Morganellaceae

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Morganellaceae
Providencia alcalifaciens.jpg
Providencia alcalifaciens
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Pseudomonadota
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacterales
Family:
Morganellaceae

Adeolu et al., 2016
Genera

The Morganellaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that include some important human pathogens formerly classified as Enterobacteriaceae. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Genera in this family include the type genus Morganella , along with Arsenophonus, Cosenzaea, Moellerella, Photorhabdus, Proteus, Providencia and Xenorhabdus . [1]

Contents

The name Morganellaceae is derived from the Latin term Morganella, referring the type genus of the family and the suffix "-aceae", an ending used to denote a family. Together, Morganellaceae refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus Morganella. [1]

Human pathogens

A number of Morganellaceae bacterial species are opportunistic human pathogens, including Proteus , Providencia , and occasionally Morganella in nosocomial settings.

Proteus

Three Proteus species P. vulgaris , P. mirabilis , and P. penneri are opportunistic human pathogens, most commonly resulting in urinary tract infections. [2] Proteus vulgaris is commonly found in the intestine in various animals, and is shed into manure and soil.

About 10–15% of kidney stones are struvite stones, caused by alkalinization of the urine by the action of the urease enzyme of Proteus (and other) bacterial species. [3]

Providencia

Providencia rettgeri is a common cause of traveller's diarrhea. [4]

Insect pathogens and symbionts

A number of Morganellaceae have intimate relationships with insects and other invertebrates.

Arsenophonus

Arsenophonus are endosymbiotic bacteria of various insects. In Nasonia parasitic wasps, Arsenophonus nasoniae acts as a reproductive manipulator by killing developing male wasps. This promotes an increased frequency of females in the population, which are the only biological sex that transmits Arsenophonus to the next generation. This type of interaction is referred to as "male-killing or son-killing." [5]

In flies and Lice, Arsenophonus-like bacteria act as primary symbionts faithfully transmitted from generation to generation. [5] In such relationships, the primary endosymbiont commonly supplements the host's metabolism by providing essential vitamins and nutrients that the host cannot synthesize itself. [6]

Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus

Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are bacterial associates of entomopathogenic nematodes. These nematodes infect insects and regurgitate their Photorhabdus or Xenorhabdus bacteria into the insect blood (also called hemolymph). The bacteria then suppress the insect's immune response, increasing the success of the nematode parasite. As a result of this highly effective evolutionary strategy, entomopathogenic nematodes are commonly used as biological control agents against insect pests like corn rootworms. [7]

Providencia

Providencia are common bacterial species in the microbiome of Drosophila fruit flies. [8] In Drosophila melanogaster , Providencia rettgeri is a common pathogen isolated from wild-caught flies. [9] The fly immune system defends against this infection using a highly specific antimicrobial peptide that is required for defence against P. rettgeri, but not other Providencia species. [9] [10]

Biochemical Characteristics and Molecular Signatures [1]

These bacteria are oxidase-negative, and negative for arginine decarboxylase and Voges–Proskauer test.

Seven conserved signature indels (CSIs) were identified for this family through genomic analyses in the proteins dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase, Xaa-Pro dipeptidase, bifunctional UDP-sugar hydrolase (5'-nucleotidase), transcriptional repair coupling factor, phosphate acetyltransferase, histidine–tRNA ligase, and N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase. [1] These molecular signatures provide a novel and reliable means of differentiating members of Morganellaceae from other families within the order Enterobacterales and all other bacteria.

Historical Systematics and Current Taxonomy

Morganellaceae, as of 2021, contains eight validly published genera. [11] Members of this family were originally members of the family Enterobacteriaceae , a large phylogenetically unrelated group of species with distinct biochemical characteristics and different ecological niches. The original assignment of species into the family Enterobacteriaceae was largely based on 16S rRNA genome sequence analyses, which is known to have low discriminatory power and the results of which changes depends on the algorithm and organism information used. Despite this, the analyses still exhibited polyphyletic branching, indicating the presence of distinct subgroups within the family. [12]

In 2016, Adeolu et al. proposed the division of Enterobacteriaceae into 7 novel families based on comparative genomic analyses and the branching pattern of various phylogenetic trees constructed from conserved genome sequences, 16S rRNA sequences and multilocus sequence analyses. Molecular markers, specifically conserved signature indels, specific to this family were also identified as evidence supporting the division independent of phylogenetic trees. [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enterobacteriaceae</span> Family of bacteria

Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of Gram-negative bacteria. It includes over 30 genera and more than 100 species. Its classification above the level of family is still a subject of debate, but one classification places it in the order Enterobacterales of the class Gammaproteobacteria in the phylum Pseudomonadota. In 2016, the description and members of this family were emended based on comparative genomic analyses by Adeolu et al.

