Menggala

Last updated
Menggala
Subdistrict/Town
Menggala Tulang Bawang.jpg
Streets of Menggala
Lampung Regencies Map.svg
Red pog.svg
Menggala
Location of Menggala in Lampung
Coordinates: 4°28′30″S105°14′29″E / 4.47500°S 105.24139°E / -4.47500; 105.24139
Country Indonesia
Province Lampung
Regency Tulang Bawang Regency
Area
  Total344 km2 (133 sq mi)
Population
 (mid 2022 estimate)
  Total51,574
Time zone UTC+7 (WIB)
Postcode
34611-34614
Area code +62 726

Menggala is a subdistrict and a town in Tulang Bawang Regency, at the southeastern portion of Sumatra. It is the seat of the regency, with a population of about 51,574 in mid 2022. Menggala administratively covers an area of 344 square kilometers. The town's current administrative situation, as a kecamatan or a district of the Lampung province, was established in 1946. It is about 100 km away from the city of Bandar Lampung.

Contents

Menggala is one of the oldest towns in the province, with records dating back to the fifth century. Sitting on the right bank of the Tulang Bawang River, one of the primary rivers in Lampung, Menggala was for a long time an important port for the region until the nineteenth century when it was eclipsed by Telukbetung. Before and during the colonial era, the town served as an entrepôt for the pepper trade.

Geography

Menggala is located on the right bank (south side) of the Tulang Bawang River, around 200 kilometers from its mouth and 97 km away from the provincial capital at Bandar Lampung. [1] The Menggala District covers an area of 344 square kilometers and is administratively further divided into nine villages. [2]

Climate

As with the rest of Indonesia, Menggala has a tropical climate classified as Af in the Köppen climate classification with an average temperature of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F) and precipitation of 2653 mm annually. [3]

Climate data for Menggala, Indonesia
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)29.2
(84.6)
29.9
(85.8)
30.4
(86.7)
30.8
(87.4)
30.7
(87.3)
30.4
(86.7)
30
(86)
30.1
(86.2)
30.2
(86.4)
30.7
(87.3)
30.6
(87.1)
29.9
(85.8)
30.2
(86.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)21.1
(70.0)
21
(70)
21.3
(70.3)
21.4
(70.5)
21.2
(70.2)
20.7
(69.3)
20.5
(68.9)
20.5
(68.9)
20.8
(69.4)
21.1
(70.0)
21.3
(70.3)
21.3
(70.3)
21.0
(69.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)236
(9.3)
237
(9.3)
228
(9.0)
213
(8.4)
169
(6.7)
133
(5.2)
140
(5.5)
201
(7.9)
227
(8.9)
328
(12.9)
271
(10.7)
270
(10.6)
2,653
(104.4)
Source: climate-data.org [3]

History

Menggala is one of the oldest settlements in Lampung. [4] A polity in the territory that today constitutes Tulang Bawang Regency has been recorded in Chinese sources as early as the fifth century, when a location referred to as Pohuang (Dolang Pohuang in some sources) sent seven missions there. [5] :209 The Buddhist monk Yijing took note of the region during his voyage and time in Palembang at the coast. [6] As with most of southern Sumatra, Menggala was under Srivijayan influence during the empire's peak. [5] :296

Tome Pires was one of the first Europeans to take record of the area, and recorded Tulang Bawang in his Suma Oriental as part of the land of Sekampung, mentioning its trade with Sunda. [7] Despite a lack of decisive physical evidence, the center of Tulang Bawang was estimated to be about 20 km away from modern Menggala by Dutch historian J.W. Naarding. [6]

Minak Ngegulung's tomb in Menggala Makam Minak Ngegulung Sakti.jpg
Minak Ngegulung's tomb in Menggala

According to local folklore, Menggala had been a trading center upstream the Tulang Bawang River for merchants coming from various regions in the Maritime Silk Road such as Canton, Gujarat and Persia, with a tale recording an incident when a hostile Chinese fleet was destroyed by the local armies. Menak Ngegulung Sakti and Menak Sengaji, the two commanders, became folk heroes. [6]

As Islam spread across Nusantara, the area remained an important center of trade, and later traded also with the Banten Sultanate which took control of it around 1530. Pepper was produced in the area, which drew the spice-seeking VOC. The Dutch newcomers established a fortress in the area around 1668, making their first foothold in what is today Lampung. [6] [8] These powers, in addition to that of the Palembang Sultanate had significant influences in the region. [9]

Menggala (top center, slightly to the right) in Lampung Residency. Lampung Residency 1916.jpg
Menggala (top center, slightly to the right) in Lampung Residency.

