Marcos mansions

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The term "Marcos mansions" [1] refers to at least 50 upscale residences in the Philippines of the family of 10th President Ferdinand Marcos. [2] [3] These are aside from the various overseas landholdings of the Marcos family, which are spread around the world. The Supreme Court of the Philippines considers these landholdings as part of "the ill-gotten wealth" of the Marcos family, based on the definitions set forth in Republic Act No. 1379, which had been passed in 1955. [4]

Contents

Background

The Supreme Court's interpretation of R.A. 1379 says that property acquired by a public officer or employee which is "manifestly out of proportion to his salary as such public officer and to his other lawful income" is "presumed prima facie to have been unlawfully acquired." [4] The bulk of the assets of the Marcoses, including the Marcos jewels, were treated as "ill gotten" in a 2012 decision which specified that "according to the Official Report of the Minister of Budget, the total salaries of former President Marcos as President from 1966 to 1976 was ₱60,000 a year and from 1977 to 1985, ₱100,000 a year; while that of the former First Lady, Imelda R. Marcos, as Minister of Human Settlements from June 1976 to February 22–25, 1986, was ₱75,000 a year" [4] – about $304,372. [5] The PCGG in its reports would state that the lawful tax declared income of the Marcos couple only amounted from 1960 to 1984 would only amount to PhP 8,148,289.42. [6]

Along with the Marcos jewels, their overseas landholdings, art collection, and Imelda Marcos's shoe hoard, the Marcos mansions are frequently cited to illustrate the Marcos family's wanton spending during the dictatorship. Because the estimated cost of these mansions is much more than the income recorded in Marcos’ sworn statement of assets and liabilities (SALN), the number, size, and opulence of these mansions is interpreted by the Philippine government as prima facie evidence [7] that the Marcoses plundered the Philippine economy.

Some of these properties are titled in the name of Marcos family members, but others are titled in the name of identified “Marcos cronies,” but reserved for the use of the Marcos family. [1] In some cases, several such mansions were located close together, with specific mansions meant for individual members of the family, as was the case of the Marcos mansions on Outlook Drive in Baguio. [8] Many of the Marcos mansions were sequestered by the Philippine government when the Marcoses were expelled from the country as a result of the 1986 EDSA Revolution. [2]

In 2009, Imelda Marcos filed graft charges against PCGG for "illegally confiscating" their family's assets. In question were more than 197 individual certificate of titles within the country, totaling 17,405,984 sq. meters. [9]

Locations

The Malacanang of the North The Malacanang of the North.jpg
The Malacañang of the North

Locations of houses considered "Marcos mansions" include [10] properties in Baguio, [8] in the Ilocos region where the Marcoses trace their ancestry, Leyte where Imelda Marcos's family came from, [11] and throughout the Greater Manila Area and its outskirts. [12]

Baguio properties

Among roughly 50 Marcos mansions scattered throughout the Philippines, the nine properties located in Baguio are among the most commonly covered by media reports, because of their reported opulence and because of their closeness to each other and to major tourist attractions: [2] including Mines View Park, Wright Park, and the Baguio mansion house which was constructed in the early 1900s to be the summer residence of the Philippine head of state. Four of these houses occupy roughly 5 hectares of land on Outlook Drive, just across from the mansion, and were each designated for a member of the Marcos family; the "Wigwam house compound" for Bongbong Marcos, the "Fairmont house compound for Imee Marcos, the "Hans Menzi house compound" for Irene Marcos, and a fourth house for Ferdinand Marcos's mother, Doña Josefa Edralin Marcos. [2] [8]

Located on the same road is a two-story house called the "Lualhati residence", whose title was held by Marcos crony, Jose Y. Campos, on behalf of the Marcoses. Another property, the Banaue Inn compound, is located just behind the Campos house. [2]

Metro Manila properties

Closer to the main seat of power, Marcos mansions were located in Makati, Parañaque, Manila, and San Juan. Houses were once again designated for each of the three Marcos children: a residence in Seaside subdivision, Parañaque was designated for Bongbong Marcos, [13] [2] one in Wack-Wack, Mandaluyong was designated for Imee Marcos, [2] while a house in Forbes Park, Makati, was designated for Irene Marcos. [2]

