Aryan Republican Army

Last updated

Aryan Republican Army
LeaderDonna Langan
Foundation1992
Dates of operation1992–1996
Country United States (Midwest)
Motives
Headquarters Columbus, Ohio
Ideology
Major actions22 bank robberies
Notable attacksAlleged involvement in the Oklahoma City Bombing
SizeAt least 7

The Aryan Republican Army (ARA), also dubbed "The Midwest Bank bandits" by the FBI and law-enforcement, was a white nationalist terrorist gang [1] which robbed 22 banks in the Midwest from 1994 to 1996. The bank robberies were spearheaded by Donna Langan. [lower-alpha 1] [2] The gang, who had links to Neo-Nazism and white supremacism, were alleged to have conspired with convicted terrorist Timothy McVeigh in the months before the Oklahoma City bombing terrorist attack. [3] [4] Although it has never been proven, many theorists believe the ARA funneled robbery money to help fund the bombing as a direct response to the Waco and Ruby Ridge sieges. [5]

Inspired to rob banks in order to support white supremacist movements by Mark Thomas, the ARA, founded in 1992 by Langan and her best friend from school Richard Lee Guthrie Jr., considered itself a leaderless organization. Although the group was mainly a criminal enterprise, its agenda was terrorist like. After filming and producing right-wing propaganda videos, the group grew and recruited bank robber affiliates: Michael Brescia, Shawn Kenny, Kevin McCarthy, and Scott Stedeford. [1] With the bank heist money, the gang began to stockpile weapons and ammunition in preparation for a future race war. At bank after bank, the bandits became infamous due to the fact that they left their signature decoy grenades and their pipe bombs as calling cards, a strategy which was implemented to help the gang escape and delay the FBI's pursuit. [2] The bandits used a strict time keeper who called out at elapsed intervals and made sure that they were in and out of the heists within 90 seconds. The time keeping, along with the members wearing of presidential masks, were moves which were believed to be lifted directly from the Kathryn Bigelow film Point Break . [2] [6] In addition to wearing Nixon, Reagan and Clinton masks, the ARA also wore jackets and hats emblazoned with "FBI," "ATF" or other law-enforcement acronyms. [2]

The FBI was unaware of the existence of the ARA until one of its members was apprehended. In early 1996, the group began to fall apart as its members were arrested after former members of the group became informants as part of a plea bargain. Guthrie was arrested in Cincinnati on January 15, 1996, concluding a 2-hour chase by FBI agents. Soon after, Guthrie gave up his counterpart Langan. Three days later on January 18, 1996, the FBI arrested Langan after a 50-round shoot out near a safe house in Columbus, Ohio. [2] [7]

Activities

Members of the Aryan Republican Army were responsible for a series of 22 bank robberies in the American Midwest. They reportedly targeted banks in the Midwest due to their belief that the security measures which were taken there would be less thorough. The group often left fake explosive devices at the banks which they robbed in order to divert law enforcement officials who could potentially chase them. Known members of the ARA include Langan, Guthrie, Michael William Brescia, Mark William Thomas, Shawn Kenny, Kevin McCarthy, and Scott Stedeford. Subsequent to their arrest, Guthrie, Langan, McCarthy and Thomas became witnesses for the prosecution. Guthrie was found hanged while in custody, a day before he was to give a television interview about an alleged cover-up which was related to the death of Kenneth Michael Trentadue, who was also found hanged while he was in custody. Otherwise, all of the gang's members received prison sentences of varying lengths, on an array of state and/or federal charges. [8]

Connections to the Oklahoma City bombing

Several accounts have linked the ARA with Timothy McVeigh, convicted of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing that killed 168 and injured hundreds more.

Brescia and Guthrie both resided for a time at Elohim City, Oklahoma, a private community made up of followers of the late Christian Identity pastor Robert G. Millar, and other persons associated with right-wing extremist and white nationalist-style views. Other ARA members were known to frequent Elohim City as well. Elohim City security director Andreas Strassmeir was a known associate of Timothy McVeigh (having met him at a Tulsa gun show), and federal investigators determined that McVeigh had made a phone call to Elohim City on April 5, 1995, just two weeks prior to the Oklahoma City bombing (although no one at Elohim City claims to have spoken with him). [9]

