David Myatt

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David Myatt
Ibnmyatt.png
Abdul-Aziz ibn Myatt after his conversion to Islam in 1998, wearing a thawb and a taqiyah
Born
David Wulstan Myatt

1950 (age 73–74)
Tanganyika
NationalityBritish
Other namesAbdul-Aziz bin Myatt
Occupation(s)Author, religious leader, and British far-right and Islamist militant [1] [2] [3]
Years active1968–present:
1968–1998 (Neo-Nazism)
1974-2016 (Order of Nine Angles)
1998–2009 (Islam)
2010–present (Numinous Way)
Known for Neo-Nazism, Order of Nine Angles, Numinous Way

David Wulstan Myatt [a] (born 1950), also known by the pseudonym Abdulaziz ibn Myatt al-Qari, [4] is a British author, religious leader, far-right and former Islamist militant, [1] [2] [3] most notable for allegedly being the political and religious leader of the White nationalist theistic Satanist organization Order of Nine Angles (ONA) from 1974 onwards. [1] [2] [3] He is also the founder of Numinous Way [5] [6] [7] and a former Muslim. [7]

Contents

Early life

David Wulstan Myatt grew up in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), where his father worked as a civil servant for the British government, and later in the Far East, where he studied martial arts. [8] He moved to England in 1967 to complete his schooling. He is reported to live in the Midlands. [9] [10]

According to Jeffrey Kaplan, Myatt has undertaken "a global odyssey which took him on extended stays in the Middle East and East Asia, accompanied by studies of religions ranging from Christianity to Islam in the Western tradition and Taoism and Buddhism in the Eastern path. In the course of this Siddhartha-like search for truth, Myatt sampled the life of the monastery in both its Christian and Buddhist forms." [11]

Beliefs and career

Political scientist George Michael writes that Myatt has "arguably done more than any other theorist to develop a synthesis of the extreme right and Islam," [8] and is "arguably England's principal proponent of contemporary neo-Nazi ideology and theoretician of revolution." [12]

He described Myatt as an "intriguing theorist" [8] whose "Faustian quests" [8] not only involved studying Taoism and spending time in a Buddhist and later a Christian monastery, [13] but also allegedly involved exploring the occult, and Paganism and what Michael calls "quasi-Satanic" secret societies, while remaining a committed National Socialist. [13]

In 2000, British anti-fascist magazine Searchlight wrote that: "[Myatt] does not have the appearance of a Nazi ideologue ... [S]porting a long ginger beard, Barbour jacket, cords and a tweed flat cap, he resembles an eccentric country gentleman out for a Sunday ramble. But Myatt is anything but the country squire, for beneath this seemingly innocuous exterior is a man of extreme and calculated hatred. Over the past ten years, Myatt has emerged as the most ideologically driven nazi in Britain, preaching race war and terrorism [...] Myatt is believed to have been behind a 15-page document which called for race war, under the imprint White Wolves." [14]

At a 2003 UNESCO conference in Paris, which concerned the growth of antisemitism, it was stated that "David Myatt, the leading hardline Nazi intellectual in Britain since the 1960s [...] has converted to Islam, praises bin Laden and al Qaeda, calls the 9/11 attacks 'acts of heroism,' and urges the killing of Jews. Myatt, under the name Abdul Aziz Ibn Myatt supports suicide missions and urges young Muslims to take up Jihad. Observers warn that Myatt is a dangerous man..." [15] This view of Myatt as a radical Muslim, or Jihadi, [16] is supported by Professor Robert S. Wistrich, who writes that Myatt, when a Muslim, was a staunch advocate of "Jihad, suicide missions and killing Jews..." and also "an ardent defender of bin Laden". [17] One of Myatt's writings justifying suicide attacks was, for several years, on the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades (the military wing) section of the Hamas website. [18]

In addition to writing about Islam and National Socialism, Myatt has translated works by Sophocles, [19] [20] Sappho, [21] Aeschylus, [22] [23] and Homer. [24] He has also developed a mystical philosophy which he calls The Numinous Way [25] and invented a three-dimensional board-game, the Star Game. [26]