<i>Yersinia</i> Genus of bacteria

Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Yersiniaceae. Yersinia species are Gram-negative, coccobacilli bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes. Some members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans; in particular, Y. pestis is the causative agent of the plague. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently, other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood or in an alimentary fashion, occasionally via consumption of food products contaminated with infected urine or feces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enterobacterales</span> Order of gram-negative bacteria

Enterobacterales is an order of Gram-negative, non-spore forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria with the class Gammaproteobacteria. The type genus of this order is Enterobacter.

<i>Enterobacter</i> Genus of bacteria

Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Cultures are found in soil, water, sewage, feces and gut environments. It is the type genus of the order Enterobacterales. Several strains of these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised hosts and in those who are on mechanical ventilation. The urinary and respiratory tracts are the most common sites of infection. The genus Enterobacter is a member of the coliform group of bacteria. It does not belong to the fecal coliforms group of bacteria, unlike Escherichia coli, because it is incapable of growth at 44.5 °C in the presence of bile salts. Some of them show quorum sensing properties.

<i>Providencia</i> (bacterium) Genus of bacteria

Providencia is genus of Gram-negative, motile bacteria of the family Morganellaceae. It was named after Providence, Rhode Island, where C. A. Stuart and colleagues studied these bacteria at Brown University.

<i>Photorhabdus luminescens</i> Species of bacterium

Photorhabdus luminescens is a Gammaproteobacterium of the family Morganellaceae, and is a lethal pathogen of insects.

Xenorhabdus is a genus of motile, gram-negative bacteria from the family of the Morganellaceae. All the species of the genus are only known to live in symbiosis with soil entomopathogenic nematodes from the genus Steinernema.

Photorhabdus is a genus of bioluminescent, gram-negative bacilli which lives symbiotically within entomopathogenic nematodes, hence the name photo and rhabdus. Photorhabdus is known to be pathogenic to a wide range of insects and has been used as biopesticide in agriculture.

Providencia rettgeri, is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in both water and land environments. P. rettgeri is in the genus Providencia, along with Providencia stuartii, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Providencia rustigianii. P. rettgeri can be incubated at 37 °C in nutrient agar or nutrient broth. It was first discovered in 1904 after a waterfowl epidemic. Strains of the species have also been isolated from nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis. Providencia rettgeri also found in marine environment.

Xenorhabdus ehlersii is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema serratum in China.

Xenorhabdus budapestensis is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematode Steinernema bicornutum in Subotica in Serbia. Xenorhabdus budapestensis produces bicornutin A2.

Xenorhabdus indica is a bacterium from the genus of Xenorhabdus which has been isolated from the nematodes Steinernema thermophilum and Steinernema yirgalemense. Xenorhabdus indica produces the Taxlllaids A–G.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yersiniaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Yersiniaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria that includes some familiar pathogens. For example, the type genus Yersinia includes Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota.

<i>Steinernema carpocapsae</i> Species of roundworm

Steinernema carpocapsae is an entomopathogenic nematode and a member of the family Steinernematidae. It is a parasitic roundworm that has evolved an insect-killing symbiosis with bacteria, and kills its hosts within a few days of infection. This parasite releases its bacterial symbiont along with a variety of proteins into the host after infection, and together the bacteria and nematode overcome host immunity and kill the host quickly. As a consequence, S. carpocapsae has been widely adapted for use as a biological control agent in agriculture and pest control. S. carpocapsae is considered a generalist parasite and has been effectively used to control a variety of insects including: Webworms, cutworms, armyworms, girdlers, some weevils, and wood-borers. This species is an example of an "ambush" forager, standing on its tail in an upright position near the soil surface and attaching to passing hosts, even capable of jumping. As an ambush forager, S. carpocapsae is thought to be especially effective when applied against highly mobile surface-adapted insects. S. carpocapsae can sense carbon dioxide production, making the spiracles a key portal of entry into its insect hosts. It is most effective at temperatures ranging from 22–28 °C (72–82 °F).

