Malva phoenicea

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Malva phoenicea
Lavatera phoenicea1.jpg
Malva phoenicea flowers
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Malva
Species:
M. phoenicea
Binomial name
Malva phoenicea
Synonyms [1]
  • Lavatera phoenicea Vent.
  • Althaea phoenicea Kuntze , [2]
  • Lavatera coccineaDietr. ex DC [3]
  • Navaea phoeniceaWebb. & Berthel.

Malva phoenicea, often still known under the synonyms Lavatera phoenicea and Navaea phoenicea, is a large shrub of the family Malvaceae and tribe Malveae, endemic to the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands. [3] [4]

Contents

Taxonomy

In 1805 this species was described as Lavatera phoenicea by Étienne Pierre Ventenat. In 1836 Webb and Berthelot separated this plant from other Lavatera in a new, then monotypic genus Navaea , [1] named for Alonso de Nava y Grimón, (1757-1832), founder of the botanical garden in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife (Jardín de Aclimatación de la Orotava). The reason for including this species in a separate genus was the presence of nectaries in the base of each petal, which is unique in the tribe Malveae. Published studies using molecular markers (chloroplast and ITS sequences) support this separation, as phylogenetic trees show M. phoenicea in a basal position in relation to the rest of Lavatera-Malva complex, which would indicate it arrived on the islands in the distant past, when the genus Malva was just beginning to differentiate.[ citation needed ]

Distribution

M. phoenicea is very rare and it is threatened. It grows only in northern cliffs in the massifs of Anaga and Teno, on Tenerife. [5]

Ecology

This plant presents a clear bird pollination syndrome, a phenomenon shared with another 12 Macaronesian endemics (genus Musschia , Lotus , Isoplexis , Canarina , Echium and Scrophularia ). This bird pollination syndrome is pretty rare in these latitudes and seems to have independent origins according to phylogenies of each lineage. [5]

Conservation

Legally, the regional government declared the species to be a "protected plant" in 1991 and the species was listed in the 2001 Catálogo de Especies Amenazadas de Canarias, these law were superseded by the 2010 Catálogo Canario de Especies Protegidas law in which it was included in as a plant 'important to the ecosystems of the Canary Islands'. [4]

It has not been assessed by the IUCN. The species was first assessed according to the IUCN standards in 2000 with the status of 'endangered', in 2004 as 'vulnerable' and in 2008 as 'endangered' again. A Spanish government publication already identified it as endangered in 1984, as did a regional government publication in 1996. [4]

Related Research Articles

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Macaronesia is a collection of four volcanic archipelagos in the North Atlantic, off the coasts of Africa and Europe. Each archipelago is made up of a number of Atlantic oceanic islands, which are formed by seamounts on the ocean floor whose peaks have risen above the ocean's surface. The Azores and Madeira archipelagos are part of Portugal, the Canary Islands are part of Spain, and the rest are part of the island country of Cape Verde. Politically, the islands belonging to Portugal and Spain are part of the European Union. Geologically, Macaronesia is part of the African tectonic plate. Some of its islands – the Azores – are situated along the edge of that plate at the point where it abuts the Eurasian and North American plates.

<i>Malva</i> Genus of flowering plants

Malva is a genus of herbaceous annual, biennial, and perennial plants in the family Malvaceae. It is one of several closely related genera in the family to bear the common English name mallow. The genus is widespread throughout the temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Europe.

<i>Gallotia galloti</i> Species of lizard

Gallotia galloti, also known commonly as Gallot's lizard, the Tenerife lizard, and the Western Canaries lizard, is a species of wall lizard in the genus Gallotia. The species is native to the Canary Islands of Tenerife and La Palma. Unlike most larger species of its genus, G. galloti is a commonly found animal. There are four recognized subspecies.

<i>Canarina</i> Genus of flowering plants in the bellflower family Campanulaceae

Canarina is a genus of flowering plants within the family Campanulaceae. They are herbaceous perennial vines with bell-shaped flowers. The best known species is Canarina canariensis from the laurel forests of the Canary Islands which is grown as an ornamental plant. C. canariensis is one of a group of unrelated Canarian plants that appear to be adapted for bird pollination, including the members of the genera Isoplexis and Lotus. It was once thought that the original pollinators of these plants were sunbirds which had become extinct on the Canary Islands, explaining why some of these species are rare and considered endangered. However more recent work has shown that these plants are adequately pollinated by non-specialist flower visiting birds, particularly the Canary Islands chiffchaff and the Canary Island spectacled warbler, and in fact show some specific adaptations to infrequent pollination by these birds, such as extended flower lifespans, and a hexose-dominated sugar ratio of the nectar.

<i>Isoplexis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the plantain family Plantaginaceae

Isoplexis is a section of four species of flowering plants within the genus Digitalis in the plantain family Plantaginaceae. The species of section Isoplexis differ from other plants in the genus Digitalis in that their monosymmetric flowers have a distinctive large upper lip rather than large lower lip and the species are endemic to the Canary Islands and Madeira.

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<i>Malva acerifolia</i> Species of plant in the family Malvaceae

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<i>Hildegardia populifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Malva arborea</i> Species of flowering plant

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<i>Malva sylvestris</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dombeyoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants

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<i>Echium pininana</i> Species of flowering plant

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barred hogfish</span> Species of fish

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malveae</span> Tribe of flowering plants

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References

  1. 1 2 "Malva phoenicea (Vent.) Alef". African Plant Database. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques & South African National Biodiversity Institute. 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  2. Hinsley, Stewart Robert (2008). "Synonymy of Lavatera". Malvaceae Info. Stewart Robert Hinsley. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  3. 1 2 Hinsley, Stewart Robert (2003). "The Lavatera Pages: Lavatera phoenicea". Malvaceae Info. Stewart Robert Hinsley. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Navaea phoenicea (Vent.) Webb & Berthel". Proyecto Anthos (in Spanish). Real Jardín Botánico. 2 March 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
  5. 1 2 A.G. Fernández de Castro; J.C. Moreno-Saiz; J. Fuertes-Aguilar (2017). "Ornithophily for the nonspecialist: differential pollination efficiency of the Macaronesian island paleoendemic Navaea phoenicea (Malvaceae) by generalist passerines". American Journal of Botany. 104 (10): 1556–1568. doi: 10.3732/ajb.1700204 . ISSN   1537-2197. PMID   29885219.