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The Chinese classics or canonical texts are the works of Chinese literature authored prior to the establishment of the imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Prominent examples include the Four Books and Five Classics in the Neo-Confucian tradition,themselves an abridgment of the Thirteen Classics. The Chinese classics used a form of written Chinese consciously imitated by later authors,now known as Classical Chinese. A common Chinese word for "classic" literally means 'warp thread',in reference to the techniques by which works of this period were bound into volumes.
Records of the Grand Historian,also known by its Chinese name Shiji,is a monumental history of China that is the first of China's Twenty-Four Histories. The Records were written in the late 2nd century BC to early 1st century BC by the historian Sima Qian,whose father Sima Tan had begun it several decades earlier. The work covers a 2,500-year period from the age of the legendary Yellow Emperor to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in the author's own time,and describes the world as it was known to the Chinese of the Western Han dynasty.
Qu Yuan was a Chinese poet and aristocrat in the State of Chu during the Warring States period. He is known for his patriotism and contributions to classical poetry and verses,especially through the poems of the Chu Ci anthology:a volume of poems attributed to or considered to be inspired by his verse writing. Together with the Shi Jing,the Chu Ci is one of the two greatest collections of ancient Chinese verse. He is also remembered in connection to the supposed origin of the Dragon Boat Festival.
The Book of Han is a history of China finished in 111 CE,covering the Western,or Former Han dynasty from the first emperor in 206 BCE to the fall of Wang Mang in 23 CE. The work was composed by Ban Gu (32–92 CE),an Eastern Han court official,with the help of his sister Ban Zhao,continuing the work of their father,Ban Biao. They modelled their work on the Records of the Grand Historian,a cross-dynastic general history,but theirs was the first in this annals-biography form to cover a single dynasty. It is the best source,sometimes the only one,for many topics such as literature in this period. The Book of Han is also called the Book of the Former Han to distinguish it from the Book of the Later Han which covers the Eastern Han period (25–220 CE),and was composed in the fifth century by Fan Ye (398–445 CE).
The burning of books and burying of scholars was the purported burning of texts in 213 BCE and live burial of 460 Confucian scholars in 212 BCE ordered by Chinese emperor Qin Shi Huang. The events were alleged to have destroyed philosophical treatises of the Hundred Schools of Thought,with the goal of strengthening the official Qin governing philosophy of Legalism.
T'oung Pao,founded in 1890,is a Dutch journal and the oldest international journal of sinology. It is published by the publisher E. J. Brill.
Rudolf G. Wagner was a German sinologist. He was Senior Professor at the Department of Chinese Studies at the Heidelberg University and Co-Director of the Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context:Shifting Asymmetries in Cultural Flows".
Wolfgang Kubin is a German poet,essayist,sinologist and translator of literary works. He is the former director of the Institute for Oriental and Asian Studies at the University of Bonn,Germany. Kubin has frequently been a guest professor at universities in China,for instance at Beijing Foreign Studies University,but also in Madison,Wisconsin,and in Jerusalem. Since 1989,Kubin has been the editor of the journals ORIENTIERUNGEN:Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens and Minima sinica:Zeitschrift zum chinesischen Geist.
The Canon of Laws or Classic of Law is a lost legal code that has been attributed to Li Kui,a Legalist scholar and minister who lived in the State of Wei during the Warring States period of ancient China. This code has traditionally been dated to the early fourth century BCE. Still,scholars now widely consider it to be a forgery from the fifth or sixth-century CE.
Hans Henrik August Bielenstein was a Swedish sinologist and Dean Lung Professor Emeritus from Columbia University specialising in the history of the Han dynasty.
Gustaaf Schlegel was a Dutch sinologist and field naturalist.
Shusun Tong was a Chinese politician and writer who served the Qin and Western Han courts. He is known for organization of the first court worship for the Emperor Gaozu of Han,as well as for the custody over the young crown prince Ying,the future Emperor Hui. His biography is presented in Chapter 99 of Shiji and Chapter 19 of the Book of Han. According to Martin Kern,he is the best-documented among the Qin "erudites". After leaving the Qin court,he joined the services of Xiang Liang,Emperor Yi of Chu and Xiang Yu,before surrendering to Liu Bang when the Han armies took Pengcheng in 205 BC. In 195 BC,before his death,Liu Bang thought of changing his crown prince from Liu Ying to Liu Ruyi,son of Consort Qi;Shusun was one of the officials who advised against the change.
Wolfhart P. Heinrichs was a German-born scholar of Arabic. He was James Richard Jewett Professor of Arabic at Harvard University,and a co-editor of the second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam. He taught Classical Arabic language and literature,particularly Arabic literary theory and criticism.
Wilt L. Idema is a Dutch scholar and Sinologist who taught at University of Leiden and Harvard University (2000–13),presently emeritus at both universities. He specializes in Chinese literature,with interests in early Chinese drama,Chinese women's literature of the premodern period,Chinese popular narrative ballads,and early development of Chinese vernacular fiction.
Liu Wu (刘武),posthumously named Prince Xiao of Liang,was a Han prince. He was a son of Emperor Wen and Empress Xiaowen,and a younger brother of Emperor Jing. He played a prominent role in the suppression of the Rebellion of the Seven Princes. He was also responsible for the assassination of the minister Yuan Ang.
Wén and wǔ are a conceptual pair in Chinese philosophy and political culture describing opposition and complementarity of civil and military realms of government. Differentiation between wen and wu was engaged in discussions on criminal punishment,administrative control,creation and reproduction of social order,education and moral transformation.
Ken-ichi Takashima is,according to the editors of the Thesaurus Linguae Sinicae,"the world's leading authority on Shang dynasty oracle bone inscriptions".
Anthony François Paulus Hulsewé was a Dutch Sinologist and scholar best known for his studies of ancient Chinese law,particularly that of the Han dynasty.
Chen Zhi is a Chinese scholar and researcher in classical Chinese Studies,the Provost of Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College (UIC) and Director of the Jao Tsung-I Academy of Sinology (JAS) at Hong Kong Baptist University.
Tian Yuan Tan is a Singaporean scholar of Chinese literature. Since 2019,he has served as Shaw Professor of Chinese at the University of Oxford and a Professorial Fellow of University College. Prior to his appointment at Oxford,he was Professor of Chinese Studies at SOAS,University of London.
References
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- 1 2 3 4 "Martin Kern". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation . 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2024.
- 1 2 "Martin Kern". Princeton University . Retrieved July 13, 2024.