<i>Steinernema</i> Genus of roundworms

Steinernema is a genus of nematodes in the family of Steinernematidae. The genus Steinernema is named after the nematologist Gotthold Steiner.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erwiniaceae</span> Family of bacteria

The Erwiniaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria which includes a number of plant pathogens and insect endosymbionts. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type genus of this family is Erwinia.

The Pectobacteriaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria which largely consist of plant pathogens. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type species of this family is Pectobacterium.

The Hafniaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. Genera in this family include the type genus Hafnia, along with Edwardsiella and Obesumbacterium.

The Budviciaceae are a family of Gram-negative bacteria. This family is a member of the order Enterobacterales in the class Gammaproteobacteria of the phylum Pseudomonadota. The type genus of this family is Budvicia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darobactin</span> Chemical compound

Darobactin is an experimental antibiotic compound that may be effective against Gram-negative bacteria. If it can be developed into a human-compatible form it would be the first to come from an animal microbiome.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Adeolu, Mobolaji; Alnajar, Seema; Naushad, Sohail; S Gupta, Radhey (2016). "Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov., Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (12): 5575–5599. doi: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001485 . ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   27620848.
  2. ↑ Guentzel MN (1996). Baron S; et al. (eds.). Escherichia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter, and Proteus. In: Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN   978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
  3. ↑ Armbruster, Chelsea; Mobley, Harry; Pearson, Melanie (2018). "Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis Infection". EcoSal Plus. 8 (1). doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0009-2017. PMC   5880328 . PMID   29424333.
  4. ↑ Yoh, M; Matsuyama, J; Ohnishi, M; Takagi, K; Miyagi, H; Mori, K; Park, KS; Ono, T; Honda, T (2005). "Importance of Providencia species as a major cause of travellers' diarrhoea". J Med Microbiol. 54 (11): 1077–82. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.45846-0 . PMID   16192440.
  5. 1 2 Nováková, Eva; Hypša, Václav; Moran, Nancy A (2009). "Arsenophonus, an emerging clade of intracellular symbionts with a broad host distribution". BMC Microbiology. 9 (1): 143. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-143 . PMC   2724383 . PMID   19619300.
  6. ↑ Rockwell, Nathan C.; Lagarias, J. C.; Bhattacharya, Debashish (17 October 2014). "Primary endosymbiosis and the evolution of light and oxygen sensing in photosynthetic eukaryotes". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2 (66). doi: 10.3389/fevo.2014.00066 . PMC   4343542 . PMID   25729749.
  7. ↑ Jaffuel, Geoffrey; Imperiali, Nicola; Shelby, Kent; Campos-Herrera, Raquel; Geisert, Ryan; Maurhofer, Monika; Loper, Joyce; Keel, Christoph; Turlings, Ted C. J.; Hibbard, Bruce E. (28 February 2019). "Protecting maize from rootworm damage with the combined application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Pseudomonas bacteria and entomopathogenic nematodes". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 3127. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.3127J. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-39753-7. PMC   6395644 . PMID   30816250.
  8. ↑ Martinson, VG; Douglas, AE; Jaenike, J (2017). "Community structure of the gut microbiota in sympatric species of wild Drosophila". Ecology Letters. 20 (5): 629–639. doi: 10.1111/ele.12761 . PMID   28371064.
  9. 1 2 Unckless RL, Howick VM, Lazzaro BP (January 2016). "Convergent Balancing Selection on an Antimicrobial Peptide in Drosophila". Current Biology. 26 (2): 257–262. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.063. PMC   4729654 . PMID   26776733.
  10. ↑ Hanson MA, Dostálová A, Ceroni C, Poidevin M, Kondo S, Lemaitre B (February 2019). "Synergy and remarkable specificity of antimicrobial peptides in vivo using a systematic knockout approach". eLife. 8. doi: 10.7554/eLife.44341 . PMC   6398976 . PMID   30803481.
  11. ↑ "Family: Morganellaceae". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  12. ↑ Francino, M. Pilar; Santos, Scott R.; Ochman, Howard (2006), "Phylogenetic Relationships of Bacteria with Special Reference to Endosymbionts and Enteric Species", The Prokaryotes, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 41–59, doi:10.1007/0-387-30746-x_2, ISBN   978-0-387-25496-8 , retrieved 2021-06-02
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