Next census of India

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16th census of India
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General information
CountryIndia
Authority Ministry of Home Affairs
Website censusindia.gov.in

The 2024 census of India, or the 16th Indian census , is to be conducted in two phases, a house listing phase and a population enumeration phase. Although initially the house listing was to begin in April 2020 along with the updating of the National Population Register, and the population enumeration on 9 February 2021, [1] they have been continuously postponed. Initially the house listing was to be conducted between April and September 2020, with population enumeration in February 2021 and a revision round in March 2021. The reference date was to be 1 March 2021 in most of the states and 1 October 2020 for Jammu and Kashmir and some areas of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. [2] [3] On 2 January 2023, Additional Registrar General of India communicated to all the states that the date of freezing of administrative boundaries had been extended till 30 June 2023. [4] The 16th census can only begin three months after the administrative boundaries have been frozen. The completion of the census in its two phases takes at least 11 months, so the possibility of the completion of this decennial census exercise in 2024 or early 2025 is ruled out, as the census was expected to begin in September 2024, but due to unexplained reasons, had still not started by early October 2024. [5] It was reported that month that the census would take place in 2025, with a decision on a caste census still not decided. It will also serve the purpose of redistibuting seats in the Lok Sabha for the 2029 national election. [6]

Contents

In September 2019, Union Home Minister Amit Shah had stated that the 2021 national census would be done fully digitally through a mobile phone application, [7] and will be carried out in 16 languages. [8] In February 2021, Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman allocated ₹ 37.68 billion (US$450 million) for the census in the 2021 Union budget of India. [9] It was delayed to 2022 [10] and then further delayed to 2023 [11] due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Following the postponement of the deadline of freezing administrative boundaries to 30 June 2023, and owing to the general elections in 2024, the census can now only take place in late 2024. [12] This was confirmed in July 2023, when the Government of India extended the deadline to freeze the administrative boundaries to 1 January 2024, ruling out the census exercise before the 2024 Indian general election. [13] [14] On 20 September 2023, Union Home Minister Amit Shah informed during the discussion on Women's Reservation Bill that census and the delimitation exercise will take place after the Lok Sabha elections in 2024. [15] [16] On 30 December 2023, the deadline to freeze the administrative boundaries was further extended to 30 June 2024, thereby postponing the census to at least October 2024 due to it requiring three months to identify and train enumerators. [17]

Information collection

House-listings

The House-listing schedule contains 31 questions: [18] [19]

No.Information
1Building Number (Municipal, local authority or census number)
2Census House Number
3Predominant material of floor, wall and roof of the census house
4Ascertain use of census house
5Condition of the census house
6Household number
7Total number of persons normally residing in the household
8Name of the head of the household
9Sex of the head of the household
10Whether the head of the household belongs to SC/ST/Other
11Ownership status of the census house
12Number of dwelling rooms exclusively in possession of the household
13Number of married couple(s) living in the household
14Main source of drinking water
15Availability of drinking water source
16Main source of lighting
17Access to latrine
18Type of latrine
19Waste water outlet
20Availability of bathing facility
21Availability of kitchen and LPG/PNG connection
22Main fuel used for cooking
23Radio/Transistor
24Television
25Access to Internet
26Laptop/Computer
27Telephone/Mobile phone/Smartphone
28Bicycle/Scooter/Motorcycle/Moped
29Car/Jeep/Van
30Main cereal consumed in the household
31Mobile number

Population enumeration

The population enumeration follows the housing census within a gap of six to eight months. During the second phase of census taking, each person is enumerated and her/his individual particulars like age, marital status, religion, schedule caste/schedule tribe, mother tongue, education level, disability, economic activity, migration, fertility (for female) are collected. [20]

Digital enumeration

In April 2019, at the conference of data users it was announced that 3.3 million enumerators would be enlisted and that they would be encouraged to use their own smart phones, although a paper option will also be available, which the enumerators will then need to submit electronically. [2] During the census exercise a census portal will be opened, allowing individuals to self-enumerate after logging in using their phone numbers. [21] The building of a mobile app for conducting the census along with the creation of the census portal for information collection is aimed at doing away with paper records in the exercise, making India along with Vietnam and Eswatini, one of the few countries who have tried to do so. [22]

NPR

National Population Register will be linked to this census. [23] [24] NPR was supposed to be updated along with the first phase of census between April and September 2020, [25] [26] however that too has been postponed indefinitely. [27] On 24 December 2019, the Central Government approved ₹39.41 billion (equivalent to ₹49 billionorUS$590 million in 2023) for updating the NPR across India. [28]

