Terrorism in the United Kingdom

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The aftermath of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which killed 270 people. It was the deadliest terrorist attack in UK history. Pan Am Flight 103. Crashed Lockerbie, Scotland, 21 December 1988.jpg
The aftermath of the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which killed 270 people. It was the deadliest terrorist attack in UK history.
Terrorist incidents map of the United Kingdom 1970-2015, with a total of 4,972 incidents plotted. Northern Ireland and London are major hotspots for incidents. Terrorist incidents map of the United Kingdom 1970-2015.svg
Terrorist incidents map of the United Kingdom 1970–2015, with a total of 4,972 incidents plotted. Northern Ireland and London are major hotspots for incidents.

Terrorism in the United Kingdom, according to the Home Office, poses a significant threat to the state. [1] There have been various causes of terrorism in the UK. Before the 2000s, most attacks were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict (the Troubles). In the late 20th century there were also attacks by Islamic terrorist groups. Since 1970, there have been at least 3,395 terrorist-related deaths in the UK, the highest in western Europe. [2] The vast majority of the deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict and happened in Northern Ireland. [2] In mainland Great Britain, there were 430 terrorist-related deaths between 1971 and 2001. Of these, 125 deaths were linked to the Northern Ireland conflict, [3] and 305 deaths were linked to other causes, [4] including 270 in the Lockerbie bombing. [4] Since 2001, there have been almost 100 terrorist-related deaths in Great Britain.

Contents

The UK’s CONTEST strategy aims to prevent terrorism and other forms of extremism. [5] It places a responsibility on education and health bodies to report individuals who are deemed to be at risk of radicalisation. [5] : 35  The 2023 CONTEST report indicated that 75 per cent of the Security Service (MI5)'s caseload was from monitoring Islamist threats. [6] In 2023, 80% of the Counter Terrorism Police network’s live investigations were Islamist while 10% were Extreme Right-Wing. [7] In 2024, polling by YouGov found that half of the public in Great Britain believed that Islamic extremists were the biggest extremist threat. 76% considered Islamic extremists to be a “big” or “moderate" threat, although attitudes differed significantly along political lines. [8]

1,834 people were arrested in the UK from September 2001 to December 2009 in connection with terrorism, of which 422 were charged with terrorism-related offences and 237 were convicted. [9]

History

Terrorism deaths in Western Europe 1970-2017, based on the Global Terrorism Database. The UK is presented in red. Terrorism-in-Western-Europe.png
Terrorism deaths in Western Europe 1970-2017, based on the Global Terrorism Database. The UK is presented in red.
Terrorist incidents in United Kingdom [10] [11]
YearNumber of
incidents		DeathsInjuries
201712242301
2016104920
2015115123
201410304
2013137464
20125112
20114713
201057022
200922312
20083908
200720413
2006600
20052557836
2004502
200323211
200221213
200194833
200061728
1999767161
19986346259
1997782335
19963614395
199522115
199425666177
1993731204
199227494453
199126288235
199014776123
198916366174
1988181372263
1987118104120
1986956380
19856764175
198414569249
198317777186
19829595152
198114386118
1980135115115
1979238133146
197810081113
197714010317
197619426419
1975194245129
1974202235329
1973189210275
197228336837
1971811101
197012201
Total5,2183,4475,937

There have been many historically significant terrorist incidents within the United Kingdom, from the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 [12] [13] to the various attacks related to The Troubles of Northern Ireland. In recent history, the UK security services have focused on the threat posed by radical Islamic militant organisations within the UK, such as the cell responsible for the 7 July 2005 London bombings.

The British state has been accused of involvement in state terrorism in Northern Ireland. [14] [15] [16] [17]

