Related Research Articles
Methanotrophs are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and energy. They can be either bacteria or archaea and can grow aerobically or anaerobically, and require single-carbon compounds to survive.
Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs can degrade the greenhouse gas methane, and in this case they are called methanotrophs. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acids, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single-cell proteins, co-enzymes and cytochromes.
Methane monooxygenase (MMO) is an enzyme capable of oxidizing the C-H bond in methane as well as other alkanes. Methane monooxygenase belongs to the class of oxidoreductase enzymes.
Thauera butanivorans is a species of Gram-negative proteobacteria capable of growth on alkanes C2-C9, but not methane, as well as other organic substrates such as lactate, acetate, succinate and citrate. To grow on alkanes, this bacterium expresses a soluble di-iron monooxygenase closely related to soluble methane monooxygenase from methanotrophs.
Methylobacillus flagellatus is a species of aerobic bacteria.
Methylocella silvestris is a bacterium from the genus Methylocella spp which are found in many acidic soils and wetlands. Historically, Methylocella silvestris was originally isolated from acidic forest soils in Germany, and it is described as Gram-negative, aerobic, non-pigmented, non-motile, rod-shaped and methane-oxidizing facultative methanotroph. As an aerobic methanotrophic bacteria, Methylocella spp use methane (CH4), and methanol as their main carbon and energy source, as well as multi compounds acetate, pyruvate, succinate, malate, and ethanol. They were known to survive in the cold temperature from 4° to 30° degree of Celsius with the optimum at around 15° to 25 °C, but no more than 36 °C. They grow better in the pH scale between 4.5 to 7.0. It lacks intracytoplasmic membranes common to all methane-oxidizing bacteria except Methylocella, but contain a vesicular membrane system connected to the cytoplasmic membrane. BL2T (=DSM 15510T=NCIMB 13906T) is the type strain.
Methylocella palustris is a species of bacterium. It is notable for oxidising methane. It is acidophilic and was first found in a peat bogs, representing a novel subtype of serine-pathway methanotrophs, for which a new genus was described. It is aerobic, Gram-negative, colourless, non-motile and its cells can be straight or curved rods. Strain KT is the type strain.
Methylocapsa acidiphila is a bacterium. It is a methane-oxidizing and dinitrogen-fixing acidophilic bacterium first isolated from Sphagnum bog. Its cells are aerobic, gram-negative, colourless, non-motile, curved coccoids that form conglomerates covered by an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. The cells use methane and methanol as sole sources of carbon and energy. B2T is the type strain.
Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, formerly known as Thiobacillus thiooxidans until its reclassification into the newly designated genus Acidithiobacillus of the Acidithiobacillia subclass of Proteobacteria, is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that uses sulfur as its primary energy source. It is mesophilic, with a temperature optimum of 28 °C. This bacterium is commonly found in soil, sewer pipes, and cave biofilms called snottites. A. thiooxidans is used in the mining technique known as bioleaching, where metals are extracted from their ores through the action of microbes.
Bryocella elongata is a bacterium, a type species of genus Bryocella. Cells are Gram-negative, non-motile pink-pigmented rods that multiply by normal cell division and form rosettes. The type strain is SN10(T). B. elongata was first isolated in 2011 from a methanotropic enrichment culture.
Methylocella tundrae is a species of bacterium. It is notable for oxidising methane. Its cells are aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, dinitrogen-fixing rods. Strain T4T is the type strain.
Sulfolobus tokodaii is a thermophilic archaeon. It is acidophilic and obligately aerobic. The type strain is 7. Its genome has been sequenced.
Methylocapsa aurea is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacteria from the genus of Methylocapsa which was isolated from forest soil in Germany. It is a facultative methanotroph.
Methylopila trichosporium is an obligate aerobic and methane-oxidizing bacterium species from the genus of Methylopila.
Methyloferula is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, psychrotolerant, aerobic and colorless genus of bacteria from the family of Beijerinckiaceae. Up to now there is only one species of this genus known.
Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum is an autotrophic bacterium first described in 2007 growing on volcanic pools near Naples, Italy. It grows in mud at temperatures between 50 °C - 60 °C and an acidic pH of 2–5. It is able to oxidize methane gas. It uses ammonium, nitrate or atmospheric nitrogen as a nitrogen source and fixes carbon dioxide.
Methylacidiphilum infernorum is an extremely acidophilic methanotrophic aerobic bacteria first isolated and described in 2007 growing on soil and sediment on Hell’s Gate, New Zealand. Similar organisms have also been isolated from geothermal sites on Italy and Russia.
Acidithrix is a genus from the family of Acidimicrobiaceae with one known species.
Acidithrix ferrooxidans is a heterotrophic, acidophilic and Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Acidithrix. The type strain of this species, A. ferrooxidans Py-F3 was isolated from an acidic stream draining from a copper mine in Wales. This species grows in a variety of acidic environments such as streams, mines or geothermal sites. Mine lakes with a redoxcline support growth with ferrous iron as the electron donor. A. ferrooxidans grows rapidly in macroscopic streamer, producing greater cell densities than other streamer-forming microbes. Use in a bioreactors to remediate mine waste has been proposed due to cell densities and rapid oxidation of ferrous iron oxidation in acidic mine drainage. Exopolysaccharide production during metal substrate metabolism, such as iron oxidation helps to prevent cell encrustation by minerals.
Propionispira raffinosivorans is a motile, obligate anaerobic, gram-negative bacteria. It was originally isolated from spoiled beer and believed to have some causative effect in beer spoilage. Since then, it has been taxonomically reclassified and proven to play a role in anaerobic beer spoilage, because of its production of acids, such as acetic and propionic acid, during fermentation
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Methyloferula". LPSN .
- ↑ "Methyloferula stellata Taxon Passport - StrainInfo". www.straininfo.net.
- 1 2 "Methyloferula stellata". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-22108". www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ Vorobev, A. V.; Baani, M.; Doronina, N. V.; Brady, A. L.; Liesack, W.; Dunfield, P. F.; Dedysh, S. N. (19 November 2010). "Methyloferula stellata gen. nov., sp. nov., an acidophilic, obligately methanotrophic bacterium that possesses only a soluble methane monooxygenase". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (10): 2456–2463. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.028118-0 . PMID 21097638.
- 1 2 3 5, Draft Genome Sequence of Methyloferula stellata AR4, an Obligate Methanotroph Possessing Only a Soluble Methane Monooxygenase