Alleged involvement with occultism

Myatt is alleged to have been the founder of the occult group the Order of Nine Angles (ONA/O9A) or to have taken it over, [27] written the publicly available teachings of the ONA under the pseudonym Anton Long, [28] with his role being "paramount to the whole creation and existence of the ONA". According to Senholt, "ONA-inspired activities, led by protagonist David Myatt, managed to enter the scene of grand politics and the global 'War On Terror', because of several foiled terror plots in Europe that can be linked to Myatt's writings". [29]

David Myatt has always denied such allegations about involvement with the ONA. [30]

George Sieg expressed doubts regarding Myatt being Long, writing that he considered it to be "implausible and untenable based on the extent of variance in writing style, personality, and tone" between Myatt and Long's writings. [31] Jeffrey Kaplan also suggested that Myatt and Long are separate people, [32] as did the religious studies scholar Connell R. Monette who wrote that it was quite possible that 'Anton Long' was a pseudonym used by multiple individuals over the last 30 years. [33]

Order of Nine Angles

The Order of Nine Angles (ONA) originally was a Wiccan organization founded during the 1960s, [1] [2] [3] and became a theistic Satanist organization once the leadership was allegedly taken over in 1974 by David Myatt, previously known under the pseudonym of Anton Long, [3] a former bodyguard and supporter of the British Neo-Nazi leader Colin Jordan. [2] [3] In 1998, Myatt converted to radical Islam while continuing to lead the Order of Nine Angles; later on, he repudiated the Islamic religion in 2010 and publicly declared to have renounced all forms of extremism. [3] The Order of Nine Angles identify as theistic Satanists and affirm to practice "traditional Satanism". [1] However, the doctrine of the Order of Nine Angles is complex and multifaceted. [3] Sociologist of religion Massimo Introvigne defined it as "a synthesis of three different currents: hermetic, pagan, and Satanist", [3] whereas the medievalist and professor of Religious studies Connell Monette dismissed the Satanic features of the ONA as "cosmetic" and contended that "its core mythos and cosmology are genuinely hermetic". [3] According to the scholar of Western esotericism Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, "the ONA celebrated the dark, destructive side of life through anti-Christian, elitist, and Social Darwinist doctrines", together with the organization's implicit ties to Neo-Nazism and the appraisal of National Socialism. [2] The Order of Nine Angles believe that the seven planets and their satellites are connected to the "Dark Gods", while Satan is considered to be one of two "actual entities", the other one being Baphomet, with the former conceived as male and the latter as female. [3] The organization became controversial and was mentioned in the press and books because of their promotion of human sacrifice. [34] Since the 2010s, the political ideology and religious worldview of the Order of Nine Angles have increasingly influenced militant neo-fascist and Neo-Nazi insurgent groups associated with right-wing extremist and White supremacist international networks, [35] most notably the Iron March forum. [35]

Myatt is regarded as an "example of the axis between right-wing extremists and Islamists", [6] [36] and has been described as an "extremely violent, intelligent, dark, and complex individual"; [37] as a martial arts expert; [38] [39] as one of the more interesting figures on the British neo-Nazi scene since the 1970s, [38] [40] [41] [42] and as a key Al-Qaeda propagandist. [43] According to Daniel Koehler of the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism, Myatt "is a complex persona who defies simple answers to the question of why he changed groups and milieus so often and so fundamentally. It is also obvious, that during large parts of his life, Myatt was driven by a search for meaning and purpose." [44]

Before his conversion to Islam in 1998, [45] [46] [47] Myatt was the first leader of the British National Socialist Movement (NSM), [5] [48] and was identified by The Observer , as the "ideological heavyweight" behind Combat 18. [38]

Myatt came to public attention in 1999, a year after his Islamic conversion, when a pamphlet he allegedly wrote many years earlier, A Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution, described as a "detailed step-by-step guide for terrorist insurrection", [49] was said to have inspired David Copeland, who left nailbombs in areas frequented by London's black, South Asian, and gay communities. [50] Three people died and 129 were injured in the explosions, several of them losing limbs. It has also been suggested that Myatt's A Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution might have influenced the German National Socialist Underground. [51] [52]

