Northrop N-3PB

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N-3PB Nomad
Northrop N-3PB in flight.jpg
Northrop N-3PB, 22 "GS-F", of No. 330 (Norwegian) Squadron based at Akureyri, Iceland, photographed in flight over the North Atlantic Ocean, October 1941.
RolePatrol bomber/torpedo bomber floatplane
ManufacturerNorthrop Aircraft Inc.
First flight22 December 1940
Introduction1941
Primary user Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
Number built24
Developed from Northrop A-17

The Northrop N-3PB Nomad was a single-engined American floatplane of the 1940s. Northrop developed the N-3PB as an export model based on the earlier Northrop A-17 design. [1] A total of 24 were purchased by Norway, but were not delivered until after the Fall of Norway during the Second World War. Exiled Norwegian forces used them from 1941, operating from Iceland, for convoy escort, anti-submarine patrols, and training purposes from "Little Norway" in Canada. [2] Within two years of delivery, the design was effectively obsolete in its combat role, and the remaining N-3PBs were replaced by larger aircraft in 1943.

Floatplane aircraft equipped with floats for operation from water surfaces

A floatplane is a type of seaplane with one or more slender floats mounted under the fuselage to provide buoyancy. By contrast, a flying boat uses its fuselage for buoyancy. Either type of seaplane may also have landing gear suitable for land, making the vehicle an amphibious aircraft. British usage is to call "floatplanes" "seaplanes" rather than use the term "seaplane" to refer to both floatplanes and flying boats.

Northrop A-17 attack aircraft by Northrop

The Northrop A-17, a development of the Northrop Gamma 2F model, was a two-seat, single-engine, monoplane, attack bomber built in 1935 by the Northrop Corporation for the U.S. Army Air Corps. When in British Commonwealth service during World War II, the A-17 was called Nomad.

German occupation of Norway Nazi occupation of Norway during World War II

The German occupation of Norway during World War II began on 9 April 1940 after German forces invaded the neutral Scandinavian country of Norway. Conventional armed resistance to the German invasion ended on 10 June 1940 and the Germans controlled Norway until the capitulation of German forces in Europe on 8/9 May 1945. Throughout this period, Norway was continuously occupied by the Wehrmacht. Civil rule was effectively assumed by the Reichskommissariat Norwegen, which acted in collaboration with a pro-German puppet government, the Quisling regime, while the Norwegian King Haakon VII and the prewar government escaped to London, where they acted as a government in exile. This period of military occupation is in Norway referred to as the "war years" or "occupation period".

Contents

Design and development

Following increased international tension surrounding the German annexation of the Sudetenland in 1938, the Norwegian parliament granted extraordinary appropriations to modernize the Norwegian Armed Forces. The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service (RNNAS) and the Norwegian Army Air Service were prioritized for funds from the 50,000,000 kr Norwegian Neutrality Fund. The RNNAS' share of the funds were designated to buy 12 Heinkel He 115 torpedo bombers and 24 reconnaissance aircraft, as well as several new naval air stations. The Dornier Do 22, Northrop 8-A, Northrop 2GP and Vultee V-11 GB were considered and proposals retrieved. The commission quickly decided the Vultee V-11 GB was the best aircraft to satisfy both air services' needs. [3] On the part of the Royal Norwegian Air Service, the requirements were for a reconnaissance aircraft with a range of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi), a top speed of no less than 320 kilometres per hour (200 mph) and a payload of a 900 kilograms (2,000 lb) torpedo or the equivalent in bombs. [3]

The German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945) began with the German annexation of Czechoslovakia's border regions known collectively as the Sudetenland, under terms outlined by the Munich Agreement. German leader Adolf Hitler's pretext for this action was the alleged privations suffered by the ethnic German population living in those regions. New and extensive Czechoslovak border fortifications were also located in the same area.

Norwegian Armed Forces military organization responsible for the defence of Norway

The Norwegian Armed Forces is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Norway. It consists of four branches, the Norwegian Army, the Royal Norwegian Navy, which includes the Coast Guard, the Royal Norwegian Air Force, and the Home Guard, as well as several joint departments.

Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service

The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service was alongside the Norwegian Army Air Service the forerunner to the modern-day Royal Norwegian Air Force.

On 30 December 1939, Norway sent a purchasing commission to the United States, consisting of a Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service contingent headed by Cmdr. Kristian Østby, and a Norwegian Army Air Service contingent led by Birger Fredrik Motzfeldt. [3] [4] The goal of the commission was to inspect the Vultee V-11, which would serve as a new common reconnaissance bomber for the two air services. [3] Amongst the requirements the commission hoped to fill was replacing the Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service's M.F.11 biplane patrol aircraft. [5] Once in the US, the commission found that Vultee would not be able to deliver the V-11 within a reasonable amount of time so another aircraft had to be found. [3] Motzfeldt quickly found that the Douglas 8A-5N would satisfy the NOAAS' requirements. As the Douglas 8A-5N could not be fitted with floats, Østby continued to look for an aircraft suitable for the RNNAS. [3] After visits to many of the aviation companies in February 1940, Østby determined that only one manufacturer had both a design and available production capacity, Northrop Aircraft Incorporated. The commission ordered 24 floatplanes based on the Model 8-A, renamed the N-3PB, "off the drawing board" (literally, the aircraft being ordered prior to the type having flown) from Northrop on 8 March 1940, at a total cost of 6,550,000 kr to meet this requirement. Half the amount was paid shortly before the German invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940. [6] [7]

Norway Country in Northern Europe

Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway. The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land.

Kristian August Østby was a Norwegian naval aviator.

Birger Fredrik Motzfeldt

Birger Fredrik Motzfeldt OBE, CVO was a Norwegian aviator and military officer.

The Model 8-A, the export model of the Northrop Attack Bomber series was never intended to serve as the basis of a floatplane and had to be redesigned to meet the requirements of the Norwegian order. The new N-3PB was the first product of Northrop Aircraft, which had reformed in 1939, [N 1] and was a low-winged cantilever monoplane fitted with twin floats. First intended for a lower powered engine, the N-3PB was ultimately powered by a Wright Cyclone radial engine, of the same type specified for the Douglas 8A-5N bombers and Curtiss Hawk 75A-8s ordered by Norway at the same time, simplifying the eventual maintenance and operation requirements for the entire Norwegian military aircraft fleets. [9]

Cantilever beam anchored at only one end

A cantilever is a rigid structural element, such as a beam or a plate, anchored at one end to a support from which it protrudes; this connection could also be perpendicular to a flat, vertical surface such as a wall. Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs. When subjected to a structural load, the cantilever carries the load to the support where it is forced against by a moment and shear stress.

Radial engine reciprocating engine with cylinders arranged radially from a single crankshaft

The radial engine is a reciprocating type internal combustion engine configuration in which the cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel. It resembles a stylized star when viewed from the front, and is called a "star engine" in some languages. The radial configuration was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant.

Curtiss P-36 Hawk family of fighter aircraft

The Curtiss P-36 Hawk, also known as the Curtiss Hawk Model 75, is an American-designed and built fighter aircraft of the 1930s and 40s. A contemporary of both the Hawker Hurricane and Messerschmitt Bf 109, it was one of the first of a new generation of combat aircraft—a sleek monoplane design making extensive use of metal in its construction and powered by a powerful radial engine.

With the Norwegian operation requirements drawn up for a coastal reconnaissance floatplane, a series of modifications were requested to the original design. The changes included a redesign of the float structure to accommodate either a torpedo or bomb load carried under the center fuselage to supplement five underwing bomb racks. Additional armament changes led to a combination of six machine guns replacing the four machine gun (two fixed forward, two flexible rear-mounted 7.9 mm)/one cannon (forward facing, fixed 20 mm) arrangement that was in the initial design. Provision for a rear under-fuselage gun was also made. [10] Further equipment requirements including fitting a rear fuselage-mounted camera as well as changes to instrumentation and radio equipment. [11]

