Portable computer

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The Compaq Portable, one of the first IBM PC compatible systems Compaq portable.jpg
The Compaq Portable, one of the first IBM PC compatible systems
A military-type mobile computer housed in a reinforced case Ordi-portable-milouf-img 0999.jpg
A military-type mobile computer housed in a reinforced case
A portable computer with three LCD screens Chassis-plans-mp3x17-fnt-obl-open-1280.jpg
A portable computer with three LCD screens
A portable computer with one 20.1-inch LCD screen, EATX motherboard Chassis-plans-mp1x20a fnt obl-1280.jpg
A portable computer with one 20.1-inch LCD screen, EATX motherboard
The MIT Suitcase Computer, MIT Digital Systems Laboratory, 1975 MIT Suitcase Computer 1975.jpg
The MIT Suitcase Computer, MIT Digital Systems Laboratory, 1975

A portable computer is a computer designed to be easily moved [1] from one place to another, as opposed to those designed to remain stationary at a single location such as desktops and workstations. These computers usually include a display and keyboard that are directly connected to the main case, all sharing a single power plug together, much like later desktop computers called all-in-ones (AIO) that integrate the system's internal components into the same case as the display. [2] In modern usage, a portable computer usually refers to a very light and compact personal computer such as a laptop, subnotebook or handheld PC, while touchscreen-based handheld ("palmtop") devices such as tablets, phablets and smartphones are called mobile devices instead.

Contents

The first commercially sold portable computer might be the 20-pound (9.1 kg) MCM/70, released 1974.[ citation needed ] The next major portables were the 50-pound (23 kg) IBM 5100 (1975), Osborne's 24-pound (11 kg) CP/M-based Osborne 1 (1981) and Compaq's 28-pound (13 kg), advertised as 100% IBM PC compatible Compaq Portable (1983). These luggable computers still required a continuous connection to an external power source; [3] this limitation was later overcome by the laptop computers. [4] [3] Laptops were followed by lighter models such as netbooks, so that in the 2000s mobile devices and by 2007 smartphones made the term "portable" rather meaningless. The 2010s introduced wearable computers such as smartwatches. [5]

Portable computers, by their nature, are generally microcomputers. [6] Larger portable computers were commonly known as 'Lunchbox' or 'Luggable' computers. They are also called 'Portable Workstations' or 'Portable PCs'. In Japan they were often called 'Bentocom'. (ベントコン, Bentokon) from "bento".[ citation needed ]

Portable computers, more narrowly defined, are distinct from desktop replacement computers in that they usually were constructed from full-specification desktop components, and often do not incorporate features associated with laptops or mobile devices. A portable computer in this usage, versus a laptop or other mobile computing device, have a standard motherboard or backplane providing plug-in slots for add-in cards. This allows mission specific cards such as test, A/D, or communication protocol (IEEE-488, 1553) to be installed. Portable computers also provide for more disk storage by using standard disk drives and provide for multiple drives.

Early history

SCAMP

In 1973, the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL\1130. [7] In 1973, APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL\1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept" and "the world's first personal computer". [8] [9] The engineering prototype is in the Smithsonian Institution. [10]

Xerox NoteTaker

Xerox NoteTaker, developed in 1976 at Xerox PARC, was a precursor to later portable computers from Osborne Computer Corporation and Compaq, though it remained a prototype and did not enter production.

IBM 5100

IBM 5100 (1975) IBM 5100 - MfK Bern.jpg
IBM 5100 (1975)

Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the first commercial IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975. The product incorporated an IBM PALM processor, 5-inch (130 mm) CRT, full function keyboard and the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians and other business problem-solvers. (IBM provided different models of the 5100 supporting only BASIC, only APL, or both selectable by a physical switch on the front panel.) [11] [12] IBM referred to its PALM processor as a microprocessor, though they used that term to mean a processor that executes microcode to implement a higher-level instruction set, rather than its conventional definition of a complete processor on a single silicon integrated circuit; the PALM processor was a large circuit board populated with over a dozen chips. In the late 1960s, such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton (0.45 t). In comparison, the IBM 5100 weighed about 53 pounds (24 kg and very portable for that time). [13]

MIT Suitcase Computer

The MIT Suitcase Computer, constructed in 1975, was the first known microprocessor-based portable computer. It was based on the Motorola 6800. Constructed in a Samsonite suitcase approximately 20 by 30 by 8 inches (510 mm × 760 mm × 200 mm) and weighing approximately 20 lb (9.1 kg), it had 4K of SRAM, a serial port to accept downloaded software and connect to a modem, a keyboard and a 40-column thermal printer taken from a cash register. Built by student David Emberson in the MIT Digital Systems Laboratory as a thesis project, it never entered production. It is currently in the collection of Dr. Hoo-Min D. Toong.[ citation needed ]

