A group of vigilantes calling themselves "Muslim patrols" patrolled the streets in East London from 2013 to 2014. [1] The individuals were young Sunni Muslim men, members of an organisation that called itself the "Shariah Project". [2] Early in 2013, videos of their activities, filmed by members of the patrol, were uploaded online: [3] these showed hooded members confronting passers-by and demanding that they behave in an Islamic way. [4] They targeted prostitutes, people drinking alcohol, couples who were holding hands, women whom they considered to be dressed immodestly, and harassed others whom they perceived as being gay. [5] [6] [7] Five men were arrested in January 2013 as part of an investigation into the gang. [8] In December 2013, three of them pleaded guilty to affray, and were subsequently jailed. [9]
The Muslim East London Mosque community condemned the patrols as "utterly unacceptable" [10] In response to the attacks, British nationalist organisation Britain First established "Christian Patrols". [11]
One video uploaded to YouTube by the gang, "The Truth About Saturday Night", was viewed more than 42,000 times. In it, the gang confronted people, shouting "this is a Muslim area" at them. The hooded men are seen forcing people to empty their alcoholic drinks down drains, and instructing a group of women that "they need to forbid themselves from dressing like this and exposing themselves outside the mosque". [4] [12]
A second video, beginning with a logo saying "Islam will take over the world", [13] showed the gang shouting homophobic abuse at a man walking in Whitechapel. [10] The gang shouted at a man who appeared to be wearing make-up that he is "in a Muslim area dressed like a fag" and must leave. One gang member orders the man: "Get out of here quicker. You're dirty mate." After the victim says that he is a homosexual, he is repeatedly prompted to say that he is "dirty". [10]
Their last video featured the gang saying: "We are coming to implement Islam upon your own necks. Muslim patrols can never be stopped." [14]
The videos were removed from YouTube in January 2013 because they contravened the site’s policies on harassment, bullying and threatening behaviour. [12]
Scotland Yard investigated the videos and the Metropolitan Police stepped up patrols in East London. A police spokesman said they were in contact with "local community leaders and influential people, local businesses and the local authority about the issue and what is being done". [10] Five men were later arrested. [8] [15]
The East London Mosque condemned the patrols as "utterly unacceptable and clearly designed to stoke tensions and sow discord." They said the mosque was "committed to building co-operation and harmony between all communities in this borough." [10]
Gay rights group Stonewall said: "This incident is yet another reminder of the homophobic abuse that gay people face all too often." [15]
The arrested patrollers were members of The Shariah Project. The organisation's co-founder, Abu Rumaysah, told the press the arrested men would be welcomed back despite their convictions at the Central Criminal Court. [2] An East London Mosque official, speaking of the patrols, identified The Shariah Project as "strongly linked" to Anjem Choudary's group Al-Muhajiroun. [16] Several media reports have since identified the Sharia patrols as part of a network of followers of Anjem Choudary. [17] [18]
Choudary himself condoned the Sharia patrols. [19] He spoke in public before several supporters known to take part in these patrols, including at meetings held early in 2014, [20] [21] and praised as "commendable" the actions of the convicted members of the Sharia patrol. [7]
The Central Criminal Court heard evidence concerning incidents involving the patrol which took place in Shoreditch, Bethnal Green, and in Whitechapel outside the East London Mosque where videos were made of members of the patrol harassing members of the public at night when the mosque was closed. [22] The patrol targeted a heterosexual couple in Bethnal Green for holding hands, shouting at them to stop because they were in "a Muslim area." Just weeks later, the patrol picked on five friends who were drinking in the street because it was "Allah's land"; 19-year-old Islamic convert Jordan Horner threatened to stab the men, while one of the patrol members shouted "kill the non-believers". [7]
Three of the patrol members were convicted in November, and were sentenced on 6 December 2013. Jordan Horner, who uses the Islamic name Jamaal Uddin, pleaded guilty to two charges of assault and two charges of using threatening words and behaviour, and was sentenced to 68 weeks imprisonment. Thirty-six-year-old Ricardo MacFarlane who pleaded not guilty, was sentenced to one year for affray and two years for using threatening words and behaviour. [9] 23-year-old Royal Barnes, who was awaiting further trial regarding offensive videos about Lee Rigby and therefore could not be named at the time, pleaded guilty and received a six-month sentence for affray. [9] [23]
In February 2014 Horner, McFarlane and Barnes were given anti-social behaviour orders barring them from the activities that led to their conviction and from associating with Choudary. [24] [25]
Maajid Nawaz, himself a Muslim and the head of an anti-extremist organisation, the Quilliam Foundation, warned that Muslim patrols could become a "lot more dangerous", and if joined by jihadis, might even kill or maim people. [26] A writer for the International Business Times suggested that these "radical Muslim youths determined to impose their views of public conduct and morality" felt alienated from what they consider a "hostile and discriminatory outside society", and have turned to their faith to forge a separate identity. [27]
In response to the "Muslim Patrols", the far-right organisation Britain First established "Christian Patrols" in East London. [11] The Christian Patrols reportedly rode through the area in "armoured Landrover vehicles" and handed out literature marked with a red Christian cross. [28] A Christian leader Rev. Alan Green, as well as a Muslim leader Dilowar Khan, both condemned Christian and Muslim patrols. [29]
In April 2014 two news documentaries were produced about the ongoing Sharia patrols: their respective presenters, Lama Hasan of ABC News and Alex Miller of Vice News , each accompanied a patrol in action. [20] [21] Alex Miller, reflecting on the difference between the evidence presented by the Youtube videos and what he observed of the patrol he followed around Ilford, commented: "this PR-friendly walk through the neighbourhood was pretty different from the country's first look at the Muslim patrols". [30]
Interviewed by Alex Miller, Abu Rumaysah said: "We don't recognise British law at all. We believe in Islam. We believe in Sharia. And that's what sets our parameters for right and wrong." [31]
Al-Muhajiroun is a proscribed militant network based in Saudi Arabia. The founder of the group was Omar Bakri Muhammad, a Syrian who previously belonged to Hizb ut-Tahrir; he was not permitted to re-enter Britain after 2005. According to The Times, the organisation has been linked to international terrorism, homophobia, and antisemitism. The group became notorious for its September 2002 conference "The Magnificent 19", praising the September 11, 2001 attacks. The network mutates periodically so as to evade the law; it operates under many different aliases.
