Markwarta street is located in the downtown district of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Situated in its path are two green areas and several villas built during the Polish interwar period.
The axis has long been visible on Prussian maps of Bydgoszcz, mainly as an eastbound track prolonging Frönerstraße (today's Krasińskiego Street), but was never been associated with a naming.
The first city book listing Markwarta street dates back to 1928,[1] associated with the creation of the Sielanka estate (English: Idyll), set north of Markwarta street. In the 1910s, Sielanka area plans, designed as a city-garden, were drawn by German architect Josef Stübben,[2] but due to WWI the project only took off in the 1920s, hence the appearance of Markwarta street on the maps at this time.
The street is named after Ryszard Markwart (1868-1906), a Polish priest who was a nationalist activist and head of Bromberg parish from 1899 till his death.
Main edifices
Square of Lieutenant Leszek Biały
This green area is part of the Sielanka estate urban plan developed in the 1910s by German architect Josef Stübben.[3] At the time this part of the city had not been touched by urban growth, as Gdańska or Dworcowa streets could have been at the end of the 19th century. Sielanka project included this square as a property of the Province of Posen (German: Provinz Posen) and not owned by the municipality. After the rebirth of Poland in 1918, the area was declared to be constructed, but no project was ever completed. In the 1960s, a memorial has been built up to celebrate the Millennium of the Polish State (Polish: Pomnik Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego). Designed by Polish artist Stanislaw Lejkowski on July 22, 1967,[4] the entire scheme was never achieved. In 2011, the city had even projects to demolish it, but it turned out to be too expensive.[5]
The site has been given the name Lieutenant Leszek Biały in November 2013.[6] Leszek Biały was a hero of the Home Army during the Second World War. Under the code name Jakub, he was arrested in February 1945 by members of soviet controlled Ministry of Public Security and was murdered during interrogations on March 3, 1945. In October 1956, his remains were discovered in the basement of the UB building at Nr.4.[7] A renovated stone memorial to honor Leszek Biały and his heroic comrades has been unveiled in 2013.[8]
The square and its monument c. 1975
The square from the street
The unachieved monument to the Millennium of the Polish State
The plot was purchased in 1938 by the Association of the military disabled (Polish: Związek Inwalidów Wojennych Rzeczypospolitej - ZIW) and the Association of the Blind Soldiers (Polish: Związek Ociemniałych Żołnierzy - ZOŻ) of the Republic of Poland, from a German citizen, Mr. Bohm.[9] The ground floor had a large hall and three rooms, while the upper storeys were supposed to house wounded blind soldiers and orphans children from fallen military. The opening ceremony never happened, as it was scheduled on September 3, 1939, on the first days of WII. After the war, both associations (ZIW and ZOŻ) were dissolved by the communist authorities in 1950: the edifice was transferred to the State Treasury.[9] It is still owned by the municipal council. On April 23, 1994, a commemorative plaque was placed on the building to remember its initial role.
The hospital was established on November 7, 1947 as a healthcare institution dedicated to Provincial Office of Public Security, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego or UBP:[11] initially, it consisted of a building at Nr.6 and two floors of the abutting building at Nr.4 where was located Bydgoszcz UBP at the time. In the years 1966-1967, a link was built between the Nr. 4 and 6. After the expansion of the late 1980s, the hospital had 127 beds. It provided medical care for the benefit of the Ministry of Interior employees until 1990. Since the fall of communism, it provides services to all patients without any professional restrictions. Today the facility provides medical services in the field of basic health care, such as Dental and Oral Medicine, rehabilitation, occupational medicine, laboratory diagnosis and medical imaging.
The dark past of Nr.4 as UBP building has been highlighted in 2019, by the uncovering of a memorial plaque.[12]
View from the street
Villa at 2 Kasprowicza street, corner with Markwarta street
Teodor Krüger, an engineer, was the first owner of this house. He did not live there, but at Krasińskiego Street 4.[1] Today, the villa houses the Polish Foundation for the Protection of Water Resources (Polish: Izba Gospodarcza Wodociągi Polskie).