Additionally, five separate women from a nightclub in Tulsa have each identified Brescia as the man who was paying for McVeigh's drinks on April 8, 1995, just three days after McVeigh's suspicious phone call. Two more women in Kansas reported that McVeigh and Brescia were frequent associates, while Guthrie bore a distinct physical resemblance to "John Doe Number Two". McVeigh's sister, Jennifer, also claimed that he had been one of the participants in several, unspecified bank robberies.[ citation needed ]

David Paul Hammer, a convicted murderer who was imprisoned with McVeigh at the United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute, has alleged that McVeigh told him details of the Oklahoma City bombing that contradict the account related in court. According to Hammer, McVeigh claimed to have been working as a deep cover operative for the US Department of Defense, having infiltrated ARA and participated in several of the group's bank robberies. McVeigh is further alleged to have indicated Strassmeir and several others at Elohim City were similarly government agents involved in surveillance of extremist elements of the American far-right. [10]

Donna Langan

Langan was born Peter Kevin Langan [11] in 1958 on Saipan in the South Pacific Islands. She grew up in Vietnam, where her father served in the military and CIA, before moving to the United States when Langan was 6 years old. [11] In 1974, at age 16, Langan was sentenced to up to 20 years for robbing a man of $78 and fleeing police. [2] Langan moved to Ohio in 1988, where she converted to Mormonism and became an ordained minister at what authorities describe as a Ku Klux Klan-affiliated church. During the early 1990s, Langan and her childhood friend Richard Guthrie formed the Aryan Republic Army, a white supremacist group with motives to overthrow the US government. The group turned to robbing banks in order to fund their movement. [7] On January 18, 1996, the FBI arrested Langan. Langan, a transgender woman, who publicly renounced her political and racist views, served 18 years in a male prison before being transferred to a female penitentiary after a legal fight in 2014 during the Obama administration. In 2017, Langan and 435 other transgender inmates from federal prisons led an LGBT activist group in an effort to challenge the Trump administration's positions regarding transgender prisoners. [6]

Other members and associates

Richard Lee Guthrie Jr.

Nicknamed "Wild Bill", Richard Lee Guthrie Jr. grew up within blocks of Langan in Wheaton, Maryland, although they didn't become close until years later. [12] After getting kicked out of the Navy in 1983 for painting a swastika on the side of a ship and threatening superiors, Guthrie attended gatherings of the Aryan Nations and traveled the country distributing Christian Identity propaganda.[ citation needed ]

Guthrie pled guilty in 1996 to three bank robberies in Ohio, and to 16 more in seven states, as well as to weapons charges and credit card fraud. Following a plea agreement, he was to provide authorities with information about terrorist organizations similar to the Aryan Republican Army. [13] On July 12 of that same year, prison officials found Guthrie hanging in his cell, an apparent suicide. [14]

Michael William Brescia

A resident of Elohim City and a former student at LaSalle University in Philadelphia, Michael William Brescia was recruited for the ARA by Aryan Nations Pennsylvania state leader, Mark W. Thomas. [15] Brescia was named in a lawsuit filed by the grandparents of a victim of the bombing as being "John Doe 2" seen with McVeigh in the days prior to the bombing. A female friend of McVeigh also identified Brescia as a friend of McVeigh's then known only as "Mike". [16]

Shawn Kenny

A 1991 Oak Hills High School graduate and one-time Aryan Nations member from Cincinnati, Shawn Kenny already had a racist background prior to being befriended by Langan at a law seminar. [17] [18] Kenny, himself, says he had discussed recruiting robbers with Thomas in 1994.

Despite his criminal history and alleged relationship with Timothy McVeigh, he joined the U.S. Army sometime after the ARA was dissolved and an investigation into the Oklahoma City bombing had taken place. [18]

Scott Anthony Stedeford

Growing up in a middle-class town in Pennsylvania, Stedeford was introduced to the Christian Identity Doctrine and then fell in with the revolutionary movement. [19] During this time, he was also the founding member and frontman of the RAC band, Day of the Sword. Guthrie says to have met Stedeford through Berks County right-wing leader, Mark Thomas. [20]

Mark William Thomas

A member of both the Aryan Nations and Ku Klux Klan, Thomas was ordained an Identity Minister during a stay at Aryan Nations' Idaho headquarters in 1990. [21]

After being indicted in January 1997, Thomas told reporters that at least one gang member was involved in the Oklahoma bombing, according to a newspaper clip in FBI files. [22]