Micro Star or Small One

An early portable computer was manufactured in 1979 by GM Research, [14] a small company in Santa Monica, California. The machine which was designed and patented by James Murez. It was called the Micro Star and later the name was changed to The Small One. Although Xerox claims to have designed the first such system, the machine by Murez predated anything on the market or that had been documented in any publication at the time – hence the patent was issued. As early as 1979, the U.S. Government was contracting to purchase these machines. Other major customers included Sandia Labs, General Dynamics, BBN (featured on the cover of their annual report in 1980 as the C.A.T. system) and several dozen private individuals and companies around the world. In 1979, Adam Osborne viewed the machine along with several hundred other visitors at the first computer show that was sponsored by the IEEE Westec in Los Angeles. Later that year the machine was also shown at the first COMDEX show.

Portal R2E CCMC

R2E CCMC Portal laptop in September 1980 at the SICOB show in PARIS Micro ordinateur portable le PORTAL de R2E CCMC.jpg
R2E CCMC Portal laptop in September 1980 at the SICOB show in PARIS

The portable micro computer; the "Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the Sicob show in Paris. The Portal was a portable microcomputer designed and marketed by the studies and developments department of the French firm R2E Micral in 1980 at the request of the company CCMC specializing in payroll and accounting. The Portal was based on an intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64 KB RAM, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character screen, a floppy disk: capacity = 140 000 characters, of a thermal printer: speed = 28 characters / sec, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220 V power supply. Designed for an operating temperature of 15–35 °C (59–95 °F), it weighed 12 kilograms (26 lb) and its dimensions were 45 cm × 45 cm × 15 cm (17.7 in × 17.7 in × 5.9 in). It provided total mobility. Its operating system was Prolog. A few hundred were sold between 1980 and 1983.

Osborne 1

Osborne 1 (1981) Osborne 1 open.jpg
Osborne 1 (1981)

The first mass-produced microprocessor-based portable computer released in 1981 was the Osborne 1, developed by Osborne, which owed much to the NoteTaker's design. The company had early success with the design and went public but later due to small screen sizes and other devices being released found trouble selling the Osborne. [15] The Osborne 1 is about the size and weight of a sewing machine, and was advertised as the only computer that would fit underneath an airline seat. [16]

Kaypro

Another early portable computer released in 1982 was named the Kaypro II, although it was the company's first commercially available product. Some of the press mocked its design—one magazine described Kaypro Corporation as "producing computers packaged in tin cans". [17] Others raved about its value, as the company advertised the Kaypro II as "the $1,595 computer that sells for $1,595", [18] some noting that the included software bundle had a retail value over $1,000 by itself, and by mid-1983 the company was selling more than 10,000 units a month, briefly making it the fifth-largest computer maker in the world. It managed to correct most of the Osborne 1's deficiencies: the screen was larger and showed more characters at once, the floppy drives stored over twice as much data, the case was more attractive-looking, and it was also much better-built and more reliable.

Grid Compass

Macintosh Portable (1989) Macintosh Portable-IMG 7541.jpg
Macintosh Portable (1989)
Grid Compass (1982) GRiD Compass 1101 (1).jpg
Grid Compass (1982)

The Grid Compass ran its own operating system, GRiD-OS. Its specialized software and high price (US$8,000–10,000) meant that it was limited to specialized applications. The main buyer was the U.S. government. NASA used it on the Space Shuttle during the early 1980s, as it was powerful, lightweight, and compact. The military Special Forces also purchased the machine, as it could be used by paratroopers in combat. [19]

Post-IBM PC portables

Compaq Portable and competitors

Although Columbia Data Product's MPC 1600, "Multi Personal Computer" came out in June 1983, [20] [21] one of the first extensively IBM PC compatible computers was the Compaq Portable. Eagle Computer then came out with their offering. [22] and Corona Data Systems's PPC-400., [23] the "portable" Hyperion Computer System. [24] Both Eagle Computer and Columbia were sued by IBM for copyright infringement of its BIOS. They settled and were forced to halt production. Neither the Columbia nor the Eagle were nearly as IBM PC DOS compatible as Compaq's offerings.

Commodore SX-64

The first full-color portable computer was the Commodore SX-64 in January 1984..

