Murray Campbell

Last updated
Murray Campbell
NationalityCanadian
Alma mater Carnegie Mellon University
OccupationComputer scientist
Years active1980s-
Employer IBM

Murray Campbell is a Canadian computer scientist known for being part of the team that created Deep Blue; the first computer to defeat a world chess champion.

Contents

Career

Chess computing

Around 1986, he and other students at Carnegie Mellon began working on Chip Test, a chess computer. [1] He was then member of the teams that developed chess machines: HiTech and a project to culminate in Deep Blue.

Murray Campbell worked on Deep Thought at Carnegie Mellon University. [2] Deep Thought was a side project, and caught the attention IBM. [3]

He afterwards joined IBM's team for Deep Blue, with Scientific American describing him as the IBM team's best chess player in 1996. [2]

He started working on Deep Blue in 1989. [4] he served as the AI expert. [3] In the match where Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov, in February 1997, Murray was there as an IBM computer scientist, and he moved the pieces as instructed by the computer program. [5] Deep Blue in that match became the first computer to defeat the reigning world chess champion. Kasparov had won an earlier match the previous year. (Based on text taken from a newsletter by Mike Oettel, of the Shriver Center at UMBC.)

In 1997, IBM turned down Kasparove's request for a rematch with Deep Blue, with the researchers moving on to other research areas, such as IBM Watson. [3]

Campbell visited UMBC for a speech called "IBM's Deep Blue: Ten Years After" on February 5, 2007. [6]

IBM

In 2012, he was a Senior Manager in the Business Analytics and Mathematical Sciences Department at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, USA. [7] In March 2016, he continued to serve as a scientist for IBM, [8] as a senior manager in IBM's Cognitive Computing division, which handles the Watson AI platform. [9] Campbell has been involved in surveillance projects related to petroleum production, disease outbreak, and financial data.[ when? ] In 2017, he was a reseaerch staff member in the AI Foundations group within IBM T.J. Watson Research Center's Cognitive Computing organization. [3]

Personal life

Campbell himself played chess at near National Master strength in Canada during his student days, but has not played competitively for more than 20 years. His peak Elo rating was around 2200.

Honors and awards

In the North American Computer Chess Championship, he was a member of winning teams in 1985 (HiTech), 1987 (ChipTest), 1988 (Deep Thought), 1989 (HiTech and Deep Thought), 1990 (Deep Thought), 1991 (Deep Thought) and 1994 (Deep Thought). [10]

He won the 1989 World Computer Chess Championship as part of the winning team (Deep Thought). [11]

Campbell shared the $100,000 Fredkin Prize with Feng-hsiung Hsu and A. Joseph Hoane Jr. in 1997. The prize was awarded for developing the first computer (Deep Blue) to defeat a reigning world chess champion in a match. [12] [13]

Campbell received the Allen Newell Research Excellence Medal in 1997, which cited his contributions to Deep Blue (first computer to defeat a world chess champion), Deep Thought (first Grandmaster level computer) and HiTech (first Senior Master level computer). [13] [14]

Campbell was elected Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence in 2012 for "significant contributions to computer game-playing, especially chess, and the associated improvement in public awareness of the AI endeavor." [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deep Blue (chess computer)</span> Chess-playing computer made by IBM

Deep Blue was a chess-playing expert system run on a unique purpose-built IBM supercomputer. It was the first computer to win a game, and the first to win a match, against a reigning world champion under regular time controls. Development began in 1985 at Carnegie Mellon University under the name ChipTest. It then moved to IBM, where it was first renamed Deep Thought, then again in 1989 to Deep Blue. It first played world champion Garry Kasparov in a six-game match in 1996, where it lost four games to two. It was upgraded in 1997 and in a six-game re-match, it defeated Kasparov by winning two games and drawing three. Deep Blue's victory is considered a milestone in the history of artificial intelligence and has been the subject of several books and films.

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ChipTest was a 1985 chess playing computer built by Feng-hsiung Hsu, Thomas Anantharaman and Murray Campbell at Carnegie Mellon University. It is the predecessor of Deep Thought which in turn evolved into Deep Blue.

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Hans Jack Berliner was an American chess player, and was the World Correspondence Chess Champion, from 1965–1968. He was a Grandmaster of Correspondence Chess. Berliner was a Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University. He directed the construction of the chess computer HiTech, and was also a published chess writer.

Thomas S. Anantharaman is a computer statistician specializing in Bayesian inference approaches for NP-complete problems. He is best known for his work with Feng-hsiung Hsu from 1985 to 1990 on the Chess playing computers ChipTest and Deep Thought at Carnegie Mellon University which led to his 1990 PhD Dissertation: "A Statistical Study of Selective Min-Max Search in Computer Chess". This work was the foundation for the IBM chess-playing computer Deep Blue which beat world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.

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References

  1. Newborn, M. (2003). Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone. Springer Science+Business Media New York. p. 16.
  2. 1 2 Horgan, John (March 8, 1996). "The Deep Blue Team Plots Its Next Move". Scientific American . Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Greenemeier, Larry (June 2, 2017). "20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess". Scientific American .
  4. Weber, Bruce (May 5, 1997). "Computer Defeats Kasparov, Stunning the Chess Experts". The New York Times . Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  5. Levy, Steven (May 23, 2017). "What Deep Blue Tells Us About AI in 2017". Wired . Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  6. "IBM's Deep Blue - Ten Years After" (Press release). UMBC ebiquity. UMBC. February 5, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  7. "Distinguished ACM Speaker: Murray Campbell". Dsp.acm.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
  8. Limsamarnphun, Nophakhun (March 15, 2016). "Computers turning their intelligence to real-life human issues". The Nation . Thailand. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
  9. Byford, Sam (March 12, 2016). "Deep Blue developer speaks on how to beat Go and crack chess". The Verge .
  10. Newborn, Monty (1997). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 285. ISBN   0-387-94820-1.
  11. Newborn, Monty (2003). Deep Blue: An Artificial Intelligence Milestone. New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 20. ISBN   0-387-95461-9.
  12. "The $100,000 Fredkin Prize for Computer Chess To Be Awarded To Deep Blue's Inventors at AAAI '97". Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. 25 July 1997. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  13. 1 2 Hamilton, Carol McKenna; Hedberg, Sara (1997). "Modern Masters of an Ancient Game". AI Magazine. 18 (4): 11–12. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  14. "The Allen Newell Award for Research Excellence". Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  15. "Elected AAAI Fellows". Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence . Retrieved 11 April 2013.