40 (number)

← 39 40 41 →
← 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 → List of numbers Integers ← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →
Cardinal	forty
Ordinal	40th (fortieth)
Numeral system	quadragesimal
Factorization	23 × 5
Divisors	1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20, 40
Greek numeral	Μ´
Roman numeral	XL, xl
Latin prefix	quadrage-
Binary	1010002
Ternary	11113
Senary	1046
Octal	508
Duodecimal	3412
Hexadecimal	2816
Armenian	Խ
Hebrew	מ / ם
Babylonian numeral	𒐏
Egyptian hieroglyph	𓎉

40 (forty) is the natural number following 39 and preceding 41.

Though the word is related to four (4), the spelling forty replaced fourty during the 17th century ^{[1] [2]} and is now the standard form.

Mathematics

40 is an abundant number. ^[3]

Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler noted 40 prime numbers generated by the quadratic polynomial ${\displaystyle n^{2}+n+41}$, with values ${\displaystyle n=0,1,2,...,39}$. These forty prime numbers are the same prime numbers that are generated using the polynomial ${\displaystyle n^{2}-n+41}$ with values of ${\displaystyle n}$ from 1 through 40, and are also known in this context as Euler's "lucky" numbers. ^[4]

In religion

The number 40 is found in many traditions without any universal explanation for its use. In Jewish, Christian, Islamic, and other Middle Eastern traditions it is taken to represent a large, approximate number, similar to "umpteen".

Sumerian

Enki ( /ˈɛŋki/) or Enkil (Sumerian: dEN.KI(G)𒂗𒆠) is a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology. He was originally patron god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and to the Canaanites, Hittites and Hurrians. He was the deity of crafts (gašam); mischief; water, seawater, lake water (a, aba, ab), intelligence (gestú, literally "ear") and creation (Nudimmud: nu, likeness, dim mud, make bear). He was associated with the southern band of constellations called stars of Ea, but also with the constellation AŠ-IKU, the Field (Square of Pegasus). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40", occasionally referred to as his "sacred number".

Judaism

• In the Hebrew Bible, forty is often used for time periods, forty days or forty years, which separate "two distinct epochs". ^[5]
• Rain fell for "forty days and forty nights" during the Flood (Genesis 7:4).
• Noah waited for forty days after the tops of mountains were seen after the flood, before releasing a raven (Genesis 8:5–7).
• Spies were sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan (promised to the children of Israel) for "forty days" (Numbers 13:2, 25).
• The Hebrew people lived in the lands outside of the promised land for "forty years". This period of years represents the time it takes for a new generation to arise (Numbers 32:13).
• Several early Hebrew leaders and kings are said to have ruled for "forty years", that is, a generation. Examples include Eli (1 Samuel 4:18), Saul (Acts 13:21), David (2 Samuel 5:4), and Solomon (1 Kings 11:42).
• Goliath challenged the Israelites twice a day for forty days before David defeated him (1 Samuel 17:16).
• Moses spent three consecutive periods of "forty days and forty nights" on Mount Sinai:

1. He went up on the seventh day of Sivan, after God gave the Torah to the Jewish people, in order to learn the Torah from God, and came down on the seventeenth day of Tammuz, when he saw the Jews worshiping the Golden Calf and broke the tablets (Deuteronomy 9:11).
2. He went up on the eighteenth day of Tammuz to beg forgiveness for the people's sin and came down without God's atonement on the twenty-ninth day of Av (Deuteronomy 9:25).
3. He went up on the first day of Elul and came down on the tenth day of Tishrei, the first Yom Kippur, with God's atonement (Deuteronomy 10:10).

• A mikvah consists of 40 se'ah (approximately 200 U.S. gallons or 760 liters) of water
• The prophet Elijah had to walk 40 days and 40 nights before arriving at mount Horeb (1 Kings 19:8).
• 40 lashes is one of the punishments meted out by the Sanhedrin (Deuteronomy 25:3), though in actual practice only 39 lashes were administered. ^[6]
• (Numbers 14:33–34) alludes to the same^{[ clarification needed ]} with ties to the prophecy in The Book of Daniel. "For forty years—one year for each of the forty days you explored the land—you will suffer for your sins and know what it is like to have Me against you."
• One of the prerequisites for a man to study Kabbalah is that he is forty years old.
• "The registering of these men was carried on cruelly, zealously, assiduously, from the rising of the sun to its going down, and was not brought to an end in forty days" (3 Maccabees 4:15).
• Jonah warns Nineveh that "Forty days more, and Nineveh shall be overthrown." (Jonah 3:4)

Islam

• Prophet Muhammad was forty years old when he first received the revelation delivered by the archangel Gabriel.^{[ citation needed ]} The Quran states that a person reaches the age of maturity at 40. ^[7]

Hinduism

In Hinduism, some popular religious prayers consist of forty shlokas or dohas (couplets, stanzas). The most common being the Hanuman Chalisa (chaalis is the Hindi term for 40).

In the Hindu system some of the popular fasting periods consist 40 days and is called the period One 'Mandala Kalam' Kalam means a period and Mandala Kalam means a period of 40 days. For example, the devotees (male and female) of Swami Ayyappa, the name of a Hindu god very popular in Kerala, India (Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan) strictly observed forty days fasting and visit (since female devotees of a certain biological age group would not be able to perform the continuous 40-day-austerities, they would not enter into the god's temple until September 2018) with their holy submission or offerings on 41st or a convenient day after a minimum 40 days practice of fasting. The offering is called "Kaanikka".

In other fields

Forty is also:

• Kyrgyzstan is a country in Central Asia and is derived from the Kyrgyz word meaning "Land of forty tribes". The number 40 is significant in Kyrgyz traditions and appears in many areas of Kyrgyz culture.
• In Tamil literary tradition, 40 (nāṟpatu: நாற்பது) and 400 (nāṉūṟu: நானூறு) have a special significance. Many short works of the post-Sangam period have 40 poems. Some well-known works with 40 poems are naṉṉeṟi, iṉṉā nāṟpatu, kaḷavaḻi nāṟpatu, iṉiyavai nāṟpatu, kār nāṟpatu.
• The number of years of marriage celebrated by the ruby wedding anniversary
• Forty-shilling freeholders, a nickname, given to those who qualified for a franchise, the right to vote, based on their interest in land and/or property with an annual rental value of 40s. Introduced in England in 1430, it applied there and in many associated territories, in various forms, up to 1918.
• Forty is the only number whose letters, when written in English, appear in alphabetical order.

References

1. Google nGrams
2. Oxford English Dictionary , 1st edition, s.v.
3. Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "SequenceA005101(abundant numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation.
4. Euler, Leonhard (1772). Extrait d'un lettre de M. Euler le pere à M. Bernoulli concernant le Mémoire imprimé parmi ceux de 1771 (Extract of a letter). Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Berlin (in French). University of the Pacific (The Euler Archive). pp. 35, 36.
5. Michael David Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context, Oxford, 2008, p. 116
6. "Flogging".
7. Koran Al-Ahqaf:15

• Brandes, Stanley (1985). Forty: The Age and the Symbol. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN   978-0870494635. OCLC   11622273.

Further reading

• Schimmel, Annemarie (1993). The Mystery of Numbers. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0875164226.

External links

• Media related to 40 (number) at Wikimedia Commons