Following the annexation of Lampung by Herman Willem Daendels in 1808, Menggala remained a busy inland trading port, with a shipping company being established there. [6] [8] Hajj from Palembang would act as middlemen in the pepper trade, trading in both local produce and imported merchandise through mainly sailing ships and native sailboats. The pepper would then be shipped abroad or moved to Telukbetung (today Bandar Lampung) first. This trading activity gave Menggala a nickname Paris van Lampung. [4] However, following the construction of a railroad in which Telukbetung acted as its southern terminus, Menggala's importance diminished. By the early twentieth century, Menggala was described as being a ghost town, although it had a population of 14,000 by 1930 (8 of which are Europeans) compared to 8,976 in 1912. [10] [11] [12] Menggala's Great Mosque of Kibang, the oldest mosque in Lampung, was rebuilt in 1830 following its demolishing due to a redesign of the town. As part of the Lampung Residency, Menggala was made a capital of Tulang Bawang Afdeeling in 1857. [6] [13] [2]

During the Second World War, the Imperial Japanese Army took over the town as part of the larger campaign in Sumatra which involved an invasion of oil-rich Palembang. [14] Following the independence of Indonesia, Menggala became capital of Tulang Bawang although its initial clan-based (marga) administration remained until 1952 when it was replaced by a more secular administration, titled kepala negeri. The modern position of Camat/subdistrict chief was put into place in 1972. [2]

Demographics

Religions in Menggala according to Statistics Indonesia [2]
Islam
93.98%
Hinduism
3.40%
Christian
2.14%
Buddhism
0.48%

According to Statistics Indonesia estimates, the subdistrict has a population of 49,767 in 12,568 households with a sex ratio of 101.1 and an overall population density of 144.7/km2. Islam is the majority religion comprising 93.9% of the population, followed by Hinduism at about 3.4%.

The population is administered by the following villages (desa/kelurahan):

VillagePopulationArea
Bujung Tenuk3,26026.76
Astra Ksetra2,32711.82
Ujung Gunung Ilir4,75611.07
Menggala Selatan10,24351.79
Ujung Gunung9,35395.43
Menggala Tengah6,36765.08
Menggala Kota7,06544.76
Kagungan Rahayu4,06712.47
Tiuh Tohou2,32924.81

Economy and facilities

Historically, Menggala has served as a center of trade for agricultural products, allowing their shipping down the Tulang Bawang River. Today, Menggala is connected by the eastern part of the Trans-Sumatran Highway, and is in the route of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road - which opened its Menggala exit in June 2019. [15] [16]

Important agricultural commodities include palm oil, natural rubber, cassava, coffee, pepper and sugarcane. Menggala is home to sugar refineries [17] and a rubber processing plant established in 2013 with a capacity of 72,000 tons annually. [18]

PLN is largely present and serves 92.3% of the households, with 14 non-electrified households. A single public regional hospital (RSUD) is also present. Throughout the subdistrict, there are 8 high schools, 11 middle schools and 22 elementary schools. [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Palembang</span> City and capital of South Sumatra, Indonesia

Palembang is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers 352.51 square kilometres on both banks of the Musi River in the eastern lowlands of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 1,772,492. Palembang is the second most populous city in Sumatra, after Medan, and the twelfth most populous city in Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Sumatra</span> Province of Indonesia

South Sumatra is a province of Indonesia, located in the southeast of the island of Sumatra. The capital and largest city of the province is the city of Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north, Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south, as well a maritime border with the Bangka Belitung Islands to the east. It is the largest province in the island of Sumatra, and it is slightly smaller than Portugal, the department of Boquerón in Paraguay or the U.S. state of Maine. The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka, which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province. The province has an area of 91,592.43 km2 (35,364 sq mi) and had a population of 8,467,432 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid-2023 was 8,743,522. The province is rich in natural resources, such as petroleum, natural gas and coal. The province is inhabited by many different malay sub ethnic groups, with Palembangese being largest ethnic group. Most speak the Palembang language, which is mutually intelligible to both Indonesian and local Palembang Malay. Other ethnic groups include the Javanese, Sundanese, Minangkabau and Chinese. Most are concentrated in urban areas and are largely immigrants from other parts of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lampung</span> Province of Indonesia

