Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal,often referred to by her initials PGMA and GMA,is a Filipino academic and politician who previously served as the 14th President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010. She is the longest serving president of the Philippines since Ferdinand Marcos. Before her accession to the presidency,she served as the 10th Vice President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 under President Joseph Ejercito Estrada,making her the country's first female vice president,despite having run on an opposing ticket. She was also a Senator from 1992 to 1998. After her presidency,she was elected as the Representative of Pampanga's 2nd district in 2010 and later became the Speaker of the House of Representatives on 2018 to 2019. She was also serving in the congress as a Deputy Speaker from 2016 to 2017 and from 2022 until 2023. She is one of the only 2 Filipinos to hold at least three of the four highest offices in the country:vice president,president,and house speaker,alongside former President Sergio Osmeña.
Jovito Reyes Salonga,KGCR also called "Ka Jovy," was a Filipino politician and lawyer,as well as a leading opposition leader during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos from the declaration of martial law in 1972 until the People Power Revolution in 1986,which removed Marcos from power. Salonga was the 14th president of the Senate of the Philippines,serving from 1987 to 1992.
The Commission on Elections,abbreviated as COMELEC,is one of the three constitutional commissions of the Philippines. Its principal role is to enforce all laws and regulations relative to the conduct of elections in the Philippines.
Impeachment in the Philippines is an expressed power of the Congress of the Philippines to formally charge a serving government official with an impeachable offense. After being impeached by the House of Representatives,the official is then tried in the Senate. If convicted,the official is either removed from office or censured.
This article covers the history of the current Philippine republican state following the 1986 People Power Revolution,known as the Fifth Philippine Republic.
Ceferino "Joker" Paz Arroyo Jr. was a Filipino statesman and key figure in the 1986 EDSA People Power Revolution that ousted dictator Ferdinand Marcos. He was a Congressman for Makati from 1992 to 2001 and Senator from 2001 to 2013. Arroyo received various awards and commendations for his significant contributions to the law profession and public service. Among these are the Philippine Bar Association's Most Distinguished Award for Justice as a "man beholden to no one except to his country" and Senate Resolution No. 100 enacted in the 8th Congress citing his invaluable service to the Filipino people. He was also known for being the thriftiest legislator,earning the title of "Scrooge of Congress",as he only had few staff members without bodyguards and did not use his pork barrel funds. In 2018,Arroyo was identified by the Human Rights Victims' Claims Board as a Motu proprio human rights violations victim of the Martial Law Era.
The 14th Congress of the Philippines,composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives,met from July 23,2007,until June 9,2010,during the last three years of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo's presidency. The convening of the 14th Congress followed the 2007 general elections,which replaced half of the Senate membership and the entire membership of the House of Representatives. It celebrated the centennial year of the Philippine legislature.
Renato Tereso Antonio Coronado Corona was a Filipino judge who was the 23rd chief justice of the Philippines from 2010 to 2012. He served as an associate justice after being appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on April 9,2002,and later as Chief Justice on May 12,2010,upon the retirement of Chief Justice Reynato Puno.
Conchita Carpio-Morales is a former Ombudsman of the Philippines serving from 2011 to 2018. Prior to her appointment as Ombudsman,she held the post of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,served in the Lower Courts,as well as in the Department of Justice. She has secured appointments from five Philippine presidents:Ferdinand Marcos,Corazon Aquino,Fidel Ramos,Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,and Benigno Aquino III.
Raul Maravilla Gonzalez was the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel and was the Secretary of Justice of the Philippines. He was replaced by Agnes Devanadera in 2009 from the orders of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
The trial of Philippine president Joseph Estrada took place between 2001 and 2007 at the Sandiganbayan. Estrada,popularly called Erap,was resigned from office in 2001 during a popular uprising in Metro Manila after an aborted impeachment trial in which he was charged with plunder and perjury. Soon after his ouster,the same charges were filed against him at the Sandiganbayan.
The Philippine National Broadband Network controversy involved allegations of corruption in the awarding of a US$329 million construction contract to Chinese telecommunications firm ZTE for the proposed government-managed National Broadband Network (NBN).
Agnes Vicenta Salayo Torres-Devanadera,also known as Agnes VST Devanadera,is a Filipina lawyer and politician who is currently the president and CEO of Clark Development Corporation since her appointment by Bongbong Marcos in 2022. She previously served as the chairperson of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) from 2017 to 2022 during the Duterte administration. During the Arroyo administration,she served as the Solicitor General of the Philippines,the first woman to hold the post. She was also the acting Secretary of Justice on two short stints.
The Fertilizer Fund scam is a Philippine political controversy involving accusations that Agriculture Undersecretary Jocelyn Bolante diverted ₱728 million in fertilizer funds to the 2004 election campaign of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
The 15th Congress of the Philippines,composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives,met from July 26,2010,until June 6,2013,during the first three years of Benigno Aquino III's presidency. The convening of the 15th Congress followed the 2010 general elections,which replaced half of the Senate membership and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.
The presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,also known as the Arroyo administration,spanned nine years from January 20,2001,to June 30,2010. She served the remainder of her predecessor Joseph Estrada's term after he was deposed,and she was elected to a full second term in 2004 which ended in 2010. Arroyo is the daughter of 9th president Diosdado Macapagal.
The Hello Garci scandal,also known as Gloriagate,was a political scandal and electoral crisis in the Philippines involving 14th president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo,who allegedly rigged the 2004 national election in her favor. The official results of the election gave Arroyo and Noli de Castro the presidency and vice-presidency respectively. Hundreds of national and local positions were also contested during this election. The scandal and crisis began in June 2005 when audio recordings of a phone call conversation between President Arroyo and then-Election Commissioner Virgilio Garcillano,allegedly talking about the rigging of the 2004 national election results,were released to the public. This escalated when the minority of the lower house of Congress attempted to impeach Arroyo. This was blocked by the Arroyo-led majority coalition in September 2005 and no trial took place.
The Philippine Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of the office's alleged underperformance and failure to act on several cases during the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. She became the second official after President Joseph Estrada in 2000 to be impeached.
Renato Corona,the 23rd chief justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines,was impeached on December 12,2011. Corona was the third official,after former President Joseph Estrada in 2000 and Ombudsman Merceditas Gutierrez in March 2011,to be impeached by the House of Representatives.
Jose Callangan Calida is a Filipino lawyer. He previously served as Undersecretary of Justice under the Arroyo administration,as executive director of the Dangerous Drugs Board,as Solicitor General of the Philippines under the Duterte administration,and as the Chairman of Commission on Audit (COA) under the administration of President Bongbong Marcos.
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