| Murrayonida | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Subclass: | Calcinea |
| Order: | Murrayonida Vacelet, 1981 |
| Families | |
| |
The Murrayonida are an order of sea sponges in the subclass Calcinea.
| Murrayonida | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Subclass: | Calcinea |
| Order: | Murrayonida Vacelet, 1981 |
| Families | |
| |
The Murrayonida are an order of sea sponges in the subclass Calcinea.
The order consists of four known species, in three families:
Family Murrayonidae Dendy & Row, 1913
Family Lelapiellidae Borojevic, Boury-Esnault & Vacelet, 1990
Family Paramurrayonidae Vacelet, 1967
Murrayonida are distinguished from other Calcinea by having a reinforced skeleton; like another line of Calcinea, the Leucettidae, but unlike most other Calcinea, the Murrayonida sponges also have a cortex covering the cormus and a leuconoid aquiferous system. [2]
Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera, are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells.
The calcareoussponges are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate, in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate, some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.
Demosponges (Demospongiae) are the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They include 76.2% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide. They are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate, either aragonite or calcite. They are predominantly leuconoid in structure. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges. Some species, in particular from the Antarctic, obtain the silica for spicule building from the ingestion of siliceous diatoms.
Sir John Murray was a pioneering Canadian-born Scottish oceanographer, marine biologist and limnologist. He is considered to be the father of modern oceanography.
Minchinellidae is a family of calcareous sponges, members of the class Calcarea. It is the only family in the monotypic order Lithonida. The families Petrobionidae and Lepidoleuconidae have also sometimes been placed within Lithonida, though more recently they have been moved to the order Baerida. Thanks to their hypercalcified structure, minchinellids have a fossil record reaching as far back as the Jurassic Period.
Chondrocladia is a genus of carnivorous demosponges of the family Cladorhizidae. Neocladia was long considered a junior synonym, but has recently become accepted as a distinct genus.
Homosclerophorida is an order of marine sponges. It is the only order in the monotypic class Homoscleromorpha. The order is composed of two families: Plakinidae and Oscarellidae.
Ascandra corallicola is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Leucaltidae. It is known from the coastal waters in northeast Atlantic at depths between 90 and 530 m, and on the Reykjanes Ridge as deep as 1,300 m (4,300 ft). It occurs solely on dead parts of the corals Lophelia pertusa and Solenosmilia variabilis, to which its specific name corallicola refers to.
Clathrina jorunnae is a species of calcareous sponge from Norway. It is only known from Trondheimsfjord, its type locality, where it was dredged from depths of 25–250 m (82–820 ft). The specimen was attached to a bryozoan of the genus Reteporella. The species is named after Jorunn Berg, Hans Tore Rapp's grandmother, who introduced Rapp to marine animals.
Clathrina parva is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae, found off the Queensland coast of Australia.
Arturia is a genus of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae which contains 14 species. It is named after Arthur Dendy, a prominent researcher of calcareous sponges. It was renamed Arturia in 2017 because the name Arthuria was already assigned to a genus of molluscs.
Clathrina arnesenae is a species of calcareous sponge from the Atlantic Ocean. It is named after Norwegian spongiologist Emily Arnesen (1867–1928).
Clathrina camura is a species of calcareous sponge from the Atlantic Ocean.
Clathrina pellucida is a species of calcareous sponge from northern Atlantic. It is known from the coast of Norway and Greenland at depths between 20 and 275 m, and from near Jan Mayen at depth of 890 m (2,920 ft).
Discodermia is a genus of deep-water sea sponge.
Leucetta villosa is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Leucettidae, and was first described in 1999 by Gert Wörheide and John Hooper. The species epithet, villosa, comes from the Latin, villosus ("hairy"), and was given because of the "hair-like extensions on the sponge surface".
Michelle Kelly, also known as Michelle Kelly-Borges, is a New Zealand scientist who specialises in sponges, their chemistry, their evolution, taxonomy, systematics, and ecology.
Abyssocladia is a genus of the family Cladorhizidae, a family of carnivorous sponges. It is made up of at least 39 species found in oceans all over the world.
Stellispongiida is an order of calcareous sponges, most or all of which are extinct. Stellispongiids are one of several unrelated sponge groups described as "inozoans", a name referring to sponges with a hypermineralized calcitic skeleton independent from their spicules. Stellispongiids have a solid skeleton encasing calcite spicules arranged in trabeculae. "Inozoans" and the similar "sphinctozoans" were historically grouped together in the polyphyletic order Pharetronida.
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