Lampung, officially the Province of Lampung, is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southern tip of the island of Sumatra. It has a short border with the province of Bengkulu to the northwest, and a longer border with the province of South Sumatra to the north, as well a maritime border with the province of Banten and Jakarta to the east. It is the original home of the Lampung people, who speak their own language, and possess their own written script. Its capital is Bandar Lampung.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bandar Lampung</span> City and capital of Lampung, Indonesia

Bandar Lampung is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Lampung. Located on the southern tip of Sumatra, Bandar Lampung was originally called Tanjungkarang–Telukbetung, since it was a unification of two major settlements in Lampung, before being renamed in 1983.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trans-Sumatra Highway</span> Major road in Indonesia

The Trans-Sumatra Highway is a primary north–south road in the Indonesian island of Sumatra, 2,508.5 km in length, and connecting the northern island at Banda Aceh to Bandar Lampung in the south, running through many major cities, traversing Medan, Pekanbaru, Jambi, and Palembang along the way. Upgrade work is expected to begin in March 2013 transforming it into a full-fledged highway, including land acquisition.

In Indonesia, village or subdistrict is the fourth-level subdivision and the smallest administrative division of Indonesia below a district, regency/city, and province. Similar administrative divisions outside of Indonesia include barangays in the Philippines, Muban in Thailand, civil townships and incorporated municipalities in the United States and Canada, communes in France and Vietnam, dehestan in Iran, hromada in Ukraine, Gemeinden in Germany, comuni in Italy, or municipios in Spain. The UK equivalent are civil parishes in England and communities in Wales. There are a number of names and types for villages in Indonesia, with desa being the most frequently used for regencies, and kelurahan for cities or for those communities within regencies which have town characteristics. According to the 2019 report by the Ministry of Home Affairs, there are 8,488 urban villages and 74,953 rural villages in Indonesia. North Aceh Regency contained the highest number of rural villages (852) amongst all of the regencies of Indonesia, followed by Pidie Regency with 730 rural villages and Bireuen Regency with 609 rural villages. Prabumulih, with only 12 rural villages, contained the fewest. Counted together, the sixteen regencies of Indonesia containing the most rural villages—namely, North Aceh (852), Pidie (730), Bireuen (609), Aceh Besar (604), Tolikara (541), East Aceh (513), Yahukimo (510), Purworejo (469), Lamongan (462), South Nias (459), Kebumen (449), Garut (421), Bojonegoro (419), Bogor (416), Cirebon (412), and Pati (401)—contain one-third of all the rural villages in Indonesia. Five of these are located in Aceh, two in Highland Papua, three in Central Java, two in East Java, three in West Java, and one in North Sumatra. An average number of rural villages in the regencies and 15 cities of Indonesia is 172 villages. A village is the lowest administrative division in Indonesia, and it is the lowest of the four levels. The average land area of villages in Indonesia is about 25.41 km2 (9.81 sq mi), while its average population is about 3,723 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sunda Kelapa</span> Port in Indonesia

Sunda Kelapa is the old port of Jakarta, located on the estuary of the Ciliwung River. "Sunda Kalapa" is the original name, and it was the main port of the Sunda Kingdom. The port is situated in Penjaringan District, of North Jakarta, Indonesia. Today the old port only accommodates pinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship providing inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Although it is now only a minor port, Jakarta has its origins in Sunda Kelapa and it played a significant role in the city's development. The port is currently operated by the state-owned Indonesia Port Corporations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kodam II/Sriwijaya</span> Indonesian army military region command

Military Region Command II/Sriwijaya is an Indonesian Army Regional Military Command that covers the provinces of Bengkulu, Jambi, South Sumatra, Bangka-Belitung Islands and Lampung.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Lampung Regency</span> Regency in Lampung, Indonesia

North Lampung Regency is an inland regency (kabupaten) of Lampung Province, Sumatra, in Indonesia. As originally created, it covered a much larger share of the land area of Lampung Province, but on 16 August 1991 its western districts were split off to create a new West Lampung Regency ; on 3 January 1997 its north-eastern districts were split off to create a new Tulang Bawang Regency ; and on 20 April 1999 its north-western districts were split off to create a new Way Kanan Regency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulang Bawang Regency</span> Regency in Lampung, Indonesia