Ilocos Properties

Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Museum in Batac, Ilocos Norte Marcos Museum, Batac, Ilocos Norte, Apr 2025 (2).jpg
Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Museum in Batac, Ilocos Norte

The Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center in Batac, Ilocos Norte, was the ancestral house of the Marcos family. It has served as the mausoleum of Marcos until his burial at the Libingan ng mga Bayani in Taguig, Metro Manila. [14]

Particularly notable as well is the Malacañang of the North mansion in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, which was built by the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) in 1977, in time for Ferdinand Marcos's 60th birthday. The Sandiganbayan anti-graft court stripped the Marcoses of the property in 2014, voiding a 1978 agreement between Marcos and the then PTA, deciding that since it is a national park, the Marcos family had no legal rights over it since national parks are "inalienable public domain". [15] Bongbong Marcos objected to the decision, saying the property was owned by the family. [16]

Eastern Visayas Properties

In Tolosa, Leyte, a muti-million dollar 42-hectare seaside resort with a 17-room mansion once called "The Malacanang of the South" was constructed in 1974, in time for the Marcoses to entertain participants of the 1974 Miss Universe beauty contest, which was being held in the Philippines that year. Located in Bgy. Olot, the property boasts a 9-hole golf course designed by Jack Nicklaus, that wraps around Mt. Inapusong. The said mountain has an old Spanish fort, which currently hosts the Shrine of the Sacred Heart. [2] [17] The property was seized by the PCGG after the 1986 EDSA Revolution in 1987. Around the late 1990s the property was being rented by an American for PhP 1,000.00 / month. [18] On December 12, 2010, the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Sandiganbayan that voided the sequestration of the property by the PCGG. [19] The property was severely damaged by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. [20]

Santo Nino Shrine and Heritage Museum Sto Nino Shrine and Heritage Museum Tacloban 2.jpg
Santo Niño Shrine and Heritage Museum

In November 2023, reports came that the Olot property was being renovated by Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Jr. [21] [22]

A different mansion, in Tacloban, is noted for having been the former site of the "impoverished Quonset hut" which was Imelda Marcos's childhood home. [2] When her husband became president of the Philippines, Imelda transformed the site into a 2000 square meter mansion with a shrine to the Santo Niño and a museum, which has since been dubbed the "Santo Niño Shrine and Heritage Museum". [11] The site was less damaged by Typhoon Haiyan than the Olot mansion was, but still sustained at least PhP20 million worth of damages. The Presidential Commission on Good Government, which had sequestered the property, decided to repair the site since it had been converted to a tourist site which was a major money-earner for Leyte. [11]

Properties in other provinces

There is also what is known as the Marcos Twin Mansion built by Imelda Marcos in Bgy. Casile, Cabuyao, Laguna, on the property donated by Jose Yulo, for their 25th Wedding Anniversary. [23] Ferdinand Marcos in turn gifted Imelda with 25 gold bullions.

Ferdinand Marcos also expropriated Talaga Beach in Mariveles, Bataan for his family's exclusive use. The beach estate sequestered by the PCGG. [24] [25]

Another property in Bataan province is the 50,000 sqm Piedras Property in Bgy. Cabcabe, Mariveles which has been turned over to the Department of Agrarian Reform. [26] [27]

Use of government money for construction and maintenance

Verification by the Philippine government's Commission on Audit after the ouster of the Marcos family revealed that the construction, renovation, and maintenance of these various houses were paid for by the Philippine government through the office of the President. Maintenance and upkeep alone cost at least US$3.2 million in 1984 and US$10.5 million in 1985, all at prevailing exchange rates and not yet adjusted for inflation. [2]

According to the calculations of author Ricardo Manapat, this would have been sufficient to feed "a small town of 48,000 people," or "8,000 starving families of 6" for a year. [2]

