Norske Gaardnavne (English: Norwegian Farm Names) is a 19-volume set of books based on a manuscript prepared from 1897 to 1924 by Oluf Rygh, a noted professor of archaeology, philology, and history at the University of Oslo. The book contains a standardized notation, information on pronunciation, historical forms, and the etymology for recorded gaardnavne (estate names, farm names, and manor names) in Norway. It was developed by detailed compilation of the various written and oral records of land ownership. It is the standard that establishes place names in Norway. Documenting over 45,000 farm names and related information in 1886, it became the inspiration for similar studies in Sweden and Denmark. [1]
The Norwegian Stortinget, in an act of 6 June 1863, commissioned a general revision of public register that defines Norwegian public and private lands to allow consistent land ownership records and to update the basis for taxation in Norway (a cadastre). The work was intended to correct inconsistencies and errors in place names. In 1878 the professors Sophus Bugge and Oluf Rygh, and the dean Johan Fritzner were named as members of a commission to revise the names of recorded property.
Several issues complicated this effort:
Because spoken names evolve, the most useful etymological sources for place names are typically the oldest written sources. Hence the commission reviewed a number of older sources including old land records and the various letters and documents that comprise the Diplomatarium Norvegicum . However, many of the place names predate written records by over 1,000 years, complicating the process. Further, for large parts of the country there were no formal land records until the official record of 1723.
One of the commission's main techniques for establishing names was through recording the oral pronunciation. To accomplish this, the commission studied pronunciations used among common people in everyday conversations. Differences were observed regionally as well as between urban and remote areas. However they found consistent relationships between the current verbal forms and the original names as found in both the current parish records and the older records.
Etymological analysis identified the grammatical form of names, including gender, number, grammatical case, and definite or indefinite article. Where records of earlier names exist, the phonetic changes through time are analyzed. The analysis identified derivations from a variety of sources, including:
After the initial manuscript was completed in 1892, the material was submitted to the National Archival Services of Norway. Interest in the work was so great that in 1896 the parliament appropriated funding to publish it. In 1897, the first volume in the series Norske Gaardnavne went to press.
Norske Gaardnavne was released in multiple volumes, with one or more volumes for each county and a separate volume with the preface and introduction, so people could buy individual volumes for areas in which they were interested. When Oluf Rygh died, the introductory volume and the first two county volumes had been published (for Smaalenenes, now Østfold, and Akershus). Volumes 3 and 4 were essentially finished. The manuscript for subsequent volumes were edited by Albert Kjær (volumes 4 [Part 2], 6, 7, 9, 12, and 19), Hjalmar Falk (volume 5), Amund B. Larsen (volume 8), Magnus Olsen (volumes 10 and 11), and Karl Ditlev Rygh (volumes 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17). In 1924 Just Knud Qvigstad and Magnus Olsen released an eighteenth, county-specific volume covering Finnmark.
Multiple editions of the work have subsequently been printed. With the support of the Arts Council Norway and nine counties, Norske Gaardnavne has been converted to an online digital database, which is available to the public for research. [2]
| Volume | Title | Author(s) | Publication date | Translated title (using modern counties) | Link to book online (in Norwegian) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forord og innledning | O. Rygh | 1898 | Foreword and introduction | Read online | |
| I | Smaalenenes Amt | O. Rygh | 1897 | Østfold County | Read online |
| II | Akershus Amt | O. Rygh | 1898 | Akershus County | Read online |
| III | Hedemarkens Amt | O. Rygh | 1900 | Eastern Innlandet County (old Hedmark) | Read online |
| IV-1 | Kristians Amt | O. Rygh | 1900 | Western Innlandet County (vol. 1) (old Oppland) | Read online |
| IV-2 | Kristians Amt | O. Rygh with A. Kjær | 1902 | Western Innlandet County (vol. 2) (old Oppland) | Read online |
| V | Buskeruds Amt | O. Rygh with Hj. Falk | 1909 | Buskerud County | Read online |
| VI | Jarlsberg og Larviks Amt | O. Rygh with A. Kjær | 1907 | Vestfold County | Read online |
| VII | Bratsberg Amt | O. Rygh with A. Kjær | 1914 | Telemark County | Read online |
| VIII | Nedenes Amt | O. Rygh with Amund B. Larsen | 1905 | Eastern Agder County (old Aust-Agder) | Read online |
| IX | Lister og Mandals Amt | O. Rygh with A. Kjær | 1912 | Western Agder County (old Vest-Agder) | Read online |
| X | Stavanger Amt | O. Rygh with Magnus Olsen | 1915 | Rogaland County | Read online |
| XI | Søndre Bergenhus Amt | O. Rygh with Magnus Olsen | 1910 | Southern Vestland County (old Hordaland) | Read online |
| XII | Nordre Bergenhus Amt | O. Rygh with A. Kjær | 1919 | Northern Vestland County (old Sogn og Fjordane) | Read online |
| XIII | Romsdals Amt | O. Rygh with K. Rygh | 1908 | Møre og Romsdal County | Read online |
| XIV | Søndre Trondhjems Amt | O. Rygh, with K. Rygh | 1901 | Southern Trøndelag County (old Sør-Trøndelag) | Read online |
| XV | Nordre Trondhjems Amt | O. Rygh with K. Rygh | 1903 | Northern Trøndelag County (old Nord-Trøndelag) | Read online |
| XVI | Nordlands Amt | O. Rygh with K. Rygh | 1905 | Nordland County | Read online |
| XVII | Troms Amt | O. Rygh with K. Rygh | 1911 | Troms County | Read online |
| XVIII | Finmarkens Amt | J. Qvigstad & Magnus Olsen | 1924 | Finnmark County | Read online |
| XIX | Fællesregister | 1936 | Errata | Read online |