Tulang Bawang Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. The regency was created on 3 January 1997 from the eastern half of North Lampung Regency; when created, it originally covered a much wider area, but on 29 October 2008 the seven northern districts were separated off to form a new Mesuji Regency, and the eight western districts were also separated off to form a new West Tulang Bawang Regency. It now has an area of 3,466.32 square kilometres (1,338.35 sq mi) and had a population of 397,906 at the 2010 Census and 430,021 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 433,570. The regency seat is the town of Menggala, located about 120 kilometres (75 mi) from the provincial capital of Bandar Lampung. The regency takes its name from the Tulang Bawang River which flows through the province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Tulang Bawang Regency</span> Regency in Lampung, Indonesia

West Tulang Bawang Regency is a regency (kabupaten) of Lampung Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. It was created on 29 October 2008 from what were formerly the western districts of Tulang Bawang Regency. It has an area of 1,201.15 km2 and had a population of 250,707 people at the 2010 Census and 286,162 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 295,481. The regency seat is the town of Panaragan Jaya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lampung people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

The Lampung or Lampungese are an indigenous ethnic group native to Lampung and some parts of South Sumatra, Bengkulu, as well as in the southwest coast of Banten. They speak the Lampung language, a Lampungic language estimated to have 1.5 million speakers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulang Bawang River</span> River in Lampung, Indonesia

The Tulang Bawang River is a river which mostly flows in Lampung, Indonesia. The river lends its name to the Tulang Bawang Regency, where it reaches the Java Sea and the West Tulang Bawang Regency. It also flows across the capital of the regency at Menggala.

Mahmud Badaruddin I, also known as Jayo Wikramo, was the fourth regent of the Palembang Sultanate in Palembang, South Sumatra. Mahmud Badaruddin I reigned the Palembang Sultanate between 1724 and 1757.

This is a list of emblems or coat of arms used in Indonesia. Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, and each province is divided into regencies (kabupaten) and cities (kota). There are 416 regencies and 98 cities. Each province, regency, and city has its own emblem.

Banjar Agung is a district (kecamatan) located in the Tulang Bawang Regency of Lampung Province in Sumatra, Indonesia.

Banjar Baru is a district (kecamatan) located in the Tulang Bawang Regency of Lampung Province in Sumatra, Indonesia.

East Menggala is a district located in the Tulang Bawang Regency of Lampung in Sumatra, Indonesia.

References

  1. "Kota Tua Menggala" (in Indonesian). NewsLampungTerkini. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Menggala Subdistrict in Numbers 2017" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia . Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  3. 1 2 "Climate: Menggala". climate-data.org.
  4. 1 2 Sari, Dian Apita. "Menggala, Tiuh Tohow Bergaya Retro" (in Indonesian). Malahayati University. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  5. 1 2 Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   9781317279044.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Setiawan, Irvan (4 November 2016). "Tinggalan Sejarah di Tulang Bawang" (in Indonesian). Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  7. Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco (1944). The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515. London : The Hakluyt Society. p.  157.
  8. 1 2 Cribb, R. B.; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. ISBN   9780810849358.
  9. Marsden, William (2012). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants. Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN   9781108050487.
  10. Dick, Howard W. (2002). The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN   9780824825522.
  11. Fernando, M. R.; Bulbeck, David (1992). Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN   9789813016217.
  12. Departemen Transmigrasi Indonesia; Centre national de la recherche scientifique (1993). Migrations spontanées en Indonésie. IRD Editions. ISBN   9782709911467.
  13. A manual of Netherlands India (Dutch East Indies). London, H. M. Stationery Off., printed by Frederick Hall at the University Press, Oxford. 1920. p. 164.
  14. "The Japanese Invasion of Sumatra Island" . Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  15. "TERBANGGI BESAR – PEMATANG PANGGANG – TOLL ROAD, PART OF THE 8 TRANS SUMATERA". Committee for Acceleration of Priority Infrastructure Delivery. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  16. Aron, Hans Henricus BS (1 June 2019). "Perlancar Arus Mudik di Tol Trans Sumatera, GT Menggala Dibuka". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  17. Kusworo, Ahmad (2014). Pursuing Livelihoods, Imagining Development: Smallholders in Highland Lampung, Indonesia. ANU E Press. ISBN   9781925021486.
  18. Zulkarnain, Endra (27 June 2013). "Pabrik Karet PT Menggala Berseri Diresmikan". TribunLampung (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 October 2017.