 1986). "Apple Backs Portable Mac By Dynamac". InfoWorld News. Dynamac said its first machines, also called Dynamac, will be available for sale early next year
  36. ↑ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. January 22, 1991 Dynamac shows Laptop{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. ↑ "Dynamac and Dynamac EL". LowEndMac.com. July 3, 2016. Details, Dynamac
  38. ↑ "The Dynamac, a Macintosh clone (and first true Mac portable)". DigiBarn Computer Museum. Retrieved September 27, 2017. The following Dynamac was used by Niel MacDonald and others at Apple, and traveled all the way to Signapore once.
  39. ↑ "Apple Portable (Original) Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Introduction Date: September 20, 1989
  40. ↑ "Dynamac EL Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Dynamac EL Specs
  41. ↑ "Apple Portable (Original) Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Introduction Date: September 20, 1989
  42. ↑ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. Dynamac offers Portable Display{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. The Dynamac IIsf{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ Knight, Dan (January 14, 1991). "Dynamac IIsf and IIsf/30". LowEndMac.com. The Dynamac IIsf is a leather-cased portable with an LC motherboard and a 640 x 480 pixel, 16-gray backlit, flat-panel display. It includes a touch pad, has a battery life of three hours, and comes with 2 megabytes of RAM and a 40 megabyte hard-disk drive. The IIsf can drive Apple's 12-inch RGB and monochrome displays.
  45. ↑ Spiegelman, Lisa L. (March 30, 1987). "Developers Ready MacSE-Compatible Portables". InfoWorld Macintosh News. Intelitec Systems Corp. of Fairfax Iowa, have plans for a Macintosh SE-compatible portable computer
  46. ↑ "Apple Portable (Original) Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Introduction Date: September 20, 1989
  47. ↑ Spiegelman, Lisa L. (March 30, 1987). "Developers Ready MacSE-Compatible Portables". InfoWorld Macintosh News. MX Plus Specs
  48. ↑ "Modbook Inc. Completes Startup Financing". Online PR Media. March 12, 2012. a privately held company ... today announced that it has successfully secured private equity funding
  49. ↑ "California Secretary of State: Business Entities: Modbook Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. California Corporation: Modbook Inc.; File Number: C3438933; Founded: 2/2/2012
  50. ↑ "Modbook Online Store". Modbook Inc. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Modbook Online Store
  51. ↑ "Amazon: Modbook". Amazon.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Amazon: Modbook
  52. ↑ Modbook Inc. "Modbook Pro X — 15.4" Retina Quad-Core Mac OS X Tablet". Kickstarter.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Project Page
  53. ↑ Modbook Inc. (December 31, 2016). "Questionnaire Results". Kickstarter.com. [85.4% voted to] getting the Pro X compatible with the latest Touch Bar MacBook Pro generation and fill your Kickstarter rewards with those.
  54. ↑ "Modbook Inc. Launched Equity Crowdfunding Campaign on Wefunder and Introduced the Modbook Pro X, World's First Convertible Tablet Mac". Hawaii News Now. September 14, 2017. Introduced the Modbook Pro X, World's First Convertible Tablet Mac
  55. ↑ "Le nouveau "Modbook Pro X" transforme un MacBook Pro 15" en Mac tactile" [The new "Modbook Pro X" turns a MacBook Pro 15 "into Mac touch] (in French). Mac4Ever. September 14, 2017. The new Modbook X is based on a MacBook Pro 15 "2017 and transforms it into a tablet
  56. ↑ "Electronic Business, Volume 16, Issues 9-16". Cahners Publishing Company. 1990. founded in 1989
  57. ↑ "Outbound Laptop and Notebook". LowEndMac.com. July 3, 2016. It was announced in August 1989
  58. ↑ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. Outbound Adds Classic Support{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ↑ Lee, Yvonne (November 9, 1992). "Outbound offers network-ready PC". InfoWorld News. Outbound Systems has used its experience making Macintosh-compatible notebooks to create an Intel-based miniature computer
  60. ↑ "News - industry troubles". The computists' weekly. December 16, 1992. Outbound Systems Inc. (Boulder) is ceasing production.
  61. ↑ Lewis, Peter H. (August 14, 1990). "PERSONAL COMPUTERS; A 9-Pound Mac Clone". The New York Times. Outbound Laptop
  62. ↑ Owad, Tom (May 18, 2004). "Outbound Laptop". applefritter.com. Outbound Laptop
  63. ↑ Sinasohn, Roger (2002). "Outbound Laptop - An innovative portable Mac". Outbound Laptop
  64. ↑ Flynn, Laurie and Krohn, Nico (January 21, 1991). "Outbound, Dynamac Show Laptops". Macintosh News. Outbound Adds Classic Support{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  65. ↑ "Outbound Notebook System". Obsolete Computer Museum. Retrieved September 27, 2017. It uses camcorder batteries
  66. ↑ "Outbound Notebook" . Retrieved September 27, 2017. Product Specs
  67. ↑ "California Department of State: Division of Corporations: Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc". California Department of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. California Corporation: Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc.; File Number: C1417299; Founded: September 10th, 1987
  68. ↑ "Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc, Form 10KSB, Filing Date Apr 15, 1998". secdatabase.com. Retrieved May 14, 2018. In June 1994, Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc., a company which made Macintosh compatible workstations, filed for bankruptcy protection in San Jose, California (Case No.: 94-54123)
  69. ↑ Flynn, Laurie (February 20, 1989). "Mac II Programs Run Faster On Non-Apple Workstation". InfoWorld News. Sixty-Eight Thousand, Inc. released earlier this month a 68030-based workstation
  70. ↑ "The 68000 Dash 30fx, an Accelerated Mac IIfx". LowEndMac.com. July 5, 2016. Product Specs
  71. ↑ "Souped-up fx". Seybold Report on Desktop Publishing, Volume 05, Number 01. September 10, 1990. Archived from the original on May 23, 2006. The company has just introduced a IIfx version of the Dash 30
  72. ↑ Rimmer, Steve (September 1, 1991). "Review: Dash 30fx workstation". Moorshead Publications Ltd. (Canada). Retrieved September 27, 2017. Product/ Service Evaluation Magazine/ Journal article
  73. ↑ "SIXTY EIGHT THOUSAND INC. ANNOUNCES PRIVATE PLACEMENT". The Free Library. April 5, 1993. Press release
  74. ↑ Littlefield, Giles (May 4, 2006). "Comment 2006/05/04". Davintosh.com. there was also a machine called the 40Q, which was an overclocked quadra 950 in a very very large case. We used to sell them as an upgrade for the quadra 950
  75. ↑ "Presto PowerPC Specs". EveryMac.com. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Product Specs
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.