In 2021 The Counter Extremism Project listed Myatt as one of the world's 20 most dangerous extremists. [53]

Political activism

Myatt joined Colin Jordan's British Movement, a neo-Nazi group, in 1968, where he sometimes acted as Jordan's bodyguard at meetings and rallies. [54] Myatt would later become Leeds Branch Secretary and a member of British Movement's National Council. [55] From the 1970s until the 1990s, he remained involved with paramilitary and neo-Nazi organisations such as Column 88 and Combat 18, [56] [57] and was imprisoned twice for violent offences in connection with his political activism. [8]

Myatt was the founder and first leader of the National Socialist Movement [58] [59] of which David Copeland was a member. He also co-founded, with Eddy Morrison, the neo-Nazi organization the NDFM (National Democratic Freedom Movement) which was active in Leeds, England, in the early 1970s, [60] and the neo-Nazi Reichsfolk group, [61] [62] which Reichsfolk organization "aimed to create a new Aryan elite, The Legion of Adolf Hitler, and so prepare the way for a golden age in place of 'the disgusting, decadent present with its dishonourable values and dis-honourable weak individuals'". [63]

Of the NDFM, John Tyndall wrote (in a polemic against NDFM co-founder Eddy Morrison): "The National Democratic Freedom Movement made little attempt to engage in serious politics but concentrated its activities mainly upon acts of violence against its opponents. [...] Before very long the NDFM had degenerated into nothing more than a criminal gang." [64] [65]

It is also alleged that in the early 1980s Myatt tried to establish a Nazi-occultist commune in Shropshire, [38] which project was advertised in Colin Jordan's Gothic Ripples newsletter, [66] with Goodrick-Clark writing that "after marrying and settling in Church Stretton in Shropshire, [Myatt] attempted in 1983 to set up a rural commune within the framework of Colin Jordan's Vanguard Project for neo-nazi utopias publicized in Gothic Ripples". [67]

Michael writes that Myatt took over the leadership of Combat 18 in 1998, when Charlie Sargent, the previous leader, was jailed for murder. [8]

Alleged influence on David Copeland

In November 1997, Myatt allegedly posted a racist and anti-Semitic pamphlet he had written called Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution on a website based in British Columbia, Canada by Bernard Klatt. The pamphlet included chapter titles such as "Assassination", "Terror Bombing", and "Racial War". [68] According to Michael Whine of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, "[t]he contents provided a detailed step-by-step guide for terrorist insurrection with advice on assassination targets, rationale for bombing and sabotage campaigns, and rules of engagement." [49]

In February 1998, detectives from S012 Scotland Yard raided Myatt's home in Worcestershire and removed his computers and files. He was arrested on suspicion of incitement to murder and incitement to racial hatred, [49] but the case later dropped, after a three-year investigation, because the evidence supplied by the Canadian authorities was not enough to secure a conviction. [68]

It was a copy of the Practical Guide to Aryan Revolution pamphlet that, in 1999, was discovered by police in the flat of David Copeland, [69] the London nailbomber – who was also a member of Myatt's National Socialist Movement – and thus which allegedly influenced him to plant homemade bombs targeting immigrants in Brixton, Brick Lane, and inside the Admiral Duncan pub on Old Compton Street in London, frequented by the black, Asian, and gay communities respectively. [70] Friends John Light, Nick Moore, and Andrea Dykes and her unborn child died in the Admiral Duncan pub. Copeland told police he had been trying to spark a "racial war." [48]

Following the conviction of Copeland for murder on 30 June 2000, after a trial at the Old Bailey, one newspaper wrote of Myatt: "This is the man who shaped mind of a bomber; Cycling the lanes around Malvern, the mentor who drove David Copeland to kill [...] Riding a bicycle around his Worcestershire home town sporting a wizard-like beard and quirky dress-sense, the former monk could easily pass as a country eccentric or off-beat intellectual. But behind David Myatt's studious exterior lies a more sinister character that has been at the forefront of extreme right-wing ideology in Britain since the mid-1960s." [71]