Main highlight of the edifice is the facade on Markwarta, which bears an avant-corps supported by columns, topped by a balcony fenced with a balustrade.
View from Markwarta street
View from Kasprowicza street
Main elevation
Balcony adornment
Ludowy Park
6,42 ha
1953
The park is located between the streets Jagiellońska, Piotrowski and Markwart, on a 250 by 275 m area mainly lying in the back of the Youth Palace. It was named in memoriam of Wincenty Witos.
Ludowy Park (People's Park) was founded at the place of an ancient cemetery,[13] dating back to 1778, the oldest and largest in the city.[14] In 1838 was built a house for the administrator, with a separate room for the morgue. In 1884, a cemetery was erected and in 1898 a massive brick fence, which survived after the liquidation of the cemetery.[14] Entrance was made through two wrought iron gates to Markwart street, leading to the chapel located in the middle of the graveyard. A large square with outgoing path, like spokes, divided the cemetery into quarters. A lot of different trees were growing there: oak, chestnut, European beech, downy oak, sessile oak, oak red, locust, birch, lime, common spruce, prickly spruce and white spruce, and near the house were 10 Catalpa bignonioides.[13] In 1938, 66 species of trees and shrubs were growing in the cemetery where a majority of German tombs could be found.[13]
After Bydgoszcz's liberation in 1945, the old cemetery was closed and transferred to the Lutheran cemetery in Zaświat Street.[14] The liquidation of the ancient graveyard was carried out in 1951-1952, the last bone exhumation to Zaświat street was held in 1956.[13] Many tombstones have been destroyed during the liquidation, along with sculptures, reliefs and catacombs. It has been the case for some famous people's tombstones:
Carl and William Blumwe, owners of Factory of Machine Tools, where a copy of the sculpture of "Christ the Saviour" by Bertel Thorvaldsen was standing. This sculpture has been moved to the square by the Lutheran Church of the Savior in Bydgoszcz, it is today one of the most impressive religious monuments in the city.
Once the cemetery liquidated, a city park, named "People's Park" (Polish: Ludowy park), has been set up on the very place, using part of the remaining elements of the gone necropolis.
In 1956, a concert shell has been erected with a capacity of 5000 people. This building replaced the amphitheatre erected in 1946 in Park Casimir the Great.[15] In addition to the concert shell, three blocks of flats on the western edge of the park, and pavilions in the east were constructed. In 1974, at the southern edge of the park has been built the "Youth Palace".[14] On June 3, 1984, at the initiative of People's Party, the park has been given the name of Wincenty Witos: his bust has been realised by Witold Marciniak and funded by Bydgoszcz Voivodeship's Polish People's Party. Between the monument and the concert shell, a round pool with a gushing summer fountain has been built.[14] In 2007 have been performed renovations of parkways, concert shell and park greenery. On April 24, 2007, a black granite obelisk commemorating the existence of the old cemetery has been unveiled in the south-east corner of the park, bearing the inscription:
"In Binding Memory of the former Protestant cemetery. City of Bydgoszcz Lutheran Parish of Bydgoszcz Bydgoszcz 2007"
Since 2018, a heavy revitalisation of the park is in progress, it will end in November 2019.[16]
1914 Map of Bromberg with the Lutheran cemetery (Evang. Friedhof)
First landlord was Wawrzyniec Tabaka, an engineer, who lived at 3 Królowej Jadwigi Street (Nr.8a at the time).[1] Today, the villa houses the Provincial ambulance station (Polish: Wojewódzka Stacja Pogotowia Ratunkowego).
A large avant-corps bulges forward on the main elevation, overlooked by an eyelid dormer. The villa was renovated in 2018-2019.
