88 (number)

Last updated
87 88 89
Cardinal eighty-eight
Ordinal 88th
(eighty-eighth)
Factorization 23 × 11
Divisors 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 22, 44, 88
Greek numeral ΠΗ´
Roman numeral LXXXVIII
Binary 10110002
Ternary 100213
Senary 2246
Octal 1308
Duodecimal 7412
Hexadecimal 5816

88 (eighty-eight) is the natural number following 87 and preceding 89.

Contents

In mathematics

88 is:

88 and 945 are the smallest coprime abundant numbers, since all numbers until 945 are multiples of 2, 945 has 3, 5 and 7 as divisors, and 88 is the first abundant number that doesn't have 3, 5 or 7 as divisors.

In science and technology

Cultural significance

In Chinese culture

Number 88 symbolizes fortune and good luck in Chinese culture, since the word 8 sounds similar to the word (, which implies 發財, or wealth, in Mandarin or Cantonese). The number 8 is considered to be the luckiest number in Chinese culture, and prices in Chinese supermarkets often contain many 8s. The shape of the Chinese character for 8 () implies that a person will have a great, wide future as the character starts narrow and gets wider toward the bottom. The Chinese government has been auctioning auto license plates containing many 8s for tens of thousands of dollars. The 2008 Beijing Olympics opened at 8 p.m., 8 August 2008. [8]

In addition, 88 is also used to mean "bye bye (拜拜)" in Chinese-language chats, text messages, SMSs and IMs, because its pronunciation in Mandarin is similar to "bye bye". [9]

In amateur radio

In amateur radio, 88 is used as shorthand for "love and kisses" when signing a message or ending an exchange. It is used in spoken word (radiotelephony), Morse code (radiotelegraphy), and in various digital modes. It is considered rather more intimate than "73", which means "best regards"; therefore 73 is more often used. The two may be used together. Sometimes either expression is pluralized by appending an -s. [10] These number codes originate with the 92 Code adopted by Western Union in 1859.

In neo-Nazism

Nazi graffiti with the number 88 Besuch beim Drachenlord . . visit at LeLord (28995497405).jpg
Nazi graffiti with the number 88

Neo-Nazis use the number 88 as an abbreviation for the Nazi salute Heil Hitler . [11] The letter H is eighth in the alphabet, whereby 88 becomes HH. [12]

Often, this number is associated with the number 14, e.g. 14/88, 14-88, or 1488; this number symbolizes the Fourteen Words coined by David Lane, a prominent white supremacist. [13] Example uses of 88 include the song "88 Rock 'n' Roll Band" by Landser, and the organizations Column 88 and Unit 88.

The number is banned on Austrian license plates due to its association with "Heil Hitler [and] where H comes in the alphabet". [14] In June 2023, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) and the Italian government announced that the number 88 would be banned from use in Italian association football, as part of a joint initiative to combat antisemitism. This followed an incident in March of that year in which a Lazio supporter wore a club shirt bearing the name "Hitlerson" and the number 88, which led to the supporter receiving a lifetime ban from attending Lazio matches. [15]

In the US, former FBI assistant director of counterintelligence Frank Figliuzzi declared in 2019 that something as innocuous as raising a flag on the White House to full staff on 8 August (i.e. 8–8) is a "messaging" problem because "the numbers 88 are very significant in neo-Nazi and white supremacy movement." [16]

In other fields

Seven-segment 8.svg Seven-segment 8.svg

Eighty-eight (88) is also:

Olds 88 1956 Oldsmobile 88 sedan.jpg
Olds 88

Related Research Articles

111 is the natural number following 110 and preceding 112.

222 is the natural number following 221 and preceding 223.

83 (eighty-three) is the natural number following 82 and preceding 84.

86 (eighty-six) is the natural number following 85 and preceding 87.

36 (thirty-six) is the natural number following 35 and preceding 37.

96 (ninety-six) is the natural number following 95 and preceding 97. It is a number that appears the same when turned upside down.

300 is the natural number following 299 and preceding 301.

400 is the natural number following 399 and preceding 401.

600 is the natural number following 599 and preceding 601.

800 is the natural number following 799 and preceding 801.

900 is the natural number following 899 and preceding 901. It is the square of 30 and the sum of Euler's totient function for the first 54 positive integers. In base 10, it is a Harshad number. It is also the first number to be the square of a sphenic number.

10,000 is the natural number following 9,999 and preceding 10,001.

181 is the natural number following 180 and preceding 182.

225 is the natural number following 224 and preceding 226.

240 is the natural number following 239 and preceding 241.

204 is the natural number following 203 and preceding 205.

232 is the natural number following 231 and preceding 233.

90,000 is the natural number followin and preceding 90,0k. It is the sum of the cubes of the first 24 positive integers, and is the square of 300.

888 is the natural number following 887 and preceding 889.

228 is the natural number following 227 and preceding 229.

References

  1. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA033950(Refactorable numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  2. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA006036(Primitive pseudoperfect numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  3. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA005114(Untouchable numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  4. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA051868(16-gonal (or hexadecagonal) numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  5. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA059756(Erdős-Woods numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  6. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA030984(2-automorphic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  7. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA000787(Strobogrammatic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
  8. Dubner, Stephen (2007-07-05). "Lucky 8's in China". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  9. 黎, 少銘 (2015). "香港網絡語言初探" (PDF). 中國語文通訊. 94. Hong Kong: 3–26.
  10. Zook, Glen (September 28, 2011). "88" . Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  11. "Racist Skinhead Glossary | Southern Poverty Law Center". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2006. Retrieved 2013-12-06.
  12. Natsiviittaus Ariel-pesujauhepaketissa herättää pahennusta Saksassa, YLE Uutiset 9 May 2014. Accessed on 12 May 2014.
  13. "88".
  14. "Austria bans neo-Nazi car reg codes". BBC News. 2015-07-23. Retrieved 2022-04-08.
  15. "Italy bans players wearing No. 88 in antisemitism campaign". ESPN.com. Associated Press. 2023-06-28. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  16. Concha, Joe (7 August 2019). "NBC analyst: Trump re-raising US flags on Aug. 8 'very significant to the neo-Nazi movement'". The Hill. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  17. "Cho's manifesto, page 11 - US news - Crime & courts - Massacre at Virginia Tech". NBC News . Archived from the original on November 11, 2013.