According to the BBC's Panorama , in 1998 when Myatt was leader of the NSM, he called for "the creation of racial terror with bombs". [48] Myatt is also quoted by Searchlight as having stated that "[t]he primary duty of all National Socialists is to change the world. National Socialism means revolution: the overthrow of the existing System and its replacement with a National-Socialist society. Revolution means struggle: it means war. It means certain tactics have to be employed, and a great revolutionary movement organised which is primarily composed of those prepared to fight, prepared to get their hands dirty and perhaps spill some blood". [14]

Conversion to Islam

Myatt converted to Islam in 1998. He told Professor George Michael that his decision to convert began when he took a job on a farm in England. He was working long hours in the fields and felt an affinity with nature, concluding that the sense of harmony he felt had not come about by chance. He told Michael that he was also impressed by the militancy of Islamist groups, and believed that he shared common enemies with Islam, namely "the capitalist-consumer West and international finance." [72]

While initially some critics, specifically the anti-fascist Searchlight organization, suggested that Myatt's conversion "may be just a political ploy to advance his own failing anti-establishment agenda", [73] it is now generally accepted that his conversion was genuine. [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80]

As a Muslim, he travelled and spoke in several Arab countries, [81] and wrote one of the most detailed defenses in the English language of Islamic suicide attacks. [82] He also expressed support for the Taliban, [6] and referred to the Holocaust as a "hoax". [47] An April 2005 NATO workshop heard that Myatt had called on "all enemies of the Zionists to embrace the Jihad" against Jews and the United States. [83]

According to an article in The Times published on 24 April 2006, Myatt then believed that: "The pure authentic Islam of the revival, which recognises practical jihad as a duty, is the only force that is capable of fighting and destroying the dishonour, the arrogance, the materialism of the West ... For the West, nothing is sacred, except perhaps Zionists, Zionism, the hoax of the so-called Holocaust, and the idols which the West and its lackeys worship, or pretend to worship, such as democracy... Jihad is our duty. If nationalists, or some of them, desire to aid us, to help us, they can do the right thing, the honourable thing, and convert, revert, to Islam — accepting the superiority of Islam over and above each and every way of the West." [47]

Departure from Islam

In 2010, Myatt publicly announced that he had rejected both Islam [84] and extremism. [85]

Notes

  1. ↑ Some accounts give Myatt's middle name as William, such as the 1998 edition of Searchlight magazine and Black Sun: Chapter "Nazi satanism and the new Aeon", Goodrick-Clarke, 2002. But, these accounts are seen as unreliable as the authors have allegedly never corresponded with Myatt. However, several authors did and confirm his middle name as Wulstan, namely Michael, George. (2006) The Enemy of My Enemy and Kaplan, Jeffrey. (1998) Nation and Race: The Developing Euro-American Racist Subculture, Northeastern University Press, 1998, ISBN   1-55553-331-0.