Teoktysa Jeżewska, a retiree, is registered as first owner of the edifice in the early 1930s.[17] Warsaw-born engineer Stefan Ciszewski (1886-1938), founder of the company Eltra in 1923, lived there from 1934 till his death in 1938.[18]
The main feature of the villa is the canopied roof of the large avant-corps that juts out of the facade onto Markwarta street.
Wacław Milner was the owner of a mass production metal factory for bicycle, Wacław Millner or WMB, which flourished in the 1930s.[19] His plant was located at 29 Mazowiecka street.[20] He had this villa realized by the famous Bydgoszcz architect Jan Kossowski in the late 1930s. Today, the building houses kinder garden N.26, Pod Tęczowym Parasolem - transl.Under the rainbow umbrella.
The edifice looks like a heavily fragmented solid, featuring many rectangle shapes, in the windows, the wide terrace or the pergola. The garden of the villa runs around the house and displays various sizes of rectangular ceramic tiles.
View from Markwarta street
Side view
Villa at Nr.11, with Nr.9 in the backdrop
Villa at 1 Sielanka street, corner with Markwarta street
The first landlord is Mr Cacko, who did not lived in the house.[17]
The villa offers more attractive architectural details than its counterpart across Sielanka street. The modernistic body is emphasized by a large portal, flanked with two Tuscan type columns and the elevation on Markwarta street boasts a large circular avant-corps topped by a balustradeterrace.
N°20-22 has been realized by Jan Kossowski in 1937/1938, for Józef Piecek, an engineer.[21] Modern appliances featured in the flats:[22] electric bells on the ground floor, kitchen gas stoves, a shared laundry room with a boiler and a mangle as well as a sandbox in the yard for children. Some Art deco ceramic decorations have been preserved in the entrance portals.
13/13a main elevation
Main elevation of 20 Markwarta
20 Piotrowskiego facade
Kossowski's ensemble at 19-21 Piotrowskiego/20-22 Markwarta
Freedom Square in Bydgoszcz is located in Bydgoszcz, Poland, in downtown area, between Gdańska Street and the park Casimir the Great.
The District Museum Building in Bydgoszcz is an historical building in Bydgoszcz located at 4 Gdańska Street.
The Villa Wilhelm Blumwe is an historic house in central Bydgoszcz, registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List.
Jagiellońska Street is a historic street in the centre of Bydgoszcz in Poland.
Ossoliński Alley is a large dual carriageway road located in downtown Bydgoszcz.
Kopernika street is located in central Bydgoszcz. Several buildings on Kopernika Street are registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List. The street is named for Nicolaus Copernicus.
Carl and Wilhelm Blumwe were successful German entrepreneurs, industrialists and businessmen in today's Bydgoszcz from the second half of the 19th century. Their buildings and realizations are still standing today in the city.
Saint Andrew Bobola's Church is a church in downtown Bydgoszcz, Poland. It is located on Kościelecki Square. Its patron saint is the Polish Jesuit Andrew Bobola. The edifice, completed in 1903, was designed by German architect Heinrich Seeling. It was registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List on December 15, 1998.
Staszica and Paderewskiego streets are located in downtown district, in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Many of the buildings along this axis are either registered on the Kuyavian–Pomeranian Voivodeship heritage list, or part of a historical ensemble of Eclectic and Art Nouveau architecture in Bydgoszcz.
Bydgoszcz displays an abundant variety of architectures, with styles from neo-gothic, neo-baroque and neoclassicism, to Art Nouveau and modernism; hence its nickname of Little Berlin at the start of the 20th century. The notable granaries on Mill Island and along Brda river also recall a recognized timber-framed characteristics of the city in Poland.
Rudolf Kern was an important designer and builder in Bydgoszcz, at the end of the Prussian period of the city. Most his works have been realized between 1903 and 1914. His artistic style relates to Art Nouveau and Modernism.
Jan Kossowski (1898-1958) was a Polish architect and builder, mainly associated with Bydgoszcz. His professional activity spanned from the interwar period to the 1940s. His artistic style is mainly connected with Modern Architecture.