Caste enumeration

The 15th Indian census, taken in 2011, attempted to estimate the population based on Socio-Economic and Caste Status for the first time since 1931. However, as the enumeration was based on recording the respondents' declaration, it led to creation of hundreds of thousands of caste/subcaste categories. For the 16th Indian census, the government was instead considering enumeration based on a list of educationally or socially disadvantaged castes (known as Other Backward Class) reported by each state. [29] However, in February 2020, the Indian government rejected the demand for OBC data as part of the 2021 census. [30] [31]

In September 2018, the then Home Minister, Rajnath Singh, announced that the 2021 census will have Other Backward Class (OBC) data, for the first time since the 1931 census. [32] Despite this announcement, the questionnaire presented in July 2019 did not have a specific OBC category. [33] Several state legislative assemblies passed resolutions for collecting OBC data including the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, [34] Odisha Legislative Assembly, [35] and Bihar Legislative Assembly, [36] while the government of Uttar Pradesh, rejected the opposition's demand to pass such a resolution. [37] On 29 February 2020, central government refused to conduct caste census despite demands from states. [38] Despite Centre's rejection, Maharashtra legislators were adamant for caste based census at least in the state. [39] Protest march in support of OBC census was carried out in Jammu and Kashmir. [40] Minister of State Social Justice and Empowerment, Ramdas Athawale also demanded carrying of census counting every single caste in India. [41] On 6 June 2022 the Bihar government issued a notification to conduct a caste survey, and began collecting data on 7 January following the dismissal of petitions against it in the supreme court. [42] On 2 October the Bihar government released preliminary data from the survey, [43] with the full detailed report being publicly released in the state assembly on 7 November 2023. [44] On 26 June 2024, the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly unanimously adopted a resolution urging the union government to immediately commence census work along with a caste based population census, however the Chief Minister M.K. Stalin declined to conduct a Bihar style caste survey, as any changes made to reservation based on a survey by the state government could be struck down by the courts, while contending that a full-fledged census can be legally only conducted by the Union government under the Census Act, 1948. [45] [46] In July 2024, Union Minister Chirag Paswan backed the demand for conducting a caste census as part of the 2021 census, however he opposed its data from being publicly revealed as he believed it will lead to division in society. [47]

During the 2024 general elections, the inclusion of a caste census became a key demand for the opposition INDIA alliance led by the Congress. [48]

Delays

The 2021 census is the first census to ever be postponed in India since its beginning under the British in 1872. Even during the Second World War, the census of India was held in 1941 as scheduled, even if the tabulations of the results of the 1941 census were incomplete compared to the detailed reports published after the 1931 census. Before the census, according to the rules, the boundaries of administrative units are to be frozen before conducting a census, this was initially supposed to have happened on 31 December 2019, with the states having to update these changes to the Registrar General of India by 31 January 2020. The house listing phase or the first phase of the census along with the NPR was to be conducted between April 1, 2020, and September 30, 2020. [49] However following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Union government postponed the house listing phase of the census exercise, [50] before the census in its entirety was postponed to 2022 [51] However the census was never conducted in 2022 as it was repeatedly delayed. The deadline to freeze administrative boundaries were first extended to 31 December 2020, then to 31 March 2021, then further extended to 30 June, then to 31 December of the same year until it was extended to 30 June 2022, after which it was extended to 31 December 2022, and then another extension was granted till 30 June 2023. [12] The exercise was then given a further extension to 1 January 2024, [13] this was followed by another extension to 30 June 2024. [17] The official rationale for all the nine extensions has been the COVID-19 pandemic, however this has been criticized as during 2021–22, twelve countries in Asia were able to conduct their decennial census including neighbouring Bangladesh and Nepal. [52] An analysis by The Hindu found that 143 countries had conducted their censuses after March 2020, with India being one of the only two countries which are yet to conduct their regular census exercise among the ten most populous countries in the world, with the other being Nigeria. [53]

The delays have also been attributed by analysts to the linking of the census with the NPR exercise which is seen as the first step towards the controversial National Register of Citizens (NRC), the decision to update the NPR and discussions on imposing a nationwide NRC were some of the key issues taken up by the CAA-NRC protests. The demands for a caste census have also been attributed as one of the reasons behind the continuous delays. [54]

The continuous postponement of the census has led to many commentators and newspaper editorials demanding for it to conducted immediately as the information from census is the only way to gain granular data on the country, as sample surveys can only provide state or countrywide data rather than street or village or block level data, with some of these surveys also relying on census data. The lack of census data is said to be a major handicap for policy-makers as without it, they have to rely on outdated census data for local level planning. Many key welfare interventions in India such as the Public Distribution System and the NFSA are reliant on census data, and having outdated data has led to the exclusion of many potential beneficiaries from them. Without data from the census, it is also difficult to validate the outcomes of government interventions using key metrics such as literacy, housing, fertility, urbanization, etc. [55] [56] [57] [54] [58] The lack of updated census data also affects the quantum of reservation for SC/ST segments of the population and the delimitation of constituencies for elections. [59]