Before Northrop could complete any aircraft, Norway was invaded by Germany. [12] The invasion and occupation of Norway necessitated that the armament of the N-3PB, originally to be installed in Norway, had to be changed. Initial specifications listed one Oerlikon 20 mm cannon in each wing, as well as two 7.9 mm Fabrique Nationale machine guns each in both fuselage and rear gunner stations. [13] Owing to the lack of availability of the originally specified armament, Norwegian-manufactured Colt heavy machine guns were substituted with four Colt MG53A .50 cal. machine guns in the wings and two .30 cal. Colt MG40s mounted in dorsal and ventral positions of the gunner's rear cockpit. [3]

Operation Weserübung code name for Germanys assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War

Operation Weserübung was the code name for Germany's assault on Denmark and Norway during the Second World War and the opening operation of the Norwegian Campaign. The name comes from the German for "Operation Weser-Exercise", the Weser being a German river.

Oerlikon 20 mm cannon series of autocannons

The Oerlikon 20 mm cannon is a series of autocannons, based on an original German 20 mm Becker design that appeared very early in World War I. It was widely produced by Oerlikon Contraves and others, with various models employed by both Allied and Axis forces during World War II, and many versions still in use today.

M2 Browning heavy machine gun

The M2 Machine Gun or Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun is a heavy machine gun designed toward the end of World War I by John Browning. Its design is similar to Browning's earlier M1919 Browning machine gun, which was chambered for the .30-06 cartridge. The M2 uses the much larger and much more powerful .50 BMG cartridge, which was developed alongside and takes its name from the gun itself. It has been referred to as "Ma Deuce", in reference to its M2 nomenclature. The design has had many specific designations; the official US military designation for the current infantry type is Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB, Flexible. It is effective against infantry, unarmored or lightly armored vehicles and boats, light fortifications and low-flying aircraft.

Operational history

Delivery

Northrop N-3PB carrying out a test flight over Lake Elsinore, California, c. 1940-1941 N-3PB in Canada.jpg
Northrop N-3PB carrying out a test flight over Lake Elsinore, California, c. 1940–1941

Northrop's Chief Test Pilot Vance Breese flew the first N-3PB (c/n 301) on 22 December 1940 from Lake Elsinore, California. The flight test and customer acceptance trials were successfully completed using the first production aircraft. Due to the use of the more powerful Cyclone engine, all performance estimates were exceeded and flight characteristics including maneuverability were considered "excellent." [14] All 24 aircraft were delivered to the exiled Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service by the end of March 1941. [15]

Training

In late February 1941, six production N-3PBs were flown to RCAF Station Patricia Bay, Vancouver Island in Canada, one of the Canadian winter bases of the Flyvåpnenes Treningsleir (FTL) Norwegian training bases known as "Little Norway". [14] The N-3PB's service as an advanced trainer in Canada in the "Little Norway" summer base at Island Harbour, Toronto and winter bases along the western coast of Canada, was relatively brief and ended when it was determined that pilot and air crew graduates were to be integrated into RAF squadrons. Arrangements were made later in 1941 for the advanced flight training of Norwegian pilots to be carried out in RAF and Royal Canadian Air Force schools on types that better fit the transition to combat flying. [16] Consequently, the three surviving N-3PBs were stored until shipped to Iceland in March 1942 on the steamer Delta. [17] [18]

Combat use

Northrop N-3PB of the Norwegian-manned No. 330(N) Squadron operated out of Iceland, October 1941 N-3PB (N-3PB).jpg
Northrop N-3PB of the Norwegian-manned No. 330(N) Squadron operated out of Iceland, October 1941
Northrop N-3PB from No. 330(N) Squadron was being used to transport a seriously ill woman to hospital in Reykjavik in Iceland, May 1942 Northrop N3P-B.jpg
Northrop N-3PB from No. 330(N) Squadron was being used to transport a seriously ill woman to hospital in Reykjavik in Iceland, May 1942