Atari STacy

Originally announced in 1987, the Atari STacy was released to the public in December 1989 and was one of the first laptop-like portables. [25] [26]

Apple Macintosh Portable

Apple Inc. introduced and released the Macintosh Portable in 1989, though this device came with a battery, which added to its substantial weight. The Portable has features similar to the Atari STacy, include integrated trackball and clamshell case.

IBM PS/2 Portable

After release of IBM PC Convertible in 1986, IBM still produced classic portable computers, include released in 1989 PS/2 P70 (with upgrade in 1990 to P75), and IBM produce portables for up to release of PS/2 Note and PS/55note notebook lines.

Modern portables

In today's world of laptops, smart phones, and tablets, portable computers have evolved and are now mostly used for industrial, commercial or military applications. [27] [28] [29] [30]

Timeline

YearPriceCPU @ MHzComputer nameComment
1954 Vacuum tube: Diode gates, tube amplifiers and electrical delay lines @ 1 DYSEAC For the military, movable by truck.
1955~US$86,074(equivalent to $978,998 in 2023)Custom vacuum tube CPU @ 0.01 Monrobot V For the military, movable by truck. Used for surveying and mapmaking.
1957~US$70,500(equivalent to $764,808 in 2023) / RECOMP IITransistorized: Printed circuit cards @ ? RECOMP I CP-266For the military, movable by two men.
1959~US$1,600,000(equivalent to $16,723,288 in 2023) / MOBIDIC ACustom transistor CPU (inverter logic) @ 1 / MOBIDIC B MOBIDIC Truck-based for the military, five were built and deployed. Sylvania later offered a commercial version as the S 9400.

Clock speed is unknown but ADD instructions are documented as taking 16μs, i.e. ~62k ADD/s.

