Marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina

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The marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina took place on October 5, 1972, in Houston, Texas, United States. Ert and Molina's marriage was called the first legal same-sex marriage in Texas and one of the first in the U.S., and their marriage license was the first granted to a same-sex couple in Texas. Ert, a drag queen, and Molina, a shipping clerk, received the license through having Ert dress in drag; the county clerk's office did not ask for their sexes and issued them a marriage license, which they used to marry one day later. At that time, homosexuality was illegal in Texas. Although it was later declared null and void by the Texas Attorney General after a long legal battle, the union made international headlines and became a media sensation. The failed lawsuit sparked Texas legislation that specifically defined marriage as between a man and a woman, which it had not yet done, and was seen as a large setback for LGBT rights in the United States.

Contents

Background

William "Billie" Ert (c. 1942–1976) was born in Toronto, Canada. He studied figure skating and dance and participated in the ballet of Ice Capades. His family later moved to Buffalo, New York, where he modeled for Amel of New York and Sears. After high school, he attended Marvell Hairdressing School and Bruno's, two beauty colleges in Toronto. In 1964 he began working part-time as a drag queen, performing as Mr. Vikki Carr mainly in straight nightclubs throughout the U.S. and Canada. [1] Although he did perform internationally, most of his shows were in Toronto, Dallas, and Houston. [2] His impersonations included the singer of the same name, Shirley Bassey, Cher, Connie Francis, Eartha Kitt, Melba Moore, and Patti Page. Ert was also a wig salesman and stylist until his marriage and was a hairstylist for actress Jayne Mansfield from 1963 to 1966. [1]

Antonio "Tony" Molina (c. 1939–1991) was formerly a football tackle at his high school in Brownsville, Texas. Molina was also a United States Navy veteran. After playing football for the University of Houston as a freshman, Molina joined the Texas Highway Patrol in 1965. He was working as a shipping clerk for U.S. Steel after his marriage. [1]

Ert and Molina began dating in 1967, after meeting in Chicago, where Ert was working as an entertainer. [1] They decided to try to get married after Ert received back his voter registration, which mistakenly identified him as female; indeed, this was one of the documents that Ert used to obtain the license. [2]

Marriage

Texas Attorney General Crawford Martin had ruled on September 14, 1972, that a marriage license could only be obtained by a man and a woman, but anyone in possession of a license could be married, in response to an attempt by two women in Austin to obtain a marriage license. Martin stated that national courts had always assumed marriage to be between opposite-sex couples. [3]

Ert and Molina obtained a license from the Wharton County Clerk Office in Wharton, 60 miles (97 km) west of Houston, on October 4, by having Ert dress as a female. Ert wore makeup, a blonde wig, and a dress, and excused his deep voice by saying he had contracted laryngitis. Both Ert and Molina produced valid paperwork, including voter registrations, Social Security cards, and drivers licenses. Deputy clerk Sandra Kalinowski did not ask for their sexes, believing the couple to be a man and a woman, and issued them a marriage license. [1]

One day later, on October 5, Ert and Molina were married at the Harmony Wedding Chapel in Houston. Located on the Gulf Freeway, Harmony Wedding Chapel was known as a hotspot for cheap, quickly-arranged marriage ceremonies. [4] The marriage was conducted in front of a few of the couple's friends by Reverend Richard Vincent, a pastor at the Metropolitan Community Church of Dallas. Molina wore a tuxedo and bow tie. According to The Nuntius , Ert wore drag, dressed in "a white miniskirt, a blouse, a woman's wig and had his face made up as a woman". [1]

Ert and Molina immediately became a media sensation. Their story made national headlines and appeared in newspapers as far away as The Netherlands and Singapore. [2] [1] Additionally, the marriage was performed during the same time that other American same-sex couples were trying to obtain marriage licenses, and sparked more same-sex couples to join the movement. [2]

Although they and several media sources declared their union to be the first same-sex marriage in the U.S., a similar marriage had taken place in 1971 in Minnesota; Ert and Molina's marriage is today recognized as the first same-sex marriage in Texas. [2] Additionally, some media claimed that Ert was transsexual, although he stated shortly after the wedding that he had no intention of going through sex reassignment surgery. [1]

Controversy

Societal response

After the wedding, Ert was fired from his job as a wig salesman, but continued to perform full-time as Mr. Vikki Carr in local nightclubs. The couple laid low until the media sensation passed, stating that they were "afraid of police harassment". [1]