Anjem Choudary is a Pakistani-British Islamist and a social and political activist who has been described as "the face" of militant Islamism or the "best known" Islamic extremist in Britain.
Al Ghurabaa is a Muslim organization based in United Kingdom which, along with The Saviour Sect, Islam4UK and others, is widely believed to be the reformed Al-Muhajiroun after it disbanded in 2004 by order of Omar Bakri Muhammad. Other members include Abu Izzadeen and Abu Uzair.
The Islamic Thinkers Society (ITS) is an Islamist group based in New York City that seeks the goal of restoring the Islamic Caliphate to create what it calls "an ideal Islamic society". Its members are located mainly in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City, United States. The ITS is an offshoot of Al-Muhajiroun, a pro Al-Qaeda British Islamic extremist group.
Abu Izzadeen is a British spokesman for Al Ghurabaa, a British Muslim organisation banned under the Terrorism Act 2006 for the glorification of terrorism. He was convicted on charges of terrorist fund-raising and inciting terrorism overseas on 17 April 2008 and sentenced to four and a half years in jail. He was released in May 2009, after serving three and a half years, including time on remand. In January 2016, he was sentenced to two years imprisonment for breaching the Terrorism Act by leaving the UK illegally.
Mohammed Mizanur Rahman is a British Islamist activist and former follower of Omar Bakri Muhammad. He has been described as a lecturer in Islamic jurisprudence, and in 2012 has written a 244-page book titled Are Demonstrations Beneficial? – In Light of The Qur'an and Sunnah, where he opposes demonstrations. He is of Bangladeshi descent. He was convicted in 2007 of charges of solicitation to murder American troops in Afghanistan and Iraq and sentenced to four years' imprisonment. He was released from prison in late 2010 and re-arrested for terror-related offences in September 2014.
The Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain or CEMB is the British branch of the Central Council of Ex-Muslims. It was launched in Westminster on 22 June 2007.
Khalid Kelly, born Terence Edward Kelly, also known as Abu Osama Al-Irlandi and Taliban Terry was an Irish Muslim convert and at one time the leader of Al-Muhajiroun in Ireland.
Islam4UK was a radical Islamist group that operated in the United Kingdom. The group was proscribed as a terrorist organisation under the UK's counter terrorism laws on 14 January 2010. Before its proscription it was led by Anjem Choudary.
Islamic religious police are official Islamic vice squad police agencies, often in Islamic countries, which enforce religious observance and public morality on behalf of national or regional authorities based on its interpretation of sharia. Modern Islamic religious police forces were first established in the late-1970s amidst the Iranian Revolution and the Islamic revival the revolution brought; prior, the administration of public morality in most Islamic countries was considered a socioreligious matter, and was enforced through application of civil laws or through more informal means.
A ban on sharia law is legislation that prohibits the application or implementation of Islamic law (Sharia) in courts in any civil (non-religious) jurisdiction. In the United States for example, various states have "banned Sharia law," or a ballot measure was passed that "prohibits the state’s courts from considering foreign, international or religious law." As of 2014 these include Alabama, Arizona, Kansas, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Dakota and Tennessee. In the Canadian province of Ontario, family law disputes are arbitrated only under Ontario law.
Muslims Against Crusades (MAC) is a banned radical Islamist group in the United Kingdom. The group was founded in 2010 by Abu Assadullah. Professional boxer Anthony Small and Islam4UK spokesman Anjem Choudary are associated with the group.
Sharia4Holland was an Islamist movement, openly seeking to institute Sharia law in the Netherlands. The group was an offshoot of the Belgian extremist network Sharia4Belgium.
Britain First is a far-right, British fascist and neo-fascist political party and hate group formed in 2011 by former members of the British National Party (BNP). The group was founded by Jim Dowson, an anti-abortion and far-right campaigner. The organisation's leader is former BNP councillor Paul Golding. Jayda Fransen formerly served as its deputy leader.
On the afternoon of 22 May 2013, a British Army soldier, Fusilier Lee Rigby of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, was attacked and killed by Islamist terrorists Michael Adebolajo and Michael Adebowale near the Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich, southeast London.
Islamism has existed in the United Kingdom since the 1970s, and has become widely visible and a topic of political discourse since the beginning of the 21st century.
Abu Rumaysah al-Britani, born Siddhartha Dhar, is a British citizen who is an Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant. In January 2016, he was named as the narrator in a film issued by ISIL that showed the execution of suspected spies against the regime. Abu Rumaysah has been designated as a global terrorist by the United States.
The Australian Defence League (ADL) is a militant far-right, white nationalist street gang. The group is anti-Islam, and has been involved in making terrorist threats, abusing, doxxing and stalking Muslim Australians. The gang was founded in Sydney in 2009 as an offshoot of the English Defence League.
Hardline Salafist Muslims patrolled the streets of Wuppertal, a city in the west of Germany, to "influence and recruit young people", according to local police. Dressed in bright orange reflective vests with "Shariah Police" printed on the back, the male patrollers loitered around discotheques and gambling houses, telling passers-by to refrain from gambling and alcohol. Wuppertal's police have pressed charges.
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