1960~US$6,900,000(equivalent to $71,064,567 in 2023) (development) [31] Modular circuit boards @ 0.448 FADAC For the military, movable by two men.
1960~US$125,600(equivalent to $1,280,616 in 2023) Standard Modular System with complementary diode-transistor logic @ 0.087 IBM 1401 Truck-based for military, [32] [33] also touring Datamobile [34] for demos.
1960~US$40,500(equivalent to $412,938 in 2023) [35] Plug-in circuit modules @ 2 [36] [37] PB 250 Portable as the control computer for commercial mobile (by van) data systems. Can operate entirely from a battery.
1961~US$500,000(equivalent to $5,097,996 in 2023)Custom transistor CPU @ 1 BASICPAC For the military, movable by truck.
1962~US$40,000(equivalent to $402,904 in 2023) Circuit modules (micromodular) [38] @ ? L-2010 For the military.
1967 Integrated circuit @ ? CDC 449For the military. [39] [40] [41]
1975US$8,975 IBM PALM processor @ 1.9 IBM 5100 Portable Computer [42] 64K = US$17,975.
1975US$4,000 Motorola 6800 @ 1MIT Suitcase Computer4K SRAM, approx. 20 lbs. Built by David Emberson in the MIT Digital Systems Laboratory as a thesis project. Currently in the collection of Dr. Hoo-Min D. Toong.
1976US$50,000 Z80? @ 1 Xerox NoteTaker
1977US$2,495 Z80 Versatile 2 [43] [44]
1978US$10,225 IBM PALM processor @ 1.9 IBM 5110 [45]
1979US$375 6502 @ 1, 1KRockwell AIM-65 20-character alphanumeric display. [43] [46] [47]
1979US$3,250Custom HP 8-bit @ 0.613 Hewlett-Packard Model 85 [48]
1980 ? PA512 Made in Serbia.
1980US$230SC43177, SC43178 TRS-80 Pocket Computer [49]
1980Intel 8085 @ 2.0 Portal R2E CCMC
1981US$1,795 Z80 @ 4.0 Osborne 1
1981US$7952× Hitachi 6301 @ 0.614 Epson HX-20 [50]
1981 Z80 compatible Husky (computer) [51]
1982 8088 @ 4.77 Columbia Data Products
1982 Z80A @ 4 Grundy NewBrain
1982 Z80 @ 2.5 Kaypro
1982US$8,000 [52] 8086 @ ? Grid Compass 1100 NASA laptop
1982 Z80 @ 4.0 Osborne Executive
1983 x86 Hyperion (computer)
1983 x86 Compaq Portable
1983US$1,09980C85 @ 2.4 TRS-80 Model 100 40 × 8 LCD
1983 Z80A, 8086, 128K Seequa Chameleon [43]
1983 Z80A @ 3.4 Sord IS-11
1983US$1,595 Z80A @ 4 Zorba
1984US$4,225 8088 @ 4.77 IBM 5155 [53]
1984 Z80 Actrix (computer)
~1984 8088 @ 4.77 Bondwell-8
1984US$995 Z80 @ 2.45 Epson PX-8 Geneva [54]
1984 6502 @ 1.02 Commodore SX-64 First portable with color display
1984US$2,895 Harris 80C86 @ 4 Data General-One First true IBM PC-compatible (mostly) laptop; CGA (640x200) monochrome LCD
1984 Z80 @ 4.0 Osborne Vixen
1984 80C88 ZP-150
1984US$595 HP-71B Calculator programmable in BASIC
1984US$2,995 Harris 80C86 @ 5.33 HP 110 80 × 16 LCD, 300-baud modem
1984 £1,965 8086 @ 4.77 Apricot Portable First portable computer with 25-line LCD. Included speech recognition, wireless keyboard, and optional wireless mouse
1985US$995 Z80 @ 4 Bondwell-2
1985 Harris 80C86 @ 5.33 HP 110 Plus 80 × 25 LCD, 1200-baud modem
1985US$1,899 Toshiba T1100 80C88 @ 4.77 Toshiba T1100 80 × 25 LCD
1986 8088 @ 4.77 IBM 5140
1986 Intel 80286 @ 8 Compaq Portable II
1986 ? LPA512
1987 Z80 Cambridge Z88
1988 Intel 8088 NEC UltraLite
1988US$2,299 [55] 68HC000 @ 8 Atari STacy
1989 Intel 8088 @ 4.9152 Atari Portfolio
1989US$2,000 Intel 80C88 @ 7 Poqet PC (Classic)
19898086 @ 9.55 Compaq LTE
1989 Motorola 68000 @ 16 Macintosh Portable
1989 Motorola 68000 @ 15 Outbound Laptop
1991 Motorola 68000 @ 8 ST BOOK [56] [57]
1991 NEC V20 @ 5.37 HP 95LX
1991US$2,300 Motorola 68000 @ 16Apple PowerBook 100
1992IBM 486SLC @ 25 IBM ThinkPad 700 The first ThinkPad
1992 Z80, 64K Amstrad NC100
1992US$4,950CY601 + CY604 @ 25 SPARCbook1 Unix with SunOS
1993Intel "Hornet" 80186 @ 7.91 HP 100LX
1993 ? AlphaSmart
1994Intel "Hornet" 80186 @ 7.91 HP 200LX
1995 Intel 80486DX4 @ 75 IBM ThinkPad Butterfly keyboard IBM ThinkPad 701c and 701Cs, famous for their "Butterfly Keyboard" which slides into place when opening the lid
1996 Intel Pentium @ 133 Panasonic Toughbook CF-25 The first Toughbook, an example of a ruggedized laptop
1997 Intel Pentium @ 150 IBM ThinkPad 380 An average late-1990s notebook
2001 SA-1110 @ 206 SIMpad
2001 Intel Mobile Pentium III-M @ 1.2 Dell Precision M40 One of the world's first mobile workstation notebooks
2002 Intel Pentium 4 @ 2.4 Alienware Area 51-M An early example of a gaming laptop: high performance desktop components in a notebook
2003Intel Pentium M @ 1.7 IBM ThinkPad R50p Notable for its ultra high resolution 2048x1536 (QXGA) display option

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM PC–compatible</span> Computers similar to the IBM PC and its derivatives

IBM PC–compatible refers to a class of computers that are technically similar to the original IBM PC from 1981 of computer giant IBM. Like the original IBM PC, they use the Intel x86 architecture and are capable of using interchangeable commodity hardware, such as expansion cards. Initially such computers were referred to as PC clones, IBM clones or IBM PC clones, but the term "IBM PC compatible" is now a historical description only, as the vast majority of microcomputers produced since the 1990s are IBM compatible. IBM itself no longer sells personal computers, having sold its division to Lenovo in 2005. "Wintel" is a similar description that is more commonly used for modern computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Desktop computer</span> Computer designed to be used at a fixed location

A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a stationary location on or near a desk due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard, disk storage ; a keyboard and mouse for input; and a monitor, speakers, and, often, a printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath, beside, or on top of a desk.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile workstation</span> Larger, bulkier laptop designed to replace a desktop

A mobile workstation, also known as a desktop replacement computer (DTR) or workstation laptop, is a personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a workstation-class desktop computer while remaining mobile. They are often larger, bulkier laptops or in some cases 2-in-1 PCs with a tablet-like form factor and interface. Because of their increased size, this class of computer usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally used in smaller portable computers and can have a relatively limited battery capacity. Some use a limited range of desktop components (DToM) to provide better performance at the expense of battery life. These are sometimes called desknotes, a blend of "desktop" and "notebook", though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general. Other names being monster notebooks or musclebooks in reference to muscle cars.