Final Results

The Ministry of Home Affairs has announced that the final data from the 2024 Census of India is expected to be released in March 2026. As the census takes 18 months to complete, the Narendra Modi government has made it a priority to gather up-to-date data information on the population and country which it believes would be consistent with its policies on development as of his 3rd term in office, as there has been significant gaps in data collection since the 2011 Census. [60] [61]

See also

Related Research Articles

The Other Backward Class (OBC) is a collective term used by the Government of India to classify communities that are "educationally or socially backward". It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with general castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The OBCs were found to comprise 52% of the country's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980 and were determined to be 41% in 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation took place. There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India; it is generally estimated to be sizable, but many believe that it is higher than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darbhanga district</span> District in Bihar, India

Darbhanga district is one of the thirty-eight districts of Bihar state in eastern India, and Darbhanga city is the administrative headquarters of this district and 5th largest city of Bihar as well. Darbhanga district lies in Historical Mithila region. Darbhanga district is a part of Darbhanga Division. The district is bounded on the north by Madhubani district, on the south by Samastipur district, on the east by Saharsa district and on the west by Sitamarhi and Muzaffarpur districts. The district covers an area of 2,279 km2 (880 sq mi).

Bihari is a demonym given to the inhabitants of the Indian state of Bihar. Bihari people can be separated into three main Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic groups, Bhojpuris, Maithils and Magadhis. They are also further divided into a variety of hereditary caste groups. In Bihar today, the Bihari identity is seen as secondary to caste/clan, linguistic and religious identity but nonetheless is a subset of the larger Indian identity. Biharis can be found throughout India, and in the neighbouring countries of Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh. During the Partition of India in 1947, many Bihari Muslims migrated to East Bengal. Bihari people are also well represented in the Muhajir people of Pakistan because of Partition.

Reservation is a system of affirmative action in India created during the British rule. Based on provisions in the Indian Constitution, it allows the Union Government and the States and Territories of India to set a high percentage of reserved quotas or seats, in higher education admissions, employment, political bodies, etc., for "socially and economically backward citizens".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bihari Muslims</span> Adherents of Islam who identify linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Biharis

Bihari Muslims are adherents of Islam who identify linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Biharis. They are geographically native to the region comprising the Bihar state of India, although there are significantly large communities of Bihari Muslims living elsewhere in the subcontinent due to the Partition of British India in 1947, which prompted the community to migrate en masse from Bihar to the dominion of Pakistan.

At the 2011 Census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with total population of 104,099,452, nearly 89% of it rural. It was also India's most densely populated state, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio was 918 females per 1000 males. Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. At 11.3%, Bihar has the second-lowest urbanisation rate in India after Himachal Pradesh.

The demographics of Uttar Pradesh is a complex topic, which is undergoing dynamic change. Uttar Pradesh is India's most populous state, and the largest subdivision in the world. It has a population of about 199,812,341 as per the 2011 census. If it were a separate country, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous nation, next only to China, the rest of India, the United States of America and Indonesia. Uttar Pradesh has a population more than that of Pakistan. There is an average population density of 828 persons per km2 i.e. 2,146 per sq mi. The capital of Uttar Pradesh is Lucknow, and Prayagraj serves as the state’s judicial capital. Hindus and Muslims both consider the state as a holy place.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lonia</span> Hindu caste

The Lonia are a Hindu other backward caste, found in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar adjoining areas, who were traditionally involved in salt-digging and salt-making activities. The Lonia are listed as extremely backward caste, along with the Mallaah, Bind and Beldar communities, by state governments. The community leaders have been seeking Scheduled Tribe status for the socially deprived community. It is also spelled as Lunia, or Nonia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 census of India</span> 15th Indian census

The 2011 census of India or the 15th Indian census was conducted in two phases, house listing and population enumeration. The House listing phase began on 1 April 2010 and involved the collection of information about all buildings. Information for National Population Register (NPR) was also collected in the first phase, which will be used to issue a 12-digit unique identification number to all registered Indian residents by Unique Identification Authority of India. The second population enumeration phase was conducted between 9 and 28 February 2011. Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. According to the provisional reports released on 31 March 2011, the Indian population increased to 1.21 billion with a decadal growth of 17.70%. Adult literacy rate increased to 74.04% with a decadal growth of 9.21%. The motto of the census was Our Census, Our Future.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upendra Kushwaha</span> Former Minister of State for Human Resource Development, India

Upendra Kumar Singh, commonly known as Upendra Kushwaha is an Indian politician, and a former Member of Bihar Legislative Council and Bihar Legislative Assembly. He has also served as Minister of State for Human Resources and Development in the Government of India. Kushwaha is a former Member of Parliament (MP) from the Karakat constituency in Rohtas district, Bihar, and a former member of the Rajya Sabha. He was the leader of Rashtriya Samata Party (RSP), his own party, which merged into Janata Dal (United) (JDU) in 2009. Later, he formed Rashtriya Lok Samata Party (RLSP), which also merged with JD(U) in 2021. On 20 February 2023, Kushwaha resigned from all positions in Janata Dal (United) and formed his own party called Rashtriya Lok Morcha due to his political problems with JD(U) and Nitish Kumar. Kushwaha contested the Lok Sabha election of 2024 from Karakat constituency and finished at a distant third position. However, he was elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha in August 2024.

The Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 (SECC) was conducted for the 2011 Census of India. The Manmohan Singh government approved the Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 to be carried out after discussion in both houses of Parliament in 2010. SECC-2011 was not done under the 1948 Census of India Act and the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India was not entrusted to do the same. The SECC 2011 was conducted in all states and union territories of India and the first findings were revealed on 3 July 2015 by Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley. SECC 2011 is also the first paperless census in India conducted on hand-held electronic devices by the government in 640 districts. The rural development ministry has taken a decision to use the SECC data in all its programmes such as MGNREGA, National Food Security Act, and the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana. SECC 2011 was the first caste-based census since 1931 Census of India, and it was launched on 29 June 2011 from the Sankhola village of Hazemara block in West Tripura district.

Youth For Equality is an Indian organisation against caste-based policies and reservations, i.e. affirmative action. It was founded by students in a number of Indian universities in 2006. It organises demonstrations and legal challenges against caste-based policies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election</span> Election in India

The Bihar Legislative Assembly election was held in three phases through October–November to elect members to the Seventeenth Bihar Legislative Assembly. The term of the previous Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar ended on 29 November 2020.

The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is meant to be a register of all Indian citizens whose creation was mandated by the 2003 amendment of the Citizenship Act, 1955. Its purpose is to document all the legal citizens of India so that the illegal immigrants can be identified and deported. It has been implemented for the state of Assam starting in 2013–2014. The Government of India announced plans to implement it for the rest of the country in 2021, but it has not yet been implemented.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samrat Choudhary</span> Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar

Samrat Choudhary, also known by his alias Rakesh Kumar is an Indian politician, who is currently serving as Deputy Chief minister of Bihar under Nitish Kumar. He is a member of the Bihar Legislative Council from the Bharatiya Janata Party. He has been the party president of BJP Bihar State unit from March 2023 to 25 July 2024. He has also remained Member of Legislative Assembly and a minister in Government of Bihar in Rashtriya Janata Dal government. Chaudhary has been a former Vice President of BJP for the state of Bihar and currently elected for the second term as MLC in 2020 after his first term ended in 2019. In 2014, Samrat planned a split in Rashtriya Janata Dal by defecting thirteen MLAs as splinter group of the party, later joining the BJP. In 2022, he was selected as the Leader of Opposition in Bihar Legislative Council. In 2024, he was also made the convener of Group of Ministers on Goods and Service Tax rate rationalisation panel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike election</span> Municipal election in India

The 2024 Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike elections are to be held after the Indian general election in May 2024 to elect corporators for all 243 wards of the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike. The elections, due in 2020, have been delayed due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, process of ward delimitation and lack of consensus over reservations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 Indian general election in Bihar</span> 18th Indian general election election in Bihar

The 2024 Indian general election was held in Bihar in all 7 phases from 19 April to 1 June to elect 40 members of the 18th Lok Sabha, with the results declared on 4 June.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Bihar caste-based survey</span> 2023 Survey in Bihar, India

The 2022 Bihar Caste Based Survey was notified by the Government of Bihar on 6 June 2022 by gazette notification after a Supreme Court ruling. The survey was conducted in two phases, house listing and caste and economic enumeration. The data collection for the survey began on 7 January 2023 and the data was released on 2 October 2023. The responsibility to conduct the survey was given to the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Government of Bihar. The government planned to collect the data digitally by mobile application named Bijaga- Bihar Jaati Adharit Ganana. BELTRON, a Government of Bihar agency provided IT support, hired the services of a Maharashtra-based private firm Trigyn Technologies to develop the mobile app.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">One Hundred and Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India</span> 2023 constitutional amendment of India

The Constitution Act, popularly known as the Women's Reservation Bill, 2023, was introduced in Lok Sabha on 19 September 2023 during the special session of Parliament. This legislation seeks to allocate 33 percent of the seats in the directly elected Lok Sabha, State legislative assemblies and Delhi legislative assembly for women.

Reservation policy in Bihar is a system of affirmative action that provides historically disadvantaged groups representation in education and employment. Reservations in the state rose from 60 percent in 2021 to 75 percent in 2023. In June 2024, Patna High Court struck down the new reservation policy.

References

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