Józef Weyssenhoff Square is an open place in the downtown district of Bydgoszcz, Poland. Several of its buildings are registered on the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship Heritage List.
The Church of the Savior is a neo-Gothic Lutheran church in Bydgoszcz. Located on Savior Square along Warszawska Street, it was called Christ Church till 1945.
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Maksymiliana Piotrowskiego Street is a street of Bydgoszcz centre, in the vicinity of several city highlights. Many buildings along this path carry historical interest.
Sielanka Street is a small and twisty road, laid in the mid-1910s in downtown Bydgoszcz. It displays a series of villas, each of which is unique in its architectural concept.
Sielanka is a housing estate developed in the 1910s in the heart of downtown city Bydgoszcz, Poland. Its completion spans almost 25 years, across the political changes of the period. It was created in the spirit of garden city spirit originating from the beginning of the 20th century and refers to eclectic forms. In addition, there are many modernist villas, fashionable in the interwar period.
Heinrich Ernst Dietz, generally called Heinrich Dietz or Henryk Dietz, (1840–1901) was a Prussian rentier, member of the Bromberg city council, member of the Prussian parliament and a prominent philanthropist in the second half of the 19th century.
Ryszard Markwart, or Richard Marquardt (1868-1906) was a German-Polish catholic priest and Polish national activist who served in Magdeburg, Berlin and Bydgoszcz.
References
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Książka Adresowa Miasta Bydgoszczy: na rok 1928. Władysław Weber. 1928. p.109.
↑ Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji (2018). "Sielanka". visitbydgoszcz.pl. Bydgoskie Centrum Informacji. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Derkowska-Kostkowska, Bogna (1999). O zalozeniu Sielanki - bydgoskiego miasta ogrodu. Materialy do dziejow kultury i sztuki bydgoszczy T4. Bydgoszcz: Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji zabytków Wojewódzkiego osrodja kultury w Bydgoszczy. p.72.
1 2 3 Kaczmarczyk, Henryk (1995). 75 lat Związku Inwalidów Wojennych. Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy. pp.157–159.
↑ Jastrzębski, Włodzimierz (2011). Encyklopedia Bydgoszczy, t. 5. Medycyna. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy. p.125. ISBN978-83-926423-3-6.
1 2 3 4 Kuczma, Rajmund (1995). Zieleń w dawnej Bydgoszczy. Bydgoszcz: Instytut Wydawniczy "Świadectwo".
1 2 3 4 5 Gliwiński, Eugeniusz (1996). Kontrowersje wokół nazwy parku im. W. Witosa. Kalendarz Bydgoski. Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłośników Miasta Bydgoszczy.
↑ Wysocka, Agnieszka (2003). Działalność architektoniczna Jana Kossowskiego w Bydgoszczy w latach 1923-1939. Materiały do dziejów kultury i sztuki Bydgoszczy i regionu. Zeszyt 8. Bydgoszcz: Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji Zabytków Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Kultury w Bydgoszczy. p.93.
(in Polish)Derkowska-Kostkowska, Bogna (1999). O zalozeniu Sielanki - bydgoskiego miasta ogrodu. Materialy do dziejow kultury i sztuki bydgoszczy T4 (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji zabytków Wojewódzkiego osrodja kultury w Bydgoszczy. p.72.
(in Polish)Wysocka, Agnieszka (2003). Działalność architektoniczna Jana Kossowskiego w Bydgoszczy w latach 1923-1939. Materiały do dziejów kultury i sztuki Bydgoszczy i regionu. Zeszyt 8 (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Pracownia Dokumentacji i Popularyzacji Zabytków Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Kultury w Bydgoszczy. p.93.
(in Polish)Wysocka Agnieszka, Daria Bręczewska-Kulesza (2003). Wille na Sielance. Kronika Bydgoska Zeszyt 25 (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Towarzystwo Miłosnikow Miasta Bydgoszczy - Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p.57.
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