Kaypro Corporation was an American home and personal computer manufacturer based in Solana Beach in the 1980s. The company was founded by Non-Linear Systems (NLS) to compete with the popular Osborne 1 portable microcomputer. Kaypro produced a line of rugged, "luggable" CP/M-based computers sold with an extensive software bundle which supplanted its competitors and quickly became one of the top-selling personal computer lines of the early 1980s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Laptop</span> Personal computer for mobile use

A laptop computer or notebook computer, also known as a laptop or notebook, is a small, portable personal computer (PC). Laptops typically have a clamshell form factor with a flat-panel screen on the inside of the upper lid and an alphanumeric keyboard and pointing device on the inside of the lower lid. Most of the computer's internal hardware is fitted inside the lower lid enclosure under the keyboard, although many modern laptops have a built-in webcam at the top of the screen, and some even feature a touchscreen display. In most cases, unlike tablet computers which run on mobile operating systems, laptops tend to run on desktop operating systems, which were originally developed for desktop computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Osborne 1</span> Early portable microcomputer

The Osborne 1 is the first commercially successful portable computer, released on April 3, 1981 by Osborne Computer Corporation. It weighs 24.5 lb (11.1 kg), cost US$1,795, and runs the CP/M 2.2 operating system. It is powered from a wall socket, as it has no on-board battery, but it is still classed as a portable device since it can be hand-carried when the keyboard is closed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM 5100</span> Portable computer released by IBM in 1975

The IBM 5100 Portable Computer is one of the first portable computers, introduced in September 1975, six years before the IBM Personal Computer, and eight before the first successful IBM compatible portable computer, the Compaq Portable. It was the evolution of a prototype called the SCAMP that was developed at the IBM Palo Alto Scientific Center in 1973. Whether considered evolutionary from SCAMP or revolutionary, it still needed to be plugged into an electric socket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IBM 5120</span> 1980 portable business computer

The IBM 5120 Computing System is a 16-bit microcomputer developed by IBM and released in February 1980. Marketed as the desktop follow-on to the portable IBM 5110 Computing System, it featured two built-in 8-inch 1.2 MB floppy disk drives, an integrated 9-inch monochrome monitor, 32 KB RAM, plus an optional IBM 5114 stand-alone diskette unit with two additional 8-inch 1.2 MB floppy disk drives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compaq Portable series</span> Laptop manufacturer

Compaq's first computers' form factors were portable, also called "luggables", and then "lunchbox computers", and together constituted the Compaq Portable series. These computers measured approximately 16 inches (410 mm) deep, 8 inches (200 mm) tall, and approximately 20 inches (510 mm) wide. As the products evolved, laptops and notebooks were created offering a new level of portability that caused the market to explode.

The PALM is a 16-bit central processing unit (CPU) developed by IBM. It was used in the IBM 5100 Portable Computer, a predecessor of the IBM PC, and the IBM 5110 and IBM 5120 follow-on machines. It is likely PALM was also used in other IBM products as an embedded controller.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compaq Portable</span> Early portable computer

The Compaq Portable is an early portable computer which was one of the first IBM PC compatible systems. It was Compaq Computer Corporation's first product, to be followed by others in the Compaq Portable series and later Compaq Deskpro series. It was not simply an 8088-CPU computer that ran a Microsoft DOS as a PC "work-alike", but contained a reverse-engineered BIOS, and a version of MS-DOS that was so similar to IBM's PC DOS that it ran nearly all its application software. The computer was also an early variation on the idea of an "all-in-one".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compaq LTE</span> Line of laptop computers

The LTE is a line of notebook-sized laptops manufactured by Compaq Computer Corporation, introduced in 1989 and discontinued in 1997. It was the first notebook computer sold by Compaq and the first commercially successful notebook that was compatible with the IBM PC.