A "restricted" 12 June 2008 MI5 analysis of "several hundred individuals known to be involved in, or closely associated with, violent extremist activity" concludes that British Islamist terrorists "are a diverse collection of individuals, fitting no single demographic profile, nor do they all follow a typical pathway to violent extremism". [18] Around half were born in the United Kingdom, the majority are British nationals and the remainder, with a few exceptions, are in the country legally. Most UK terrorists are male, but women are sometimes aware of their husbands', brothers' or sons' activities. While the majority are in their early to mid-20s when they become radicalised, a small but not insignificant minority first become involved in violent extremism over the age of 30. Those over 30 are just as likely to have a wife and children as to be loners with no ties. MI5 says this challenges the idea that terrorists are young Muslim men driven by sexual frustration and lured to "martyrdom" by the promise of beautiful virgins waiting for them in paradise. [18] Those involved in Islamist terrorism have educational achievement ranging from total lack of qualifications to degree-level education. However, they are almost all employed in low-grade jobs. [18] Far from being religious zealots, a large number of those involved in terrorism do not practise their faith regularly. Many lack religious literacy and could actually be regarded as religious novices. Very few have been brought up in strongly religious households, and there is a higher than average proportion of converts. Some are involved in drug-taking, drinking alcohol and visiting prostitutes. The report claims a well-established religious identity actually protects against violent radicalisation, while the influence of clerics in radicalising Islamist terrorists has reduced in recent years. [18]

On 29 August 2014, the British government launched a raft of counter-terrorism measures as the terrorist threat level was raised to "severe". Prime Minister David Cameron and Home Secretary Theresa May warned a terrorist attack was "highly likely", following the coming to prominence of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). [19]

On 22 May 2017, 23 people were killed after a bombing occurred following a concert by Ariana Grande in the most deadly terrorist attack on British soil since 2005. [20] After a COBRA meeting, UK Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK's terror threat level was being raised to 'critical', its highest level. [21] By raising the threat level to "critical", Operation Temperer was started, allowing 5,000 soldiers to replace armed police in protecting parts of the country. [22] [23] BBC's Frank Gardner said that the first deployment of troops is expected to be in the hundreds. [24]

There have been calls for the publication of a report into the finance of terrorism which the government said they left unpublished for security reasons. Tim Farron said, "Theresa May should be ashamed of the way she has dragged her heels on this issue, first as home secretary and now as prime minister. No amount of trade with dodgy regimes such as Saudi Arabia is worth putting the safety of the British public at risk, and if May is serious about our security, she would publish the report in full, immediately." [25]

From June 2016 to June 2017, 379 people in the UK had been arrested for terrorism-linked offences with 123 of them being charged, 105 of them for terrorism offences. This was a 68% increase from the previous year which was partly due to various Islamist terror attacks on UK soil such as the Manchester bombing, the London Bridge attack, and the Westminster attack. The report also said that 19 terrorist plots had been foiled by British police since June 2013. [26]

Jihadist material including bomb making instructions and execution videos gets more clicks in the UK than in any other European nation and is spread among a wide range of different domains. Internet companies have been accused of not preventing this. New measures are being considered to stop internet providers from showing this type of content including fines for internet companies that do not remove jihadist material. David Petraeus said the Parsons Green bomb could have been made from online instructions. Petraeus noted the technical and other skill of the terrorist websites and added, "It is clear that our counter-extremism efforts and other initiatives to combat extremism online have, until now, been inadequate. There is no doubting the urgency of this matter. The status quo clearly is unacceptable." [27]

Police chief, Sara Thornton fears cuts to the police budget will weaken counter terrorism. Thornton maintains resources needed to deal with terrorist incidents are brought from mainstream policing adding to the strain on general policing. Thornton maintains neighbourhood policing is important because it gives people confidence in the police. Then confident people give the police information needed to prevent terrorist attacks. Thornton said, "Fewer officers and police community support officers will cut off the intelligence that is so crucial to preventing attacks. Withdrawal from communities risks undermining their trust in us at a time when we need people to have the confidence to share information with us." Thornton also said, "Experts tell us that the spate of attacks in the UK and Europe are a shift not a spike in the threat, which will take 20 or 30 years to eliminate. This new normality necessitates an open-minded dialogue with government about how we respond; and our resources have got to be part of the conversation." [28] [29]

Organisations

Counter Terrorism Policing is the national collaboration of police forces across the United Kingdom responsible for counter terrorism operations and strategy.