List of current and former properties owned by the Marcos clan

Map this section's coordinates using OpenStreetMap

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PropertyAddressSizeProperty valuePersonalityDate acquiredNotesCoordinates
San Juan Residence

[28] [29]

204 Mariano Marcos Street, Maytunas, San Juan, Metro Manila 1,993 m2 (21,450 sq ft) [30] PhP 111 million (2003) [30] Ferdinand MarcosAugust 1951 [30] Acquired during Ferdinand Marcos's term as congressman. Currently used by Imee Marcos as her registered address. [31] Location was originally named Ortega Street. Joseph Estrada, during his term as mayor of San Juan, endorsed this to the city council for the renaming as Mariano Marcos Street. [32] 14°35′41.4666″N121°2′13.1208″E / 14.594851833°N 121.036978000°E / 14.594851833; 121.036978000 (San Juan Residence)
P. Guevarra House and Lot

[28] [29]

362 P. Guevarra Street corner Maude Street, Maytunas, San Juan, Metro Manila864 m2 (9,300 sq ft)Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda MarcosCurrently used by Imee Marcos as the official address of her media outfit, Creative Media and Film Society of the Philippines. 14°35′38.7486″N121°2′13.3398″E / 14.594096833°N 121.037038833°E / 14.594096833; 121.037038833 (P. Guevarra House and Lot)
C.M. Recto Mansion

[28] [29]

C. M. Recto Street corner Mariano Marcos Street, Maytunas, San Juan, Metro Manila932 m2 (10,030 sq ft)Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos 14°35′43.5408″N121°2′11.9508″E / 14.595428000°N 121.036653000°E / 14.595428000; 121.036653000 (C.M. Recto Mansion)
Pacific Plaza Penthouse

[33] [34]

34/F, Pacific Plaza Tower, 4th Avenue, West Crescent Park, Bonifacio Global City, Taguig, Metro ManilaImelda MarcosCurrent residence of Imelda Marcos 14°32′50.3766″N121°2′42.0216″E / 14.547326833°N 121.045006000°E / 14.547326833; 121.045006000 (Pacific Plaza Penthouse)
Seaside

[30]

Arias Compound and Vilmar Court, Quirino Avenue, Tambo, Parañaque 3,269 m2 (35,190 sq ft)Bongbong MarcosSeptember 1977 14°30′36″N120°59′34″E / 14.509961939836911°N 120.99270020974846°E / 14.509961939836911; 120.99270020974846 (Seaside)
IRC Mapalad Property Roxas Boulevard, Tambo, Parañaque 4,038 m2 (43,460 sq ft)PhP 278,622,000 (2012)Jose Campos Yao 14°31′22″N120°59′39″E / 14.522813645808451°N 120.9943020745396°E / 14.522813645808451; 120.9943020745396 (IRC Mapalad Property)
International School of Manila Property

[30]

Kalayaan Avenue, Makati 4.5 ha (11 acres)PhP 1.9 billion (2003) 14°33′56″N121°01′42″E / 14.565629583480597°N 121.02825105200277°E / 14.565629583480597; 121.02825105200277 (International School of Manila Property)
Wack-Wack House & LotEDSA cor. Berkeley St., Wack-Wack Village, Wack Wack-Greenhills, Mandaluyong 2,012sqmPhP 127 million (2011) [35] Imee Marcos, Tomas Manotoc [36] 1983The PCGG sold the property in 2011 for PhP 127 million. [37] 14°35′15″N121°03′21″E / 14.587631466227325°N 121.05591026945127°E / 14.587631466227325; 121.05591026945127 (Wack Wack)
Forbes Park52 McKinley Road, Forbes Park, Makati [38] Irene Marcos, Gregorio Maria Araneta II 14°32′53″N121°02′01″E / 14.548128200889433°N 121.03360269128781°E / 14.548128200889433; 121.03360269128781 (Forbes Park)
Forbes Park27 Tamarind St., Forbes Park, Makati City [39] Ferdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos, Bienvenido Tantoco Sr., Gliceria Tantoco, Dominador Santiago 14°32′53″N121°02′01″E / 14.548128200889433°N 121.03360269128781°E / 14.548128200889433; 121.03360269128781 (Forbes Park)
Dasmariñas Village Dasmariñas Village, MakatiPhP 200 million (1994) [35] Ferdinand Marcos, Jose Campos Yao
BF Homes Parañaque BF Homes Parañaque Bongbong Marcos 14°26′24″N121°01′04″E / 14.439927161330006°N 121.01785015387183°E / 14.439927161330006; 121.01785015387183 (BF Homes Parañaque)
IRC San Isidro AntipoloSan Isidro, Antipolo PhP 27.6 million (1995) [35] Ferdinand Marcos, Jose Campos YaoSold by the PCGG in 1995.
IRC Antipolo – Victoria ValleyVictoria Valley Subdivision, AntipoloP32.3 million (1996)Ferdinand Marcos, Jose Campos YaoSold by the PCGG in 1996.
Malacañang of the North