While many LGBT rights activists celebrated the union, others found it distasteful. Several activists were not happy that Ert was a drag queen, and did not want their community to be represented as such, according to University at Buffalo Law Professor Michael Boucai. [2]

Clerk opposition and lawsuit

When Molina and his attorney, Richard Cross, arrived at the Wharton County clerk office to record the marriage one day after the ceremony, the Wharton County clerk office refused because both Ert and Molina were male. Wharton County Clerk Delfin Marek stated that the office did not have the authority to give marriage licenses to two people of the same sex. Molina returned to the office on October 26 to try again, but was again rejected. Molina then asked a civil court judge to require the clerk to recognize his marriage and filed a lawsuit against the clerk office. [1]

Cross defended the couple by quoting Attorney General Martin's September 14 ruling, and stated since Ert and Molina had obtained a valid marriage license, they should be allowed to wed. Additionally, Cross said the only things that would void the marriage would be if they were related or already married to someone else, neither of which were true of the couple. Cross stated his intention to take the case as high as it would go, including to the U.S. Supreme Court, before getting a ruling in Molina's favor. He also quoted Section 2.02 of the Texas Family Code, which states: [1]

[E]xcept as otherwise provided by this chapter, the validity of a marriage is not affected by any fraud, mistake, or illegality that occurred in obtaining the marriage license.

— Texas Family Code §2.02 [1]

Martin's ruling did not state what would happen if a same-sex couple was wed after obtaining a license, through deception or otherwise; thus, the situation was unprecedented and Cross dubbed it a test case. Additionally, there was no law in Texas at that time preventing same-sex marriage, [1] although homosexuality itself was illegal. [2]

The Houston Police Department threatened to arrest Ert and Molina for obtaining a license under false pretenses, although they did not follow through. [2]

Reverend Vincent stated, "We marry souls, not bodies. They met the requirements as set forth by the church; they love each other, and they had a license.... As far as I'm concerned, they are married in the eyes of God and in the eyes of Texas." [1]

Court response

Shortly after the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the related 1971 same-sex marriage case from Minnesota, [2] the Texas district court declined Cross's appeal to record the marriage on November 20. Cross then appealed to the Texas Court of Civil Appeals. [1]

On December 8, Attorney General Crawford Martin, speaking through District Attorney for the 23rd Judicial District Jack Salyer, declared the union null and void, upheld the clerk's decision to not recognize the marriage, and said it was impossible for a same-sex couple to be married. Martin added that although county clerks could not cancel marriage licenses, the marriage was still invalid; Martin said when Texas state law was enacted, legislators had intended for marriage to only be between opposite-sex couples, and that this opinion could be presumed from the appearance of questions regarding a female's maiden name on the marriage license form. Furthermore, Martin stated that since Ert had filled out parts of the document intended for a female—although he never disclosed his sex—he had engaged in false swearing and could therefore face prison time of two to five years. [1]

Cross retaliated by again stating that there was nothing in Texas law that explicitly specified a married couple must be of the opposite sex, and that "if the attorney general would read his own opinion, he would find that it didn't require one of the applicants to be a woman." [1] In response to Martin, Cross attempted to take the case to the Texas Supreme Court and prepared to take it to the U.S. Supreme Court. However, Cross's appeal was denied because it was filed too late, effectively ending the legal battle. [2]

The failed lawsuit was seen as a huge setback to LGBT rights in the U.S. [2] It also caused a firestorm among Texas legislators, at a time when there was already turmoil in the legislature as a result of the Sharpstown scandal. [3] These state legislators worked to change the language of the law to specify marriage as between "a man and a woman" instead of simply between "two persons" under 63R House Bill 103, which passed almost unanimously. [1] In June 1973, Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe signed the legislation into law, which went into effect on January 1, 1974. Thus, Martin's ruling was upheld and sealed the loophole in Texas state law and officially restricted Texas marriage to opposite-sex couples. [2]

House Bill 103 was the first anti-gay marriage law in Texas, which would be followed in 1999, 2003, 2005, and 2015. [3]

Later life

The media storm prompted the real Vikki Carr to meet Ert and Molina on CBS in Houston in November 1972, with Ert in drag. [1]

On October 15, 1973, Ert attempted suicide by firearm and was hospitalized in Houston in critical condition. A friend of Ert's said he was despondent after being deserted by Molina, who had earlier moved out of their Houston residence. [1] By the same time in 1975, Ert had recovered and went back to performing, but put on his final show on October 24 of that year at Ursula's, a lesbian bar in Houston. Ert later began treatment at the MD Anderson Cancer Center and Tumor Research Center, but later returned to Canada. He died on September 12, 1976, "following a lengthy illness", [1] as reported by The Advocate on November 6. His ailment was unrelated to his suicide attempt. [4] His final resting place is currently unknown.