The remaining 18 N-3PBs were used to equip No. 330 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF in Reykjavík, Iceland. [4] The N-3PBs sent to Iceland were all shipped across the Atlantic in crates on board the Norwegian steamer Fjordheim, the voyage from New York to Reykjavik taking 13 days to complete. Part of the reason for deploying the N-3PBs to Iceland were to avoid having the unusual aircraft operating over the United Kingdom, with the involved risk of friendly fire incidents. [19] The exiled Norwegian military authorities had originally wanted to base the squadron in the United Kingdom in order to be able to operate off German-occupied Norway. [20]

No. 330(N) Squadron was declared operational on 25 April 1941; [15] the N-3PBs were erected in a seaplane hangar at Reykjavik, with the first aircraft flying by 2 June 1941. [21] The squadron flew antisubmarine and convoy escort patrols from 23 June 1941, with flights based at Reykjavík, Akureyri and Budareyi. [4] [22] While the squadron's N-3PBs carried out eight attacks on German U-boats, [4] including one on U-570 after it had surrendered to the British, [23] no U-boats were sunk. [4] On a number of occasions in 1942, the N-3PBs clashed with Focke-Wulf Fw 200 long range reconnaissance bombers and Blohm & Voss BV 138 flying boats, being credited with at least one damaged. On 10 October 1942, a "Northrop" [N 2] from Budareyi was involved in a friendly fire incident, attacking a British Lockheed Hudson. The incident ended without any of the aircraft involved being hit. [25]

In an effort to publicize the N-3PB operations, the British Air Ministry circulated a report that two Norwegian-flown aircraft had been involved in the attack on the German battleship Bismarck on 21–22 May 1941, but it was merely an example of wartime propaganda. Despite many aviation historians disputing the claim, it still appears in current accounts of the sinking of the Bismarck. [26] No. 330(N) was formed on 25 April 1941 and received its first of 18 N-3PBs on 19 May, two days before the attack on the Bismark but didn't fly until 2 June 1941 and their first official operational flight wasn't until 23 June 1941. [27] No. 330(N) Squadron began supplementing the N-3PBs with Consolidated Catalina flying boats in 1942, [15] and both the Catalina and the N-3PB began to be displaced in February 1943 by the arrival of the more capable Short Sunderland. [28] Flying boats allowed for longer patrols to be carried out, and had superior seakeeping qualities to the N-3PB. [29] The surviving N-3PBs continued to operate alongside the Catalinas, flying fighter patrol, escort and antisubmarine operations off Iceland's east coast until early 1943. [30] Throughout the transition to other types, the squadron's C-Flight maintained an "all-Northrop" unit, predominately involved in secondary roles including army cooperation, transport, air-sea rescue, ice reconnaissance and ambulance roles. [31] In early 1943, No. 330(N)'s crews relocated to Oban, Scotland, aboard the troop ship Leinster. Two of the remaining N-3PBs flew to Oban. [32] The eight aircraft left behind on Iceland were scrapped in Reykjavik between December 1942 – April 1943. [30]

Throughout its combat service from 23 June 1941 – 30 March 1943, No. 330(N)'s N-3PBs carried out 1,1011 operational sorties, totalling 3,512 hours flying time. Although the eight attacks they carried out on U-boats proved inconclusive, N-3PB escort patrols and antisubmarine sweeps were an important part of the Allied effort in keeping the North Atlantic sea lanes open. [30] After the end of the type's combat service on Iceland, the Norwegian naval authorities considered basing two N-3PBs on Svalbard, an Arctic archipelago previously known as Spitzbergen. A German naval raid on 8 September 1943 resulted in the deployment being cancelled. [33]

Survivors

The restored N-3PB (c/n 320) displayed at the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection N-3PB FFS.jpg
The restored N-3PB (c/n 320) displayed at the Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection

After the war, two surviving N-3PBs (c/n 306, 322) aircraft were flown to Norway, sold for salvage, with c/n 306 being scrapped in 1949 and c/n 322 scrapped in 1956. [30]

After a search through records, Ragnar R. Ragnarsson, then vice president of the Icelandic Aviation Historical Society pinpointed the crash site of N-3PB (c/n 320 ["U"]). [34] In 1979, the N-3PB wreck was recovered from the Þjórsá River in Iceland. Due to bad weather over Iceland's east coast, the N-3PB flown by Lt. W.W. Bulukin, operating from Budareyri and transiting to Reykjavik, made a forced landing on 21 April 1943. After being stuck in the silt, it gradually sunk to the river's bottom. [24]