The British government has designated 58 organisations as terrorist and banned them. 44 of these organisations were banned under the Terrorism Act of 2000. Two of these were also banned under the Terrorism Act of 2006 for "glorifying terrorism." Other than the far-right neo-Nazi National Action, the other fourteen organisations operate (for the most part) in Northern Ireland, and were banned under previous legislation. [1] However the increase to 10%, from a base of 6%, made far-right terrorism the fastest growing threat. Other than caseloads, there have also been an increasing number of arrests, referrals and terror plots. [30]

Organisations the government has designated as terrorist and banned are: [1]

Ulster unionist

Far-right

Far-left

Irish republican

Islamist

According to political scientist Gilles Kepel, the jihadi violence is rooted in Islamic fundamentalism in the form of Salafism, an ideology that clashes with the values of Western democracies and which entered the United Kingdom when the country gave shelter to radical Islamist leaders from around the world in London. [31] According to Kepel, an individual progresses into violence by first becoming a salafist. Further, he states that salafist ideology has led to attacking targets which symbolizes Western culture, such as the concerts at Manchester and in the Bataclan theater or deliberately timing attacks to interfere with democratic elections. [31] Scholar Olivier Roy disagrees, saying that the majority of Islamic terrorists are radicals first and are drawn to fundamentalist Islam as a result. [32] He has argued that there's no evidence that they go from Salafism to terrorism, noting that Islamic terrorist Abdelhamid Abaaoud was known to violate religious rules about halal food. [33] Roy has also argued that the burkini bans and secularist policies of France provoked religious violence in France, to which Kepel responded that Britain has no such policies and still suffered several jihadist attacks in 2017. [31]

In the 2000s, there was an increase in the number of British Pakistanis traveling to training camps in the Pashtun regions of Pakistan to join al-Qaeda and other jihadist groups. The British government received early warnings of this radicalization trend among British Muslims in March 2004, when security authorities foiled the "fertilizer bomb plot" orchestrated by a cell of jihadists of Pakistani origin. The most significant event illustrating this trend was the 7 July 2005 London bombings, a series of suicide bombings in the London Underground which resulted in fifty-two deaths and over seven hundred injuries. The perpetrators had been trained in an al-Qaeda camp on the Pakistani side of the Afghan–Pakistani border. [34]

In July 2017, it was reported that British authorities had stripped some 150 suspected criminals with dual citizenship of their British passport, to prevent them from returning to the UK. Those deprived of their UK citizenship included both "jihadis" and "jihadi brides". [35]

In October 2020, Islamist terrorism remained the greatest threat to the UK by volume according to Ken McCallum, the Director General of MI5. [36] A report published in the same year found that of the 43,000 extremists on MI5's watchlist, around nine-tenths of the people on the list are Islamist extremists. [37] In July 2023, Suella Braverman, the Home Secretary of the United Kingdom, reiterated that Islamic terrorism was the primary domestic threat facing the UK. [38] Islamic terrorism represented 67% of attacks since 2018, 75% of MI5's caseload, and 64% of those in custody for terrorism-connected offences according to the 2023 CONTEST report. [6] The Independent Reviewer for the government's anti-terror programme, Sir William Shawcross, has stated that there was a reluctance to investigate Islamist threats due to fears of being labelled Islamophobic or racist. Instead, staff from the government's anti-terror programme were biased towards tackling far-right threats despite Islamist threats posing a greater risk. [39] His investigation found that 80% of the Counter Terrorism Police network’s live investigations were Islamist while 10% were Extreme Right-Wing. However, Shawcross found that the majority (51%) of referrals were for mixed, unstable or unclear (MUU) ideology concerns, followed by extreme right-wing ideology at 25%, and Islamist related radicalisation made up only 22% of referrals. [7]

In October 2024, Ken McCallum indicated that the terrorist threat trend he was most concerned about was the worsening threat from Al-Qaeda and in particular from Islamic State. Roughly 75% of counter terrorist work remained from Islamist threats, although he highlighted that threats were becoming more sophisticated with people consuming both Extreme Right Wing and Islamist extremist instructional material. Lone individuals radicalised online made up the majority of threats. [40] [41]

Others

See also

Related Research Articles

Islamic terrorism refers to terrorist acts carried out by fundamentalist militant Islamists and Islamic extremists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Al-Muhajiroun</span> Militant network based in Saudi Arabia

Al-Muhajiroun is a proscribed terrorist network based and banned in Saudi Arabia and active for many years in the United Kingdom. The founder of the group was Omar Bakri Muhammad, a Syrian who previously belonged to Hizb ut-Tahrir; he was not permitted to re-enter Britain after 2005. According to The Times, the organisation has been linked to international terrorism, homophobia, and antisemitism. The group became notorious for its September 2002 conference "The Magnificent 19", praising the September 11, 2001 attacks. The network mutates periodically so as to evade the law; it operates under many different aliases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnus Ranstorp</span> Swedish scholar (born 1965)