Molina died in 1991 and is buried in Houston National Cemetery. [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2004.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in New York since July 24, 2011 under the Marriage Equality Act. The Act does not have a residency restriction, as some similar laws in other U.S. states do. It also allows religious organizations to decline to officiate at same-sex wedding ceremonies.

The San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings took place between February 12 and March 11, 2004, after San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom directed the city-county clerk to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. California Attorney General Bill Lockyer and a number of interest groups sued to end the practice. About 4,000 such licenses were issued before the California Supreme Court ordered a halt to the practice on March 11. On August 12, 2004, the California Supreme Court voided all of the licenses that had been issued in February and March.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Florida since January 6, 2015, as a result of a ruling in Brenner v. Scott from the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Florida. The court ruled the state's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional on August 21, 2014. The order was stayed temporarily. State attempts at extending the stay failed, with the U.S. Supreme Court denying further extension on December 19, 2014. In addition, a state court ruling in Pareto v. Ruvin allowed same-sex couples to obtain marriage licenses in Miami-Dade County on the afternoon of January 5, 2015. In another state case challenging the state's denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples, a Monroe County court in Huntsman v. Heavilin stayed enforcement of its decision pending appeal and the stay expired on January 6, 2015.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Illinois since a law signed by Governor Pat Quinn on November 20, 2013 took effect on June 1, 2014. Same-sex marriage legislation was introduced in successive sessions of the Illinois General Assembly from 2007 to 2013. It passed the Senate in February 2013, but legislators delayed a vote in the House while lobbying for votes until November 5, 2013, when the House passed an amended version of the bill by a narrow margin. The Senate quickly approved the amended bill and Governor Quinn signed it into law on November 20. The law went into effect (statewide) on June 1, 2014, with same-sex couples able to apply for marriage licenses and then marry after the mandatory one-day waiting period.

Same-sex marriage became legally recognized statewide in New Mexico through a ruling of the New Mexico Supreme Court on December 19, 2013, requiring county clerks to issue marriage licenses to all qualified couples regardless of gender. Until then, same-sex couples could only obtain marriage licenses in certain counties of the state. Eight of the 33 counties, covering 58% of the state's population, had begun issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in August and September 2013. New Mexico's marriage statute was not specific as to gender, and it was the only state lacking a state statute or constitutional provision explicitly addressing same-sex marriage. Lacking a state law or judicial ruling concerning same-sex marriage prior to December 19, 2013, policy for the issuance of marriage licenses to same-sex couples was determined at the county level at the discretion of local issuing authorities i.e., some counties recognized same-sex marriage and issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples, while others did not.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Colorado since October 7, 2014. Colorado's state constitutional ban on same-sex marriage was struck down in state district court on July 9, 2014, and by the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado on July 23, 2014. The Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals had already made similar rulings with respect to such bans in Utah on June 25 and Oklahoma on July 18, which are binding precedents on courts in Colorado. On October 6, 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the Tenth Circuit cases, and the Tenth Circuit lifted its stay. On October 7, the Colorado Supreme Court and the Tenth Circuit cleared the way for same-sex marriages to begin in Colorado.

Same-sex marriage has been legally recognized in Wyoming since October 21, 2014. The U.S. state of Wyoming had previously prohibited state recognition of same-sex marriages by statute since 1977 and had enacted a more explicit ban in 2003. An attempt to enact legislation recognizing domestic partnerships as an alternative to marriage for same-sex couples failed in 2013. On October 17, 2014, a federal district court found the state's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Its ruling took effect on October 21 when state officials notified the court that they would not appeal the decision.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Louisiana since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015. The court held that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional, invalidating Louisiana's ban on same-sex marriage. The ruling clarified conflicting court rulings on whether state officials are obligated to license same-sex marriages. Governor Bobby Jindal confirmed on June 28 that Louisiana would comply with the ruling once the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed its decision in a Louisiana case, which the Fifth Circuit did on July 1. Jindal then said the state would not comply with the ruling until the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana reversed its judgment, which it did on July 2. All parishes now issue marriage licenses in accordance with federal law.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Alabama since June 26, 2015, in accordance with the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges. Not all counties immediately complied with the ruling, copying behavior from the civil rights era when they had refused to perform interracial marriages. A year after the Supreme Court ruling, only twelve counties would either issue licenses to no one or only to opposite-sex couples. By 2017, this number had dropped to only eight counties, with all eight refusing to issue licenses to anyone. In May 2019, the Alabama Legislature passed a bill replacing the option that counties issue marriage licenses and perform marriage ceremonies with the requirement of counties to record marriage certificates. Subsequently, all counties complied and announced on August 29, 2019 that they would record marriage certificates for interracial and same-sex couples. Previously, Alabama had banned the licensing of same-sex marriages and the recognition of such marriages from other jurisdictions by executive order in 1996, by statute in 1998, and by constitutional amendment in June 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Texas</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Texas have some protections in state law but may face legal and social challenges not faced by others. Same-sex sexual activity was decriminalized in Texas in 2003 by the Lawrence v. Texas ruling, although the state legislature has not repealed its sodomy laws. On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled bans on same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.