[15] [16]

Paoay, Ilocos Norte57 ha [40] Ferdinand Marcos1977Built for Ferdinand Marcos's 60th birthday by the Philippine Tourism Authority. [41] 18°07′41″N120°32′24″E / 18.12815°N 120.53992°E / 18.12815; 120.53992 (Malacañang of the North)
Currimao Property [30] Currimao, Ilocos NortePhP 1,426,710 [30] Ferdinand Marcos
Marcos House

[42]

44 Outlook Drive, BaguioFerdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos 16°24′54″N120°37′35″E / 16.41499194940543°N 120.62644105555508°E / 16.41499194940543; 120.62644105555508 (Marcos House)
Hans Menzi EstateOutlook Drive, Baguio3,875.57 m2 (41,716.3 sq ft) [43] PhP 37,245,850.00 (2012) [43] Irene MarcosThe PCGG sold the property for PhP 93 million in 2012. [44] [35] Currently, the property hosts the Outlook Steak & Grill and the Grand Sierra Pines Baguio. 16°24′55″N120°37′33″E / 16.415178187433714°N 120.62572176400255°E / 16.415178187433714; 120.62572176400255 (Hans Menzi Estate)
Wigwam Compound

[45]

Outlook Drive, Baguio1,146 ha (2,830 acres) [43] Bongbong Marcos 16°24′51″N120°37′31″E / 16.414230015974063°N 120.62537903245165°E / 16.414230015974063; 120.62537903245165 (Wigwam Compound)
Fairmont House CompoundOutlook Drive, BaguioImee Marcos
Banaue Inn Compound

[43]

Outlook Drive, Baguio2,677 m2 (28,810 sq ft) [43]
Lualhati Residence / J.Y. Campos PropertyOutlook Drive, BaguioPhP 160 million (2014) [35] Ferdinand Marcos, Jose Y. CamposThe PCGG sold property in 2014
Talaga Beach Mariveles, Bataan129.4 ha (320 acres) [9] [46] Ferdinand Marcos, Anchor Estate Inc. [9] 14°25′00″N120°29′24″E / 14.416642057470357°N 120.4900539188681°E / 14.416642057470357; 120.4900539188681 (Talaga Beach)
Marcos Twin MansionYulo Estate, Cabuyao, LagunaFerdinand Marcos, Imelda Marcos1979Built for the 25th Wedding Anniversary of Ferdinand Marcos and Imelda Romualdez. 14°12′12″N121°2′31″E / 14.20333°N 121.04194°E / 14.20333; 121.04194 (Marcos Twin Mansion)
PJI Beach [47] Mabini, Batangas
Calauit Island

[48] [49] [50] )

 Calauit Island, Palawan 3,700 ha (9,100 acres)Ferdinand Marcos, Bongbong Marcos1976 12°16′46″N119°52′56″E / 12.279393445064207°N 119.88212512725926°E / 12.279393445064207; 119.88212512725926 (Calauit Island)
Olot Estate

[51] [52] [53]