Per Magnus Ranstorp is a Swedish scholar who has written about Hezbollah, Hamas, Al-Qaeda and other militant Islamic movements. He is the Research Director of the Centre for Asymmetric Threat Studies at the Swedish National Defence College, directing a project on Strategic Terrorist Threats to Europe which focuses on radicalisation and recruitment of salafist-jihadist terrorists across Europe and the convergence between Chemical, Biological, Radioactive and Nuclear Weapons, and Terrorism. Ranstorp graduated from Gustavus Adolphus College in Saint Peter, Minnesota in 1985.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami</span> Pakistani Islamist militant organization

Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami is a Pakistani Islamist extremist, fundamentalist and terrorist organisation affiliated with Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.

The Special Detective Unit (SDU) is the main domestic security agency of the Garda Síochána, the national police force of Ireland, under the aegis of the Crime & Security Branch (CSB). It is the primary counter-terrorism and counter-espionage investigative unit within the state. The Special Detective Unit superseded the Special Branch, which itself replaced the older Criminal Investigation Department (CID), which was founded in 1921. They work in conjunction with the Defence Forces Directorate of Military Intelligence (J2) – Ireland's national intelligence service – on internal matters. The unit's headquarters are in Harcourt Street, Dublin City.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic extremism</span> Extreme or radical form of Islam

Islamic extremism, Islamist extremism or radical Islam refers to a set of extremist beliefs, behaviors and ideologies within Islam. These terms remain contentious, encompassing a spectrum of definitions, ranging from academic interpretations of Islamic supremacy to the notion that all ideologies other than Islam have failed and are inferior.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UK Threat Levels</span> Alert states used by the British Government

The United Kingdom Terror Threat Levels, often referred to as UK Threat Levels, are the alert states that have been in use since 1 August 2006 by the British government to warn of forms of terrorist activity. In September 2010 the threat levels for Northern Ireland-related terrorism were also made available. In July 2019 changes were made to the terrorism threat level system, to reflect the threat posed by all forms of terrorism, irrespective of ideology. There is now a single national threat level describing the threat to the UK, which includes Islamist, Northern Ireland, left-wing and right-wing terrorism. Before 2006, a colour-based alert scheme known as BIKINI state was used. The response indicates how government departments and agencies and their staffs should react to each threat level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence</span>

The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR) is a non-profit, non-governmental think tank based in the Department of War Studies at King's College London whose mission is to educate the public and help policymakers and practitioners find solutions to radicalisation and political violence. It obtains some of its funding through the European Union.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Salafi jihadism</span> Transnational Sunni Islamist religious-political ideology

Salafi jihadism, also known as jihadist Salafism and revolutionary Salafism, is a religious-political Sunni Islamist ideology that seeks to establish a global caliphate, characterized by the advocacy of physical jihadist attacks on non-Muslim targets. In a narrower sense, jihadism refers to the belief that armed confrontation with political rivals is an efficient and theologically legitimate method of socio-political change. The Salafist interpretation of sacred Islamic texts is "in their most literal, traditional sense", which adherents claim will bring about the return to "true Islam".

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Jihadi tourism, also referred to as jihad tourism or jihadist tourism, is a term sometimes used to describe travel to foreign destinations with the object of scouting for terrorist training. US diplomatic cables leaked in 2010 have raised concerns about this form of travel. Within intelligence circles, the term is also sometimes applied dismissively to travellers who are assumed to be seeking contact with extremist groups mainly out of curiosity.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrorism in Germany</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrorism in Europe</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic terrorism in Europe</span> Islamic terrorist attacks and plots in Europe

Islamic terrorism has been carried out in Europe by the jihadist groups Islamic State (ISIL) or Al-Qaeda as well as Islamist lone wolves since the late 20th century. Europol, which releases the annual EU Terrorism Situation and Trend report (TE-SAT), used the term "Islamist terrorism" in reports for the years 2006–2010, "religiously inspired terrorism" for the years 2011–2014, and has used "jihadist terrorism" since then. Europol defines jihadism as "a violent ideology exploiting traditional Islamic concepts".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Westminster attack</span> Terrorist attack in London

