Malassezia sympodialis

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Malassezia sympodialis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Malasseziomycetes
Order: Malasseziales
Family: Malasseziaceae
Genus: Malassezia
Species:
M. sympodialis
Binomial name
Malassezia sympodialis
Simmons & Gueho (1990) [1]

Malassezia sympodialis is a species in the genus Malassezia . [2] It is characterized by a pronounced lipophily, unilateral, percurrent or sympodial budding and an irregular, corrugated cell wall ultrastructure. [3] [4] It is one of the most common species found on the skin of healthy and diseased individuals. [5] It is considered to be part of the skin's normal human microbiota [2] [6] and begins to colonize the skin of humans shortly after birth. [7] Malassezia sympodialis, often has a symbiotic or commensal relationship with its host, but it can act as a pathogen causing a number of different skin diseases, [8] such as atopic dermatitis. [8] [9]

Contents

History

In 1846, Karl Ferdinand Eichstedt was the first to identify the association of fungi with pityriasis versicolor, a common infection associated with the genus Malassezia. [8] The name applied to the fungal agent responsible shifted multiple times over the next 150 years until the genus Pityrosporum was settled upon for the teleomorph, and Malassezia for the anamorph. [8] [9] Through the use of genetic sequencing, a number of new species have since been identified. [2] [8] [10]

Description

Malassezia sympodialis exhibits unipolar budding, [3] [5] similar to a number of other Malassezia species including M. pachydermatis . [5] The colonies achieve a size of 5 mm in diameter after a week of growth, and develop a soft texture and a round, smooth shape. [11] The individual cells are oval in shape [4] [10] [11] and 2.5-7.5 × 2.0-8.0 μm in size and acquire a yellowish appearance en masse when grown in culture at 37 °C (99 °F). [10] The optimal growth of this species occurs at 34 °C (93 °F). [10] A range of specialized growth media such as Cremophor EL and Leeming-Notman agar that incorporate fatty acids support the growth of M. sympodialis. [3] [12] However, non-specialized growth media overlaid with sterile olive oil also support the growth of this species in culture. [10] Malassezia sympodialis can be identified in the laboratory by the presence of β-glucosidase activity which causes darkening of the growth medium. [3]

Pathogenicity in humans and animals

The innate and adaptive immune systems are both important for the health of the skin. [5] There are several different types of cells, such as neutrophils, that search their environment for antigens by using pattern recognition receptors and are essential in the innate immune response. [13] Malassezia sympodialis causes atopic eczema in susceptible individuals. [2] Many of the skin diseases caused by this species occur when the barrier of the skin is breached, allowing the organism to access the damaged integument, [5] such as occurs in individuals infected with atopic eczema. [14] The M. sympodialis peptide LL-37 is found in monocyte-derived dendritic cells where it is involved in initiating a Th-2 like response. [13] The Th-2 like response is involved in the creation of IgE and is therefore important for individuals with atopic eczema. [13] There are several factors that contribute to the development of atopic eczema, including the environment and genetics. [14]

Human diseases

Malassezia sympodialis has been identified conjunction with a number of human skin disorders include pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff and atopic dermatitis. [5] There have also been reports of M. sympodialis in patients with granulomatous dermatitis. [15]

Pityriasis versicolor

Pityriasis versicolor is a skin disorder that leads to the formation of patches on the skin that are either hypo- or hyperpigemented. [5] It may be found on oilier areas of the body including the neck and trunk. [5] Besides M. sympodialis, several species of Malassezia have been identified on individuals with the disorder including, M. globosa , M. slooffiae and several others. [5] Some believe that M. globosa is responsible for the disease as it has been found in higher numbers, but this has not yet been confirmed. [5] Confirmation of the agent of disease involves microscopic examination of skin scrapings from the infected individuals for the presence of thick-walled yeast cells intermixed with broad hyphae. [5] Ointments containing fungicidal ingredients such as selenium can be applied to the affected area. [5] Oral medications are also used in some cases. [5]

Seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff

Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin disorder where inflammation and desquamation occurs in areas of the body with a high density of sebaceous glands, particularly the face and trunk. [5] The dandruff form does not result in inflammation and is restricted to the scalp. [5] Although M. sympodialis has been reported as an agent of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff, other species including M. furfur and M. globosa are more commonly associated with the disorder. [5]

Atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis occurs in individuals that have an abnormal immune reaction to allergens resulting in inflammation on the affected area of the skin. [5] This disorder is associated with M. furfur, M. restricta, M. sympodialis and a number of other species. [5]

Animal diseases

Malassezia sympodialis has been identified in high frequency on dogs that have some form of dermatitis and is found in association with other species of Malassezia. [16] This species has also been associated with otitis in cattle, cats and other animals. [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dermatitis</span> Inflammation of the skin

Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin, typically characterized by itchiness, redness and a rash. In cases of short duration, there may be small blisters, while in long-term cases the skin may become thickened. The area of skin involved can vary from small to covering the entire body. Dermatitis is often called eczema, and the difference between those terms is not standardized.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dandruff</span> Skin condition of the scalp

Dandruff is a skin condition that mainly affects the scalp. Symptoms include flaking and sometimes mild itchiness. It can result in social or self-esteem problems. A more severe form of the condition, which includes inflammation of the skin, is known as seborrhoeic dermatitis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tinea versicolor</span> Skin disease

Tinea versicolor is a condition characterized by a skin eruption on the trunk and proximal extremities. The majority of tinea versicolor is caused by the fungus Malassezia globosa, although Malassezia furfur is responsible for a small number of cases. These yeasts are normally found on the human skin and become troublesome only under certain circumstances, such as a warm and humid environment, although the exact conditions that cause initiation of the disease process are poorly understood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seborrhoeic dermatitis</span> Skin disease

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a long-term skin disorder. Symptoms include flaky, scaly, greasy, and occasionally itchy and inflamed skin. Areas of the skin rich in oil-producing glands are often affected including the scalp, face, and chest. It can result in social or self-esteem problems. In babies, when the scalp is primarily involved, it is called cradle cap. Seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp may be described in lay terms as dandruff due to the dry, flaky character of the skin. However, as dandruff may refer to any dryness or scaling of the scalp, not all dandruff is seborrhoeic dermatitis. Seborrhoeic dermatitis is sometimes inaccurately referred to as seborrhoea.

<i>Malassezia</i> Genus of fungi

Malassezia is a genus of fungi. It is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in order Malasseziales, itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes. Malassezia species are naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In occasional opportunistic infections, some species can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans. Allergy tests for these fungi are available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fungal infection</span> Disease caused by fungi to animals or humans

Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi. Different types are traditionally divided according to the part of the body affected; superficial, subcutaneous, and systemic. Superficial fungal infections include common tinea of the skin, such as tinea of the body, groin, hands, feet and beard, and yeast infections such as pityriasis versicolor. Subcutaneous types include eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis, which generally affect tissues in and beneath the skin. Systemic fungal infections are more serious and include cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Signs and symptoms range widely. There is usually a rash with superficial infection. Fungal infection within the skin or under the skin may present with a lump and skin changes. Pneumonia-like symptoms or meningitis may occur with a deeper or systemic infection.

Skin disorders are among the most common health problems in dogs, and have many causes. The condition of a dog's skin and coat is also an important indicator of its general health. Skin disorders of dogs vary from acute, self-limiting problems to chronic or long-lasting problems requiring life-time treatment. Skin disorders may be primary or secondary in nature, making diagnosis complicated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cradle cap</span> Human medical condition

Cradle cap causes crusty or oily scaly patches on a baby's scalp. The condition is not painful or itchy, but it can cause thick white or yellow scales that are not easy to remove. Cradle cap most commonly begins sometime in the first three months but can occur in later years. Similar symptoms in older children are more likely to be dandruff than cradle cap. The rash is often prominent around the ear, the eyebrows or the eyelids. It may appear in other locations as well, where it is called infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis. Cradle cap is just a special—and more benign—case of this condition. The exact cause of cradle cap is not known. Cradle cap is not spread from person to person (contagious). It is also not caused by poor hygiene. It is not an allergy, and it is not dangerous. Cradle cap often lasts a few months. In some children, the condition can last until age 2 or 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KOH test</span> Test to differentiate between skin fungi

The KOH Test for Candida albicans, also known as a potassium hydroxide preparation or KOH prep, is a quick, inexpensive fungal test to differentiate dermatophytes and Candida albicans symptoms from other skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema.