Kevin McCarthy

A native Pennsylvanian, Kevin "Blondie" McCarthy spent his adolescence experimenting with drugs before eventually becoming a resident of the Elohim City compound in the fall of 1994. McCarthy was also the bass player for Stedeford's group, Day of the Sword. [12]

Under a plea agreement, McCarthy became a government witness and testified in a pre-trial hearing against Langan in Columbus, Ohio. [14] McCarthy received a lengthy prison term for bank robbery, and was released from prison in 2007. [23]

Chevie Kehoe

A fellow white supremacist and resident of the Elohim City compound, Chevie Kehoe was contracted by the Aryan Republican Army to assassinate the Mueller family. The Mueller family were brief residents of Elohim City that had been privy to information dealing with the alleged connection of the Aryan Republican Army to the Oklahoma City bombing. Prior to murdering the Mueller family (with his accomplice Daniel Lewis Lee), Chevie had sold guns to the ARA. [24]

Dennis Mahon

While his exact connection to group has not been revealed, white supremacist Dennis Mahon is known to have been close friends with members of the Aryan Republican Army during his stay at Elohim City. [25]

A handful of videos were taken which depict Dennis Mahon engaging in paramilitary training alongside Andreas Strassmeir and Carol Howe, as well as a few other individuals which have not been identified. The unidentified militants in the footage may be some members of the Aryan Republican Army, since they lived at Elohim City around the same time that the video was recorded. In addition to this, the anonymous persons are seen wearing balaclavas in some videos, while in others, they either sport camouflage face paint or are simply too far away from the camera for them to be seen in detail. [26] [27]

Sentences

NameHometownSentence [28]
Donna LanganColumbus, OhioLife in prison plus 35 years
Richard Lee GuthrieColumbus, OhioFound dead in his prison cell after pleading guilty
Scott Anthony Stedeford Ardmore, Pennsylvania 29.5 years
Mark William Thomas Berks County, Pennsylvania 8 years
Kevin William McCarthy Bustleton, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania5 years
Michael William BresciaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania57 months

In 2010, the Aryan Republican Army was the subject of episode 82 of the television series Gangland .

Notes

  1. 1 2 Known at the time as Peter Kevin Langan

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oklahoma City bombing</span> 1995 domestic terrorist attack in the US

The Oklahoma City bombing was a domestic terrorist truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, on April 19, 1995, the second anniversary of the end to the Waco siege. The bombing remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timothy McVeigh</span> American domestic terrorist (1968–2001)

Timothy James McVeigh was an American domestic terrorist who masterminded and perpetrated the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995. The bombing killed 167 people, including 19 children, injured 684, and destroyed one-third of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. It remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aryan Nations</span> Christian Identity terrorist organization

Aryan Nations is a North American antisemitic, neo-Nazi and white supremacist hate group that was originally based in Kootenai County, Idaho, about 2+3⁄4 miles (4.4 km) north of the city of Hayden Lake. Richard Girnt Butler founded Aryan Nations in the 1970s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Luther Pierce</span> American white supremacist (1933–2002)

William Luther Pierce III was an American neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and far-right political activist. For more than 30 years, he was one of the highest-profile individuals of the white nationalist movement. A physicist by profession, he was author of the novels The Turner Diaries and Hunter under the pen name Andrew Macdonald. The former has inspired multiple hate crimes including the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Pierce founded the white nationalist National Alliance, an organization which he led for almost 30 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Order (white supremacist group)</span> American white supremacist terrorist group

The Order, also known as the Brüder Schweigen and Silent Brotherhood, was a Neo-Nazi terrorist organization active in the United States between September 1983 and December 1984. The group raised funds via armed robbery. Ten members were tried and convicted for racketeering, and two for their role in the 1984 murder of radio talk show host Alan Berg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building</span> Oklahoma building bombed in 1995

The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building was a United States federal government complex located at 200 N.W. 5th Street in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. On April 19, 1995, the building was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, which ultimately killed 167 people and injured 684 others. A third of the building collapsed seconds after the truck bomb detonated. The remains were demolished a month after the attack, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial was built on the site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terry Nichols</span> American domestic terrorist (born 1955)