On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place outside the Palace of Westminster in London, seat of the British Parliament. Khalid Masood, a 52-year-old Briton, drove a car into pedestrians on the pavement along the south side of Westminster Bridge and Bridge Street, injuring more than 50 people, four of them fatally. He then crashed the car into the perimeter fence of the palace grounds and ran into New Palace Yard, where he fatally stabbed an unarmed police officer. He was then shot by an armed police officer, and died at the scene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parsons Green train bombing</span> 2017 terrorism-related explosion in England

On 15 September 2017, at around 08:20 BST, an explosion occurred on a District line train at Parsons Green Underground station, in London, England. Thirty people were treated in hospital or an urgent care centre, mostly for burn injuries, by a botched, crude "bucket bomb" with a timer containing the explosive chemical TATP. Police arrested the main suspect, 18-year-old Iraqi asylum seeker Ahmed Hassan, in a departure area of the Port of Dover the next day, and subsequently raided several addresses, including the foster home of an elderly couple in Sunbury-on-Thames where Hassan lived following his arrival in the United Kingdom two years earlier claiming to be an asylum seeker.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terrorism in Burkina Faso</span>

Terrorism in Burkina Faso refers to non-state actor violence in Burkina Faso carried out with the intent of causing fear and spreading extremist ideology. Terrorist activity primarily involves religious terrorism conducted by foreign-based organizations, although some activity occurs because of communal frustration over the lack of economic development. Recent attacks have concentrated in the Hauts-Bassins, Boucle du Mouhoun, Nord, Sahel, and Est regions, along the border with Mali and Niger. A series of attacks in Ouagadougou in 2016, 2017, and 2018 by al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and its affiliates garnered international attention.

Sohail Ahmed is an English social activist of Pakistani and Kashmiri descent, former Islamist and Muslim extremist who was at one point considering carrying out an Islamic terrorist attack in his home city of London. Following his coming out as a gay man, he now works in the fields of counter-extremism, counter-terrorism, and social integration. He has featured in the media and has written for a number of publications exploring his personal journey, LGBT rights in the Muslim world, and Islamic extremism. He has also exposed the prevalence of extremism and jihadism in British universities.

References

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  3. ↑ "Sutton Index of Deaths: Geographical Location of the death". Conflict Archive on the Internet . Retrieved 5 June 2017.
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  25. ↑ 9/11 survivors urge May to publish UK terror funding report The Guardian
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  27. ↑ Britain has large audience for online jihadist propaganda, report says The Guardian
  28. ↑ UK's terror fight 'puts unsustainable strain on police' BBC
  29. ↑ Don't cut police anti-terror budget as threat grows, warns top officer The Guardian
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  33. ↑ "'That Ignoramus': 2 French Scholars of Radical Islam Turn Bitter Rivals" . Retrieved 2018-07-19. 'There is no proof that shows the young men go from Salafism to terrorism,' Mr. Roy said, pointing out that the planner of the Paris attacks in November, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, ate McDonald's, which is not halal. 'None of the terrorists were Salafists.'
  34. ↑ Steinberg, Guido (2013). "Unlikely Internationalists: Putting German Jihadism into Perspective". German Jihad: On the Internationalization of Islamist Terrorism. Columbia studies in terrorism and irregular warfare. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN   978-0-231-50053-1.
  35. ↑ "UK 'has stripped 150 jihadists and criminals of citizenship'". the Guardian. Press Association. 2017-07-30. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  36. ↑ "Director General Ken McCallum makes first public address | MI5 – The Security Service". www.mi5.gov.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
  37. ↑ Mendick, Robert (23 June 2020). "Stabbing suspect was assessed by anti-terror programme". The Telegraph.
  38. ↑ "UK terrorism risk is rising - Suella Braverman". BBC News. 18 July 2023.
  39. ↑ Hymas, Charles (21 February 2024). "Islamist extremism 'not being effectively tackled by Government'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  40. ↑ McCallum, Ken. "Director General Ken McCallum gives latest threat update". MI5 Security Service. Retrieved 8 October 2024.
  41. ↑ Farrell, Jason (8 October 2024). "Russia trying to create 'mayhem' on UK streets, MI5 boss warns". Sky News.

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