| Murrayonida | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Subclass: | Calcinea |
| Order: | Murrayonida Vacelet, 1981 |
The Murrayonida are an order of sea sponges in the subclass Calcinea.
| Murrayonida | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Porifera |
| Class: | Calcarea |
| Subclass: | Calcinea |
| Order: | Murrayonida Vacelet, 1981 |
The Murrayonida are an order of sea sponges in the subclass Calcinea.
The order consists of four known species, in three families:
Family Murrayonidae Dendy & Row, 1913
Murrayonida are distinguished from other Calcinea by having a reinforced skeleton; like another line of Calcinea, the Leucettidae, but unlike most other Calcinea, the Murrayonida sponges also have a cortex covering the cormus and a leuconoid aquiferous system. [2]
Sponges or sea sponges are primarily marine invertebrates of the metazoan phylum Porifera, a basal animal clade and a sister taxon of the diploblasts. They are sessile filter feeders that are bound to the seabed, and are one of the most ancient members of macrobenthos, with many historical species being important reef-building organisms.
Marine angelfish are perciform fish of the family Pomacanthidae. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific Oceans. The family contains seven genera and about 86 species. They should not be confused with the freshwater angelfish, tropical cichlids of the Amazon Basin.
Nudibranchs belong to the order Nudibranchia, a group of soft-bodied marine gastropod molluscs that shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to match, such as "clown", "marigold", "splendid", "dancer", "dragon", and "sea rabbit". Currently, about 3,000 valid species of nudibranchs are known.
The calcareoussponges are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate, in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate, some species may possess two- or four-pointed spicules. Unlike other sponges, calcareans lack microscleres, tiny spicules which reinforce the flesh. In addition, their spicules develop from the outside-in, mineralizing within a hollow organic sheath.
Demosponges (Demospongiae) are the most diverse class in the phylum Porifera. They include greater than 90% of all species of sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide. They are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard, often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate, either aragonite or calcite. They are predominantly leuconoid in structure. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges. Some species, in particular from the Antarctic, obtain the silica for spicule building from the ingestion of siliceous diatoms.
Sir John Murray was a pioneering Canadian-born British oceanographer, marine biologist and limnologist. He is considered to be the father of modern oceanography.
Edward Percival (Perceval) Wright FRGSI was an Irish ophthalmic surgeon, botanist and zoologist.
Homosclerophorida is an order of marine sponges. It is the only order in the monotypic class Homoscleromorpha. The order is composed of two families: Plakinidae and Oscarellidae.
Arturia adusta is a species of sea sponge in the family Clathrinidae found in Australia. The species was first described as Clathrina adusta by Gert Wörheide & John Hooper in 1999, and was assigned to the genus, Arthuria, in 2016 by Oliver Voigt & Wörheide. However, the name Arthuria had already been used and hence the genus name was changed to Arturia.
Ascandra corallicola is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Leucaltidae. It is known from the coastal waters in northeast Atlantic at depths between 90 and 530 m, and on the Reykjanes Ridge as deep as 1,300 m (4,300 ft). It occurs solely on dead parts of the corals Lophelia pertusa and Solenosmilia variabilis, to which its specific name corallicola refers to.
Clathrina helveola is a species of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae from Australia, found in coastal waters off Queensland. It was first described by Gert Wörheide and John Hooper in 1999. The species name, helveola, means "pale yellow" in Latin and refers to the species' colouration.
Clathrina lacunosa is a species of calcareous sponge from the British Isles. The species name means "having holes" and refers to the perforations found in the sides of the sponge. It is usually found on vertical solid surfaces at depths down to 220 m. It is distributed in the north-eastern Atlantic from the Arctic to the Mediterranean. It is a fairly common sponge but is often overlooked due to its small size.
Jane Stephens was an Irish zoologist who was considered a leading authority on sponges in Ireland with specialised knowledge in other marine life who identified and named over 40 sponges new to science. From 1905 to 1920 she was employed in the Natural History Division of the National Museum of Ireland working primarily on the collections of marine invertebrates, including taking part in the Clare Island Survey. Robert Lloyd Praeger testified to her knowledge of and work with Irish sponges stating that "Most of what we know of this group, whether marine or fresh-water, in Ireland, or off the Irish coasts, is due to her work."
Emily Arnesen was a Norwegian zoologist. She was the second Norwegian woman to receive a doctoral degree and is most known for her studies on sponges.
Arturia is a genus of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae which contains 14 species. It is named after Arthur Dendy, a prominent researcher of calcareous sponges. It was renamed Arturia in 2017 because the name Arthuria was already assigned to a genus of molluscs.
Borojevia is a genus of calcareous sponge in the family Clathrinidae. The genus is named after sponge researcher Radovan Borojevic.
Brattegardia is a monotypic genus of calcareous sponge with a single species: Brattegardia nanseni from Norway. The genus is named after the Norwegian marine biologist Torleiv Brattegard. The species is named after Norwegian helminthologist Fridtjof Nansen.
Clathrina arnesenae is a species of calcareous sponge from the Atlantic Ocean. It is named after Norwegian spongiologist Emily Arnesen (1867–1928).
Rosella is a genus of glass sponges in the family Rossellidae. It is found in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions.
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