Pityriasis alba is a skin condition, a type of dermatitis, commonly seen in children and young adults as dry, fine-scaled, pale patches on the face. It is self-limiting and usually only requires use of moisturizer creams.

<i>Malassezia furfur</i> Species of fungus

Malassezia furfur is a species of yeast that is naturally found on the skin surfaces of humans and some other mammals. It is associated with a variety of dermatological conditions caused by fungal infections, notably seborrhoeic dermatitis and tinea versicolor. As an opportunistic pathogen, it has further been associated with dandruff, malassezia folliculitis, pityriasis versicolor (alba), and malassezia intertrigo, as well as catheter-related fungemia and pneumonia in patients receiving hematopoietic transplants. The fungus can also affect animals, including dogs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis-Charles Malassez</span> French anatomist and histologist

Louis-Charles Malassez was a French anatomist and histologist born in Nevers, department of Nièvre.

<i>Malassezia globosa</i> Species of fungus

Malassezia globosa is a species of yeast-like fungus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malassezia folliculitis</span> Medical condition

Malassezia folliculitis or Pityrosporum folliculitis, is a skin condition caused by infection by Malassezia yeast.

Malassezia equina is a fungus first isolated in horses, which can cause opportunistic infections in animals. Its type strain is MA146=CBS 9969. This species will not grow without any lipid supplementation. It grows slowly and forms small colonies. In the lab, colonies will not grow at temperatures of 40 °C, differing from M. sympodialis-related species, such M. dermatis and M. nana, which can grow at this temperature. Malassezia caprae cells are ovoidal.

Malassezia pachydermatis is a zoophilic yeast in the division Basidiomycota. It was first isolated in 1925 by Fred Weidman, and it was named pachydermatis after the original sample taken from an Indian rhinoceros with severe exfoliative dermatitis. Within the genus Malassezia, M. pachydermatis is most closely related to the species M. furfur. A commensal fungus, it can be found within the microflora of healthy mammals such as humans, cats and dogs, However, it is capable of acting as an opportunistic pathogen under special circumstances and has been seen to cause skin and ear infections, most often occurring in canines.

A sweat allergy is the exacerbation of atopic dermatitis associated with an elevated body temperature and resulting increases in the production of sweat. It appears as small reddish welts that become visible in response to increased temperature and resulting production of sweat. It can affect all ages. Sweating can trigger intense itching or cholinergic urticaria. The protein MGL_1304 secreted by mycobiota (fungi) present on the skin such as Malassezia globosa acts as a histamine or antigen. People can be desensitized using their own samples of sweat that have been purified that contains small amounts of the allergen. The allergy is not due to the sweat itself but instead to an allergy-producing protein secreted by bacteria found on the skin.

Malassezia arunalokei is a species of yeast-like fungus that was identified as a new to science in 2016. It has been isolated from the skin of both seborrheic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals from India. A combination of several phenotypic characteristics distinguish this species from others in genus Malassezia. These include: colony morphology ; the absence of activity from the enzyme catalase; growth at 37 °C (99 °F); and the precipitation that results when grown with the chemicals Tween 20 or Cremophor EL.

Topical antifungaldrugs are used to treat fungal infections on the skin, scalp, nails, vagina or inside the mouth. These medications come as creams, gels, lotions, ointments, powders, shampoos, tinctures and sprays. Most antifungal drugs induce fungal cell death by destroying the cell wall of the fungus. These drugs inhibit the production of ergosterol, which is a fundamental component of the fungal cell membrane and wall.