The Xerox NoteTaker is a portable computer developed at Xerox PARC in Palo Alto, California, in 1978. Although it did not enter production, and only around ten prototypes were built, it strongly influenced the design of the later Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subnotebook</span> Obsolete term for smaller laptops

Subnotebook, also called ultraportable, superportable, or mini notebook, is a type of laptop computer that is smaller and lighter than a typical notebook-sized laptop.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of personal computers</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of laptops</span>

The history of laptops describes the efforts, begun in the 1970s, to build small, portable personal computers that combine the components, inputs, outputs and capabilities of a desktop computer in a small chassis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Personal computer</span> Computer intended for use by an individual person

A personal computer, often referred to as a PC, is a computer designed for individual use. It is typically used for tasks such as word processing, internet browsing, email, multimedia playback, and gaming. Personal computers are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Unlike large, costly minicomputers and mainframes, time-sharing by many people at the same time is not used with personal computers. The term home computer has also been used, primarily in the late 1970s and 1980s. The advent of personal computers and the concurrent Digital Revolution have significantly affected the lives of people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">All-in-one computer</span> PC form factor with integral display

An all-in-one computer is a type of personal computer that integrates the computer components, such as the CPU, monitor, and speakers, into a single unit. It occupies a smaller footprint than a desktop computer with a tower form factor, and also uses fewer cables.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zorba (computer)</span>

The Zorba was a portable computer running the CP/M operating system manufactured in 1983 and 1984. It was originally manufactured by Telcon Industries, Inc., of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a company specialized in telecommunication equipment manufacturing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Compaq LTE 5000 series</span>

The LTE 5000 series was a series of notebook-sized laptops under the LTE line manufactured by Compaq from 1995 to 1997. The LTE 5000 series was Compaq's first laptop with Pentium processors from Intel. The line of computers were co-developed between Compaq and Inventec of Taiwan and were manufactured entirely by Inventec overseas. The LTE 5000 series was the last generation in the LTE line, Compaq replacing it with the Armada line in 1997.

References

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  30. ↑ "Scs".
  31. ↑ United States. (1969). "Field Artillery Digital Automatic Computer (FADAC) - TOTAL FADAC COSTS". Hearings Cong. 91 Sess. 1 Appropriations V. 9 1969. 9: 645. hdl:2027/mdp.35112202783561 – via HathiTrust.
  32. ↑ "IBM 1401: The Mainframe". 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012.
  33. ↑ "Columbia University Computing History: IBM 1401".
  34. ↑ "IBM 1401: Cultural Impacts". 7 March 2012. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012.
  35. ↑ Weik, Martin H. (Mar 1961). "PACKARD BELL 250". ed-thelen.org. A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems.
  36. ↑ Beck, Robert Mark (30 December 1960). "PB-250 - A High Speed Serial General Purpose Computer Using Magnetostrictive Delay Line Storage". Managing Requirements Knowledge, International Workshop On(AFIPS): 284–285, 287. doi:10.1109/afips.1960.58. The first production computer was delivered in October 1960.
  37. ↑ "The PB-250". www.cca.org.
  38. ↑ "The RCA Micromodule". Vintage Computer Chip Collectibles, Memorabilia & Jewelry. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
  39. ↑ "Across the Editor's Desk: CONTROL DATA 449 COMPUTER". Computers and Automation. 16 (11): 56. Nov 1967.
  40. ↑ Used in translocation backpack system (prototype) and as an onboard computer for Grumman planes
  41. ↑ "Control Data 449 Computer Reference Manual" (PDF). bitsavers.trailing-edge.com. Oct 1967. Retrieved 2018-12-22.
  42. ↑ "IBM 5100 computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  43. 1 2 3 "MicrocomputerChronology". Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. 090508 is2.lse.ac.uk
  44. ↑ "old-computers.com : The Museum". 090508 old-computers.com
  45. ↑ "IBM 5110 computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  46. ↑ "Weird World of Hardware". 090508 trygve.com
  47. ↑ "Rockwell AIM-65 computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  48. ↑ "Old Computers – rare, vintage, and obsolete computers". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  49. ↑ "Radio Shack TRS-80 Pocket Computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  50. ↑ "Epson HX-20 computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  51. ↑ "OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum". 090508 old-computers.com
  52. ↑ "World's first laptop. Osborne 1 GRiD Compass 1101". Archived from the original on 2017-07-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  53. ↑ "IBM 5155 portable computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  54. ↑ "Epson PX-8 computer". 090508 oldcomputers.net
  55. ↑ "Atari STacy computer".ftp.pigwa.net
  56. ↑ "Planet Irata: Atari ST Book Notebook Computer". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. 090508 geocities.com
  57. ↑ "Chips in ATARI-Computern mit TOS-Betriebssystem". 090508 xs4all.nl
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