US Navy divers began its initial recovery, later aided by a team of volunteer divers from Great Britain, Iceland, Norway and the United States, bringing up the remains that were sent to the Northrop Aircraft Corporation in Hawthorne, California. Restoration was completed by a 300 strong volunteer group, including 14 retired ex-Northrop employees who had been involved in the original N-3PB production line. [35] The complex restoration required the construction of replacement parts primarily by templating many damaged or corroded original aircraft components in order to create a complete airframe. [24] In November 1980 the restored N-3PB was gifted to Norway by the Northrop Aircraft Corporation and the San Diego Aerospace Museum. [36] This only surviving aircraft is currently on exhibition as part of Norwegian Armed Forces Aircraft Collection at Gardermoen, Norway. [37]

Military operators

Flag of Norway.svg  Norway

Survivors

Specifications (N-3PB)

Northrop N-3PB in "Little Norway" colours, c. 1941 N-3PB front view.jpg
Northrop N-3PB in "Little Norway" colours, c. 1941

Data fromWar Planes of the Second World War: Volume Six Floatplanes, [38] The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II [29]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ Northrop's previous company had been taken over by Douglas in 1937. [8]
  2. ↑ The No. 330(N) pilots and crews called their aircraft, "Northrops". [24]

Citations

  1. ↑ O'Leary 1981, p. 28.
  2. ↑ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 100–2, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN   978-0-9897906-0-4.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hafsten and Arheim 2003, p. 122.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 March 1998, p. 187.
  5. ↑ Ragnarsson 1981, p. 28.
  6. ↑ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II, pp. 93, 100–2, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN   978-0-9897906-0-4.
  7. ↑ Hafsten and Arheim 2003, pp. 120–122.
  8. ↑ Coleman 1988, p. 58.
  9. ↑ Green 1962, pp. 185–186.
  10. ↑ Stimpson, Thomas E. Jr. "Speed Demons." Popular Mechanics, 77(2), February 1942, p. 58.
  11. ↑ Ragnarsson 1981, pp. 28–29.
  12. ↑ Beauchamp 1976, p. 19.
  13. ↑ Ragnarsson 1981, p. 29.
  14. 1 2 Ragnarsson 1981, p. 34.
  15. 1 2 3 Green 1962, p. 186.
  16. ↑ Wiig 2009, p. 55.
  17. ↑ Hafsten and Arheim 2003, p. 166.
  18. ↑ Guhnfeldt 1981, p. 12.
  19. ↑ Hafsten and Arheim 2003, p. 189.
  20. ↑ Lillevik 1984, p. 47.
  21. ↑ "330 Squadron." RAF History. Retrieved: 17 February 2011.
  22. ↑ Beaucamp and Richert 1978, p. 46.
  23. ↑ Blair 2000, p. 344.
  24. 1 2 3 Ragnarsson 1981, p. 51.
  25. ↑ Hafsten and Arheim 2003, pp. 193–197.
  26. ↑ Ragnarsson 1981, p. 33.
  27. ↑ No. 330 Squadron (RAF): Second World War accessdate: June 2014
  28. ↑ Lake 2000, p. 100.
  29. 1 2 Bishop 2002, p. 382
  30. 1 2 3 4 Ragnarsson 1981, p. 50.
  31. ↑ Ragnarsson 1981, pp. 39, 50.
  32. ↑ Hafsten and Arheim 2003, p. 198, 200.
  33. ↑ Ulvensøen 1991, p. 84
  34. ↑ O'Leary 1981, p. 35.
  35. ↑ O'Leary 1981, p. 37.
  36. ↑ Lillevik 1984, p. 48.
  37. ↑ Macha, G. Pat. "Northrop N-3PB Floatplane, 4/21/43." Aircraft Wrecks in the Mountains and Deserts of the American West. Retrieved: 17 February 2011.
  38. ↑ Green 1962, pp. 186–187.

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