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  15. ↑ Simon Wiesenthal Center: Response, Summer 2003, Vol 24, #2
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  33. ↑ Monette, Connell. Mysticism in the 21st Century. 2013. Sirius Academic Press. p.92. ISBN   978-1-940964-00-3
  34. ↑ Lewis, James R. (2001). Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 234. ISBN   978-1-57607-292-9.
  35. 1 2 Upchurch, H. E. (22 December 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "The Iron March Forum and the Evolution of the "Skull Mask" Neo-Fascist Network" (PDF). CTC Sentinel . 14 (10). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 27–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022. The Order of Nine Angles and Terrorist Radicalization: The skull mask network's transformation into a clandestine terrorist network coincided temporally with the introduction of the Order of Nine Angles (O9A) worldview into the groups' ideological influences. The O9A is a occultist currentn founded by David Myatt in the late 1960s in the United Kingdom. The O9A shares with other pagan neo-fascists a belief in a primordial spirituality that has been supplanted by the Abrahamic faiths. Its doctrines are apocalyptic, predicting a final confrontation between monotheistic "Magian" civilization and primordial "Faustian" European spirituality. The skull mask network groups are not religiously monolithic, and most accept members who are not O9A adherents, but O9A philosophy has had a strong influence on the culture of the network. The O9A texts emphasize solitary rituals and the sense of membership in a superhuman spiritual elite. The O9A texts do not make social or financial demands on new adherents. Psychological commitment is instead generated through secrecy and the challenging, sometimes criminal, nature of the initiatory and devotional rituals. Because the rituals are solitary and self-administered, they create a set of shared 'transcendent' experiences that enhance group cohesion without the need for members to be geographically close to each other. Its leaderless structure and self-administered initiations make the O9A worldview uniquely well-suited to spread through online social networks, while the ritual violence used in O9A religious ceremonies contributed to the habituation of individual skull mask network members to violence.
  36. ↑ Mark Weitzman: Antisemitismus und Holocaust-Leugnung: Permanente Elemente des globalen Rechtsextremismus, in Thomas Greven: Globalisierter Rechtsextremismus? Die extremistische Rechte in der Ära der Globalisierung. 1 Auflage. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN   3-531-14514-2, pp.61-64.
  37. ↑ Raine, Susan. The Devil's Party (Book review). Religion, Volume 44, Issue 3, July 2014, pp. 529-533.
  38. 1 2 3 4 "Right here, right now", The Observer, February 9, 2003
  39. ↑ "Combat 18: Memoirs of a street-fighting man". Independent.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. The Independent, Sunday 1 February 1998
  40. ↑ Arkadiusz Sołtysiak. Neopogaństwo i neonazizm: Kilka słów o ideologiach Davida Myatta i Varga Vikernesa. Antropologia Religii. Wybór esejów. Tom IV, (2010), s. 173-182
  41. ↑ Agnieszka Pufelska: Der Faschismusbegiiff in Osteuropa nach 1945 in Die Dynamik der europäischen Rechten Geschichte, Kontinuitäten und Wandel. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010. ISBN   978-3-531-17191-3
  42. ↑ Jeffrey Kaplan (ed.). David Wulstan Myatt. In: Encyclopedia of White Power. A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA 2000, p. 216ff; p.514f
  43. ↑ "Far right hate is spiralling out of control", The Independent, February 18, 2019.
  44. ↑ Koehler, Daniel. From Traitor to Zealot: Exploring the Phenomenon of Side-Switching in Extremism and Terrorism. Cambridge University Press, 2021. p. 162. ISBN   9781108911283
  45. ↑ Michael, George. (2006) The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas, p. 147.
  46. ↑ Greven, Thomas (ed) (2006) Globalisierter Rechtsextremismus? Rechtsextremismus in der Ära der Globalisierung. VS Verlag, p.62
  47. 1 2 3 Woolcock, Nicola & Kennedy, Dominic. "What the neo-Nazi fanatic did next: switched to Islam", The Times, April 24, 2006.
  48. 1 2 3 BBC Panorama, June 30, 2000.
  49. 1 2 3 Whine, Michael. Cyberspace: A New Medium for Communication, Command and Control by Extremists, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Volume 22, Issue 3. Taylor & Francis. 1999.
  50. ↑ "Panorama Special: The Nailbomber", BBC, June 30, 2000.
  51. ↑ Daniel Koehler: The German National Socialist Underground (NSU), in Jackson, Paul and Shekhovtsov, Anton (editors): The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. pp. 134-135. ISBN   9781137396211