Tolosa, Leyte42 ha (100 acres) [54] Imelda Marcos1974Built by Imelda Marcos as the family's beach resort, which included a 17-room mansion, and 9-hole golf course designed by Jack Nicklaus. Sequestered in 1987 by the PCGG. In 2010 the Supreme Court ruled that the sequestration was invalid, and had the property returned to Imelda Marcos. 11°4′15.5604″N125°2′12.4218″E / 11.070989000°N 125.036783833°E / 11.070989000; 125.036783833 (Olot Estate)
Santo Niño Shrine and Heritage Museum Tacloban2,000sqm mansionImelda Marcos1981Built in 1979 to 1981 as the Marcos residence in Tacloban. 14°30′36″N120°59′34″E / 14.509961939836911°N 120.99270020974846°E / 14.509961939836911; 120.99270020974846 (Santo Niño Shrine)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Dumlao, Artemio (January 28, 2012). "Marcos mansions rotting". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ricardo., Manapat (1991). Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism. New York: Aletheia Publications. ISBN   9719128704. OCLC   28428684.
  3. ↑ Garcia, Myles (2016). Thirty Years Later... Catching Up with the Marcos-Era Crimes. ISBN   9781456626501.
  4. 1 2 3 Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, vs. Republic Of The Philippines, G.R. No. 189505 (Supreme Court of the PhilippinesApril 25, 2012),archived from the original on March 10, 2019.
  5. ↑ Buan, Lian. "SC affirms forfeiture of Imelda Marcos' 3rd jewelry set". Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  6. ↑ "PCGG Accomplishment Report 2019" (PDF). PCGG. PCGG. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Republic Act No 1379" (PDF).
  8. 1 2 3 Alegre, Ace (September 30, 2006). "Marcos Mansions in Baguio: Future Tourism Sites?". Bulatlat. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 "Imelda Marcos files graft case vs PCGG". ABS-CBN News. February 11, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  10. ↑ Henares, Larry (2014). Kiss and Bite.
  11. 1 2 3 Gabieta, Joey A. (July 18, 2015). "Imelda's ex-summer mansion gets P20M for repair". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Court orders forfeiture of Bugarin properties". GMA News Online. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
  13. ↑ Dizon, Nikko (June 11, 2003). "Marcos lots for sale: No takers | Philstar.com". The Philippine Star. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
  14. ↑ Dumlao, Artemio (September 21, 2001). "Mountain-top burial site for Marcos eyed". Philstar.com. Philippine Star. Retrieved July 29, 2025.
  15. 1 2 "Marcoses lose Paoay property". Rappler. April 23, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  16. 1 2 "Paoay property is ours – Bongbong Marcos". Rappler. January 16, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  17. ↑ "August 2011 PHI: Road Improvement and Institutional Development Project Prepared by the Department of Public Works and Highways for the Asian Development Bank" (PDF). Asian Development Bank. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  18. ↑ Sabuco, by Ulysses (May 15, 2000). "P10-B Romualdez property in Leyte decaying due to poor maintenance". Philstar.com. Philippine Star. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  19. ↑ GMANews.TV, SOPHIA DEDACE (December 13, 2010). "SC affirms return of Marcos' Leyte mansion". GMA News Online. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  20. ↑ Ramos, Marlon (November 19, 2013). "Supertyphoon 'Yolanda' destroys Imelda Marcos mansion" . Retrieved May 7, 2018.
  21. ↑ Gablieta, Joey (November 23, 2023). "Imelda's beach property in Tolosa, Leyte undergoes rehab". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  22. ↑ Meniano, Sarwell (October 3, 2023). "Imelda's beach house rehab to boost tourism in Leyte town". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  23. ↑ Requejo, Rey (January 24, 2017). "Marcos heirs can't reclaim Cabuyao mansion yet—SC". Manila Standard. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  24. ↑ Felix, Rocel (February 11, 2011). "Government set to reorganize PCGG". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  25. ↑ "Samahan ng Magsasaka at Mangingisda sa Sitio Naswe, Inc (SAMMAN), Represented by Rogelio A. Commendador vs. Tomas Tan" (PDF). Supreme Court of the Philippines (G.R. 196028). April 18, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