The state of Texas, located in the south in the United States, contains a large community of LGBTQ+ citizens. More specifically, the city Austin, Texas has the third largest population of LGBTQ+ people based on the size of the city. Austin, Texas, and Texas in general, is home to several icons of the LGBTQ+ community such as Karamo Brown, co-founder of the LGBTQ+ group "Queer Eye" and Demi Lovato, a queer artist and activist. There is history of heavy violence against the LGBTQ+ community within Texas such as riots, as well as liberation and parades celebrating those within the community.

DeBoer v. Snyder is a lawsuit that was filed by April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse on January 23, 2012 in federal district court, challenging Michigan's ban on adoption by same-sex couples so they can jointly adopt their children. In August 2012, Judge Bernard A. Friedman invited the couple to amend their suit to challenge the state's ban on same-sex marriage, "the underlying issue". Following a hearing on October 16, 2013, Friedman scheduled a trial that ran from February 25 to March 7, 2014. On March 21, Judge Friedman issued his ruling overturning the ban. On March 22, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit placed a temporary hold on Judge Friedman's ruling. The appeal was argued on August 6. On November 6, the Sixth Circuit reversed Judge Friedman and upheld Michigan's ban on same-sex marriage.

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Same-sex marriage has been legal in Kentucky since the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges on June 26, 2015. The decision, which struck down Kentucky's statutory and constitutional bans on same-sex marriages, was handed down on June 26, 2015, and Governor Steve Beshear and Attorney General Jack Conway announced almost immediately that the court's order would be implemented.

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Mississippi since June 26, 2015. On November 25, 2014, U.S. District Court Judge Carlton W. Reeves of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi ruled that Mississippi's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Enforcement of his ruling was stayed pending appeal to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that the denial of marriage rights to same-sex couples is unconstitutional under the U.S. Constitution. On June 29, Attorney General Jim Hood ordered clerks to comply with the court ruling and issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. The Fifth Circuit lifted its stay on July 1, and Judge Reeves ordered an end to Mississippi's enforcement of its same-sex marriage ban. However, until July 2, 2015, several counties in Mississippi continued to refuse to issue marriage licenses, including DeSoto, Jasper, Jones, Newton, Pontotoc, Simpson and Yalobusha.

In the United States, the history of same-sex marriage dates from the early 1940s, when the first lawsuits seeking legal recognition of same-sex relationships brought the question of civil marriage rights and benefits for same-sex couples to public attention though they proved unsuccessful. However marriage wasn't a request for the LGBTQ movement until the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights in Washington (1987). The subject became increasingly prominent in U.S. politics following the 1993 Hawaii Supreme Court decision in Baehr v. Miike that suggested the possibility that the state's prohibition might be unconstitutional. That decision was met by actions at both the federal and state level to restrict marriage to male-female couples, notably the enactment at the federal level of the Defense of Marriage Act.

Kimberly Jean Davis is an American former county clerk for Rowan County, Kentucky, who gained international attention in August 2015 when she defied a U.S. federal court order to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.

Clela Ann Rorex was an American county clerk who issued the first same-sex marriage license in the United States. Serving as the Boulder County Clerk, Rorex issued a marriage license to a gay couple in 1975 after receiving approval from the District Attorney.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 "Female Impersonator Miss Billie Ert "Legally" Marries in Texas". Houston LGBT History. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 McGaughy, Lauren (November 28, 2014). "Unlikely gay marriage pioneers tied knot in Houston". Houston Chronicle. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 Williams, Daniel (October 13, 2015). "Texas' First Anti-Marriage Law". Equality Texas. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 Lomax, John Nova (December 4, 2014). "Kitschy Wedding Chapel on Gulf Fwy. Unveiled as Gay History Landmark in Drag". Swamplot. Swamplot Industries. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
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