  52. ↑ "Ikke så ensomme ulve". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
  53. ↑ The Top 20 Most Dangerous Extremists", Jan, 2021
  54. ↑ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. "Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth and Neo-Nazism", NYU Press, 2000, p.215
  55. ↑ Jackson, Paul. Colin Jordan and Britain's Neo-Nazi Movement, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, p.174. ISBN   9781472514592
  56. ↑ Goodrick-Clark, N. (2001) pp.215-217 Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity . (chapter 11 in particular)
  57. ↑ Lowles, N. (2001) White Riot: The Violent Story of Combat 18. Milo Books, England; this edition 2003
  58. ↑ Arkadiusz Sołtysiak. Neopogaństwo i neonazizm: Kilka słów o ideologiach Davida Myatta i Varga Vikernesa. Antropologia Religii. Wybór esejów. Tom IV, (2010), s. 173-182
  59. ↑ Goodrick-Clark, N. (2001) p.50 Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity
  60. ↑ Goodrick-Clark, N. (2001) p.217 Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity
  61. ↑ Jeffrey Kaplan (ed.). David Wulstan Myatt. In: Encyclopedia of White Power. A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA 2000, p. 216ff; p.512f
  62. ↑ Taguieff, Pierre-André. (2004). Prêcheurs de haine. Traversée de la judéophobie planétaire, Paris, Mille et une Nuits, "Essai", pp. 788-789
  63. ↑ Goodrick-Clark, N. (2002) p.223. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN   0814731244
  64. ↑ Spearhead. April, 1983
  65. ↑ See also David Myatt and the Occult-Fascist Axis, in the anti-fascist magazine Searchlight, No. 241 (July 1995), pp.6–7, where it is stated that NDFM members, including Myatt, were involved in a series of violent attacks on coloured people and left-wingers.
  66. ↑ Searchlight, #104 (February 1984) and #106 (April 1984(
  67. ↑ Goodrick-Clark, N. (2002) p.222. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press. ISBN   0814731244
  68. 1 2 Vacca, John R. "Computer Forensics: Computer Crime Scene Investigation", Charles River Media, 2005, p.420 ISBN   1-58450-389-0
  69. ↑ Copsey, Nigel & Worley, Matthew (2017). Tomorrow Belongs to Us: The British Far Right since 1967. Routledge, 2017, ISBN   9781317190882, p.156.
  70. ↑ Mark Weitzman: Antisemitismus und Holocaust-Leugnung: Permanente Elemente des globalen Rechtsextremismus, in Thomas Greven: Globalisierter Rechtsextremismus? Die extremistische Rechte in der Ära der Globalisierung. 1 Auflage. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN   3-531-14514-2, pp.61-64.
  71. ↑ Sunday Mercury, July 9, 2000
  72. ↑ Michael, George. (2006) The Enemy of My Enemy: The Alarming Convergence of Militant Islam and the Extreme Right. University Press of Kansas, p. 144.
  73. ↑ Amardeep Bassey (16 February 2003). "Midland Nazi turns to Islam". Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 1 May 2006.
  74. ↑ Miller, Rory (2007). British Anti-Zionism Then and Now. Covenant, Volume 1, Issue 2 (April 2007 / Iyar 5767), Herzliya, Israel.
  75. ↑ "Common Motifs on Jihadi and Far Right Websites". Archived from the original on 23 September 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
  76. ↑ Steyn, Mark (2006). American Alone, Regnery Publishing, USA, p.92. ISBN   0-89526-078-6
  77. ↑ Amis, Martin (1 December 2007). "No, I am not a racist". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  78. ↑ Amis, Martin. The Second Plane. Jonathan Cape, 2008, p.157
  79. ↑ Alexandre Del Valle - The Reds, The Browns and the Greens or The Convergence of Totalitarianisms Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine
  80. ↑ http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/images/stories/pdfs/unlocking_al_qaeda.pdf%5B%5D
  81. ↑ Mark Weitzmann, Anti-Semitism and Terrorism, in Dienel, Hans-Liudger (ed), Terrorism and the Internet: Threats, Target Groups, Deradicalisation Strategies. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, vol. 67. IOS Press, 2010. pp.16-17. ISBN   978-1-60750-536-5
  82. ↑ Mark Weitzmann, Anti-Semitism and Terrorism, in Dienel, Hans-Liudger (ed), Terrorism and the Internet: Threats, Target Groups, Deradicalisation Strategies. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series, vol. 67. IOS Press, 2010. pp.16-17. ISBN   978-1-60750-536-5
  83. ↑ Karmon, Ely. "The Middle East, Iran, Palestine: Arenas for Radical and Anti-Globalization Groups Activity" Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine .
  84. ↑ Roger Griffin: Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, p.152. ISBN   9780230241299
  85. ↑ Daveed Gartenstein-Ross & Madeleine Blackman (2019). Fluidity of the Fringes: Prior Extremist Involvement as a Radicalization Pathway. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. Taylor & Francis.

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