Terry Lynn Nichols is an American domestic terrorist who was convicted for conspiring with Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing plot. Prior to his incarceration, he held a variety of short-term jobs, working as a farmer, grain elevator manager, real estate salesman, and ranch hand. He met Timothy McVeigh during a brief stint in the U.S. Army, which ended in 1989 when he requested a hardship discharge after less than one year of service. In 1994 and 1995, he conspired with McVeigh in the planning and preparation of the truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, on April 19, 1995. The bombing killed 168 people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elohim City, Oklahoma</span> Private community in Adair County, Oklahoma, US

Elohim City is a private community in Adair County, Oklahoma, United States. The 400 acres (1.6 km2) rural retreat was founded in 1973 by Robert G. Millar, a Canadian immigrant, former Mennonite, and "one of the most important leaders" in America's Christian Identity movement, a theology common to an assortment of right-wing extremist groups. The community gained national attention for its ties to members of The Order in the 1980s, as well as with convicted Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh in the 1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord</span> American far-right militant group active during the 1970s and 80s

The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA) was a far-right survivalist anti-government militia which advocated Christian Identity and was active in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s. The CSA developed from a Baptist congregation, the Zarephath-Horeb Community Church, which was founded in 1971 in Pontiac, Missouri. Over time, Zarephath-Horeb evolved into an extremist militant group and it was rechristened the CSA. The group operated a large compound in northern Arkansas which was known as "the Farm".

Chevie O'Brien Kehoe is an American convicted murderer. He is serving three consecutive life sentences for the kidnapping, torture, and murder of William Mueller and his family. His accomplice, Daniel Lewis Lee, was sentenced to death for the murders, and was executed on July 14, 2020.

In the United States, domestic terrorism is defined as terrorist acts that were carried out within the United States by U.S. citizens and/or U.S. permanent residents. As of 2021, the United States government considers white supremacists to be the top domestic terrorism threat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Brescia</span> American bank robber and white supremacist

Michael William Brescia is an American convicted bank robber who has also been alleged to have been involved in the Oklahoma City bombing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Snell (criminal)</span> American white supremacist and murder convict (1930–1995)

Richard Wayne Snell was an American white supremacist convicted of killing two people, a black police officer and a pawn shop owner whom he mistook for a Jew, in Arkansas between November 3, 1983, and June 30, 1984. Snell was sentenced to death for one of the murders, and executed by lethal injection in 1995.

James Dennis Ellison was an American white supremacist from San Antonio, Texas. In 1971, he founded the radical organization The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA). Ellison purchased a 250-acre (1.0 km2) strip of land near Elijah, Missouri, and he constructed his compound on it. He was also a close associate of Richard Wayne Snell and Timothy McVeigh.

Kenneth Michael Trentadue was an American citizen who was found hanged in his cell at Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City during the investigation of the Oklahoma City bombing. His death was officially ruled a suicide three years after it occurred. Trentadue's family maintains that he was murdered by members of the FBI who mistakenly believed he was involved in the Oklahoma bombing and that officials at the prison engaged in a cover-up. Oklahoma City's chief medical examiner said it was "very likely he was murdered". Convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh stated that he believed Trentadue was mistaken for Richard Lee Jr., a suspected co-conspirator in the bombing who also died in federal custody, allegedly from suicide by hanging.

Alternative theories have been proposed regarding the Oklahoma City bombing. These theories reject all, or part of, the official government report. Some of these theories focus on the possibility of additional co-conspirators that were never indicted or additional explosives planted inside the Murrah Federal building. Other theories allege that government employees and officials, including US President Bill Clinton, knew of the impending bombing and intentionally failed to act on that knowledge. Further theories allege that the bombing was perpetrated by government forces to frame and stigmatize the militia movement, which had grown following the controversial federal handlings of the Ruby Ridge and Waco incidents, and regain public support. Government investigations have been opened at various times to look into the theories.

Carol Elizabeth Howe is a former informant for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). Howe became a key figure in Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories when she said that she informed authorities of a right-wing extremist plan to blow up a federal building in Oklahoma a few months before the Oklahoma City bombing.

Dennis William Mahon is an American far-right terrorist who is part of the radical white supremacist movement. He was indicted for the 2004 Office of Diversity and Dialogue mail bombing in Scottsdale, Arizona. Mahon is currently incarcerated at FCI Terre Haute.

Andreas Carl Strassmeir is a German national and the former head-of-security for the white separatist community of Elohim City, Oklahoma. He gained media attention for his alleged connection to the Oklahoma City Bombing and has become an important figure in its conspiracy theories.

