Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo,often referred to as PGMA or GMA,is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. She is the longest-serving president since Ferdinand Marcos. Before her presidency,she was the 10th vice president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 under President Joseph Estrada,becoming the first female vice president. She was also a senator from 1992 to 1998. After her presidency,she was elected as the representative of Pampanga's 2nd district in 2010 and continues to serve in this role. She also served as the speaker of the House from 2018 to 2019,and as deputy speaker from 2016 to 2017 and 2022 to 2023. Alongside former president Sergio Osmeña,she is one of only two Filipinos to hold at least three of the four highest offices:vice president,president,and house speaker.
The Senate of the Philippines is the upper house of Congress,the bicameral legislature of the Philippines,with the House of Representatives as the lower house. The Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large under a plurality-at-large voting system.
Jovito Reyes Salonga,KGCR also called "Ka Jovy," was a Filipino politician and lawyer,as well as a leading opposition leader during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos from the declaration of martial law in 1972 until the People Power Revolution in 1986,which removed Marcos from power. Salonga was the 14th president of the Senate of the Philippines,serving from 1987 to 1992.
The Second EDSA Revolution,also known as the Second People Power Revolution,EDSA 2001,or EDSA II,was a political protest from January 17–20,2001 which peacefully overthrew the government of Joseph Estrada,the thirteenth president of the Philippines. Following allegations of corruption against Estrada and his subsequent investigation by Congress,impeachment proceedings against the president were opened on January 16. The decision by several senators not to examine a letter which would purportedly prove Estrada's guilt sparked large protests at the EDSA Shrine in Metro Manila,and calls for Estrada's resignation intensified in the following days,with the Armed Forces withdrawing their support for the president on January 19. On January 20 Estrada resigned and fled Malacañang Palace with his family. He was succeeded by Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,who had been sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. several hours earlier.
The Commission on Elections,abbreviated as COMELEC,is one of the three constitutional commissions of the Philippines. Its principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the Philippines.
Impeachment in the Philippines is an expressed power of the Congress of the Philippines to formally charge a serving government official with an impeachable offense. After being impeached by the House of Representatives,the official is then tried in the Senate. If convicted,the official is either removed from office or censured.
This article covers the history of the current Philippine republican state following the 1986 People Power Revolution,known as the Fifth Philippine Republic.
Francis Joseph "Chiz" Guevara Escudero is a Filipino politician and lawyer who has served as the 25th President of the Senate of the Philippines since May 20,2024. Escudero has served as a Senator since 2022,and previously from 2007 to 2019. He recently served as governor of Sorsogon from 2019 to 2022,and was the representative for Sorsogon's 1st district from 1998 to 2007,as well as House Minority Leader from 2004 to 2007. He unsuccessfully run for vice president of the Philippines in the 2016 elections as the running mate of Grace Poe.
The 14th Congress of the Philippines,composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives,met from July 23,2007,until June 9,2010,during the last three years of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's presidency. The convening of the 14th Congress followed the 2007 general elections,which replaced half of the Senate membership and the entire membership of the House of Representatives. It celebrated the centennial year of the Philippine legislature.
Conchita Carpio-Morales is a former Ombudsman of the Philippines serving from 2011 to 2018. Prior to her appointment as Ombudsman,she held the post of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,served in the Lower Courts,as well as in the Department of Justice. She has secured appointments from five Philippine presidents:Ferdinand Marcos,Corazon Aquino,Fidel Ramos,Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,and Benigno Aquino III.
Prospero Arreza Pichay Jr.,also known as Butch Pichay,is a Filipino politician who served as Representative of Surigao del Sur's 1st district in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1998 to 2007 and from 2016 to 2022. He was the chairman of the House Committee on National Defense in the 13th Congress and deputy speaker in the 17th and 18th Congresses. He is a member of the formerly dominant political party Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino and was a senatorial aspirant in the 2007 Philippine Senate election but lost.
The trial of Philippine president Joseph Estrada took place between 2001 and 2007 at the Sandiganbayan. Estrada resigned from office in 2001 during a popular uprising in Metro Manila after an aborted impeachment trial in which he was charged with plunder and perjury. Soon after his ouster,the same charges were filed against him at the Sandiganbayan.
Simeon V. Marcelo is a Filipino lawyer and was the third Ombudsman of the Philippines. As the Ombudsman,he acted as protector of the people against the illegal and unjust acts of those who are in the public service. He investigated government officials,including members of the police and the military,who were suspected of committing graft and corruption. Notably,he served as the principal private prosecutor in the impeachment case of Former President Joseph Estrada,the 13th President of the Republic of the Philippines. After 3 years as Ombudsman,he resigned due to serious health problems. He was then replaced by Ma. Merceditas N. Gutierrez.
Agnes Vicenta Salayo Torres-Devanadera,also known as Agnes VST Devanadera,is a Filipina lawyer and politician who is currently the president and CEO of Clark Development Corporation since her appointment by Bongbong Marcos in 2022. She previously served as the chairperson of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) from 2017 to 2022 during the Duterte administration. During the Arroyo administration,she served as the Solicitor General of the Philippines,the first woman to hold the post. She was also the acting Secretary of Justice on two short stints.
The Fertilizer Fund scam is a Philippine political controversy involving accusations that Agriculture Undersecretary Jocelyn Bolante diverted ₱728 million in fertilizer funds to the 2004 election campaign of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
The 15th Congress of the Philippines,composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives,met from July 26,2010,until June 6,2013,during the first three years of Benigno Aquino III's presidency. The convening of the 15th Congress followed the 2010 general elections,which replaced half of the Senate membership and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.
The presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,also known as the Arroyo administration,spanned nine years from January 20,2001,to June 30,2010. She served the remainder of her predecessor Joseph Estrada's term after he was deposed,and she was elected to a full second term in 2004 which ended in 2010. Arroyo is the daughter of 9th president Diosdado Macapagal.
The Philippine Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of the office's alleged underperformance and failure to act on several cases during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. She became the second official after President Joseph Estrada in 2000 to be impeached.
Renato Corona,the 23rd chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,was impeached on December 12,2011. Corona was the third official,after former President Joseph Estrada in 2000 and Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez in March 2011,to be impeached by the House of Representatives.
Jose Callangan Calida is a Filipino lawyer. He previously served as Undersecretary of Justice under the Arroyo administration,as executive director of the Dangerous Drugs Board,as Solicitor General of the Philippines under the Duterte administration,and as the Chairman of Commission on Audit (COA) under the administration of President Bongbong Marcos.
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