  26. ↑ Herrera, Christine. "The Southeast Asian Treasure Connection". tseatc.com. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  27. ↑ "PCGG Year End Report - 2016" (PDF). Presidential Commission on Good Governance. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  28. 1 2 3 "Gov't confiscates Marcos property in San Juan". ABS-CBN News. October 27, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 Burgonio, T. J. (October 28, 2011). "Seizure of Imelda Marcos' San Juan assets ordered". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dizon, Nikko (June 11, 2003). "Marcos lots for sale: No takers". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  31. ↑ "Imee Marcos Manotoc | ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database". offshoreleaks.icij.org. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  32. ↑ Pasion, Patty (February 15, 2016). "San Juan's Guia Gomez endorses Bongbong Marcos for VP". Rappler. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  33. ↑ Lamb, David (December 12, 1997). "Still a Thrilla in Manila". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  34. ↑ Tully, Shaun (January 9, 2014). "My afternoon with Imelda Marcos". Fortune. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Lustre, Philip (February 25, 2016). "Search for Marcos' wealth: Compromising with cronies". Rappler. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  36. ↑ Redmond, Ron (April 10, 1983). "Marcos grandson born in secrecy". UPI. UPI. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  37. ↑ Pazzibugan, Dona Z. (June 19, 2013). "PCGG turns over P247 million from sale of Marcos ill-gotten property". INQUIRER.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 29, 2025.
  38. ↑ "#52 MCKINLEY ROAD; FORBES PARK; MAKATI | ICIJ Offshore Leaks Database". offshoreleaks.icij.org. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  39. ↑ "Republic of the Philippines v. Bienvenido Tantoco, et al. Civil Case 0008" (PDF). Sandiganbayan. Sandiganbayan. Retrieved July 28, 2025.
  40. ↑ "Keeping Up with the Marcoses: Money, Fame and Fortune". Martial Law Museum. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  41. ↑ Arzadon, Cristina (October 12, 2012). "Bringing back the grandeur of Malacañang ti Amianan". Cebu Daily News. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
  42. ↑ Alegre, Ace (September 24, 2006). "Bulatlat - The Philippines's alternative weekly magazine". www.bulatlat.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  43. 1 2 3 4 5 Valenzuela, Lara Cerys; Cabreza, Vincent (January 29, 2012). "Marcos Baguio mansions up for auction again". INQUIRER.net. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  44. ↑ Ronda, Rainier Allan (April 26, 2012). "PCGG sells Menzi property for P93 million". Philstar.com. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  45. ↑ Polonio, Jessa Mardy (January 21, 2016). "Marcos property up for auction". Sunstar. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  46. ↑ "G.R. No. 196028". Supreme Court of the Philippines. April 18, 2016. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  47. ↑ "PCGG Year End Accomplishment Report 2016" (PDF). Presidential Commission on Good Government. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  48. ↑ Sta. Maria, E. A. (January 31, 2020). "Sold at P52.6 M! Anita Magsaysay-Ho's painting of women with baskets is auction's brightest star". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
  49. ↑ "How a Patch of the Kenyan Wild Ended up in Philippines - Owaahh". Owaahh. August 21, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
  50. ↑ "UNCTAD Conferences". unctad.org. Archived from the original on June 26, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  51. ↑ "Olot Mansion". Travel and Tour Guide | Tolosa Wonders. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  52. ↑ "THROWBACK: Miss Universe 1974 winners visit Imelda's Leyte beach house". ABS-CBN News. January 18, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  53. ↑ "G.R. No. 155832". lawphil.net. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  54. ↑ "G.R. No. 155832 : December 7, 2010 Republic Of The Philippines, Petitioner, v. Sandiganbayan (Fourth Division) and Imelda R. Marcos, Respondents. : December 2010 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions". www.chanrobles.com. Supreme Court of the Philippines. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
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