References

  1. 1 2 Thomas, Jo (January 9, 1997). "Bank Robbery Trial Offers a Glimpse of a Right-Wing World". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Saga of Pretty Boy Pedro". Washington Post. February 13, 1997. ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  3. ↑ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (December 8, 1996). "America's 'Aryan' hard men take lead from IRA". London Sunday Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  4. ↑ "FBI tied McVeigh to supremacist plotters". seattlepi.com. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  5. ↑ "In All the Speculation and Spin Surrounding the Oklahoma City Bombing, John Doe 2 Becomes a Legend – The Central Figure in Countless Conspiracy Theories That Attempt to Explain an Incomprehensible Horror. Did He Ever Really Exist?". Washington Post. March 23, 1997. ISSN   0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  6. 1 2 "Trump likely to undo Obama-era transgender prisoners policy, ending Texas court battle". Dallas News. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  7. 1 2 "Peter Kevin Langan VS USA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2021.
  8. ↑ Slobodzian, Joseph A. (March 20, 1998). "Hate-group Organizer Given 8-year Prison Term". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Extremism in America: Elohim City". The Anti-Defamation League. August 9, 2002. Archived from the original on October 31, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  10. ↑ Declaration of David Hammer Paul Hammer, filed in United States District Court for the District of Utah by attorney Jesse Trentadue on February 16, 2007 (Archive)
  11. 1 2 writer, Sharon Cohen, Associated Press. "Rise and fall of robbers with a hate message". southcoasttoday.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. 1 2 "A Bank-Robbing 'Army' of the Right Is Left in Tatters". Los Angeles Times. January 15, 1997. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Suicide Rocks White Supremacist Probe". Los Angeles Times. July 13, 1996. Archived from the original on February 16, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  14. 1 2 Call, JOHN P. MARTIN, The Morning (February 9, 1997). "THOMAS' PATH: FROM PREACHER TO PRISONER ARYAN NATIONS' LEADER FEARED BEING HUNTED DOWN BY FEDERAL AGENTS. HE ARRANGED FOR PEACEFUL SURRENDER ATTENDED BY HIS LAWYER". themorningcall.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ "Fbi: Aryan Gang Armed By Kehoes Used Weapons In String Of 22 Midwest Bank Robberies | The Spokesman-Review". www.spokesman.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  16. ↑ Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (July 1, 1996). "Cover-up claim in hunt for Oklahoma 'witness': A couple grieving for grandchildren killed in the bombing last year think they have identified a name missed by the huge resources of the FBI". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 12, 2002.
  17. ↑ Hamm, Mark S. (March 2007). Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond. NYU Press. ISBN   9780814737453.
  18. 1 2 "Cover Story: Queen City Terror". CityBeat Cincinnati. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  19. ↑ "Scott Stedeford: About Me". Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  20. ↑ "JOHN DOE #5 IDENTIFIED: BUT CAN WE GET THE FBI TO ARREST HIM?". Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  21. ↑ Call, JOHN P. MARTIN, The Morning (February 4, 1996). "THE WHITE SUPREMACIST NEXT DOOR NEIGHBORS FIRST KNEW MARK THOMAS AS THE MAN WITH THE ANTI-TAX SIGNS. THEN HIS MESSAGE TURNED FROM CRITICIZING GOVERNMENT TO ATTACKING JEWS AND BLACKS". themorningcall.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved September 20, 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ "AP: FBI Suspected McVeigh Link to Robbers (washingtonpost.com)". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 5, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Terror from the Right: Archives". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  24. ↑ Smith, Brent L. (2011). Pre-Incident Indicators of Terrorist Incidents: The Identification of Behavioral, Geographic and Temporal Patterns of Preparatory Conduct. DIANE. ISBN   9781437930610.
  25. ↑ Zeskind, Leonard (May 21, 2012). "Backgrounder: Arizona Mail Bomber Dennis Mahon to be Sentenced ⋆ IREHR". IREHR. Archived from the original on February 17, 2023. Retrieved January 21, 2020.
  26. ↑ "YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2019.
  27. ↑ "A NOBLE LIE - OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING 1995 DOCUMENTARY". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  28. ↑ Morlin, Bill. "Fbi: Aryan Gang Armed By Kehoes Used Weapons In String Of 22 Midwest Bank Robberies". spokesman.com. The Spokesman-Review. Archived from the original on December 16, 2022. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.