References

  1. ↑ Simmons, Robert B.; Gueho, Eveline (December 1990). "A new species of Malassezia". Mycological Research. 94 (8): 1146–1149. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81349-X.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gaitanis, G.; Magiatis, P.; Hantschke, M.; Bassukas, I. D.; Velegraki, A. (9 January 2012). "The Malassezia Genus in Skin and Systemic Diseases". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 25 (1): 106–141. doi:10.1128/CMR.00021-11. PMC   3255962 . PMID   22232373.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Howard, Dexter H. (2007). Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Dekker. ISBN   978-0824706838.
  4. 1 2 de Hoog, G. S. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi (2. ed.). Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures [u.a.] ISBN   9070351439.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Chen, Tai-an; Hill, Peter B. (February 2005). "The biology of Malassezia organisms and their ability to induce immune responses and skin disease". Veterinary Dermatology. 16 (1): 4–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2005.00424.x. PMID   15725101.
  6. ↑ Gehrmann, Ulf; Qazi, Khaleda Rahman; Johansson, Catharina; Hultenby, Kjell; Karlsson, Maria; Lundeberg, Lena; Gabrielsson, Susanne; Scheynius, Annika; Zimmer, Jacques (22 July 2011). "Nanovesicles from Malassezia sympodialis and Host Exosomes Induce Cytokine Responses – Novel Mechanisms for Host-Microbe Interactions in Atopic Eczema". PLOS ONE. 6 (7): e21480. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...621480G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021480 . PMC   3142114 . PMID   21799736.
  7. ↑ Cabanes, F.J. (2014). "Malassezia Yeasts: How Many Species Infect Humans and Animals?". PLOS Pathogens. 10 (2): e1003892. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003892 . PMC   3937305 . PMID   24586146.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Gaitanis, Georgios; Velegraki, Aristea; Mayser, Peter; Bassukas, Loannis D. (July 2013). "Skin diseases associated with Malassezia yeasts: Facts and controversies". Clinics in Dermatology. 31 (4): 455–463. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.012. PMID   23806162.
  9. 1 2 Scheynius, A; Johansson, C; Buentke, E; Zargari, A; Linder, MT (March 2002). "Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and Malassezia". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 127 (3): 161–169. doi:10.1159/000053860. PMID   11979041. S2CID   9026834.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Kurtzman, Cletus P.; Fell, Jack W. (1998). The yeasts : a taxonomic study (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 783–784. ISBN   0444813128.
  11. 1 2 Guého, E.; Midgley, G.; Guillot, J. (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID   8836432. S2CID   31791799.
  12. ↑ Kaneko, T.; Makimura, K.; Abe, M.; Shiota, R.; Nakamura, Y.; Kano, R.; Hasegawa, A.; Sugita, T.; Shibuya, S.; Watanabe, S.; Yamaguchi, H.; Abe, S.; Okamura, N. (19 September 2007). "Revised Culture-Based System for Identification of Malassezia Species". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (11): 3737–3742. doi:10.1128/JCM.01243-07. PMC   2168522 . PMID   17881545.
  13. 1 2 3 Agerberth, B.; Buentke, E.; Bergman, P.; Eshaghi, H.; Gabrielsson, S.; Gudmundsson, G. H.; Scheynius, A. (April 2006). "Malassezia sympodialis differently affects the expression of LL-37 in dendritic cells from atopic eczema patients and healthy individuals". Allergy. 61 (4): 422–430. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00952.x. PMID   16512803. S2CID   22721270.
  14. 1 2 Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter; Scheynius, Annika; Crameri, Reto (2006). "The role of Sensitization to Malassezia sympodialis in Atopic Eczema". Chemical Immunology and Allergy. 91: 98–109. doi:10.1159/000090246. ISBN   3-8055-8000-2. PMID   16354952.
  15. ↑ Desai, H.B.; Perkins, P.L.; Procop, G.W. (2011). "Granulomatous dermatitis due to Malassezia sympodialis". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 135 (9): 1085–1087. doi:10.5858/2010-0588-crr.1. PMID   21877990. ProQuest   887762913.
  16. ↑ Nardoni, S.; Mancianti, F.; Corazza, M.; Rum, A. (May 2004). "Occurrence of Malassezia species in healthy and dermatologically diseased dogs". Mycopathologia. 157 (4): 383–388. doi:10.1023/B:MYCO.0000030416.36743.dd. PMID   15281400. S2CID   42110344.
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