Octahedral pyramid

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Octahedral pyramid
Octahedral pyramid.png
Schlegel diagram
Type Polyhedral pyramid
Schläfli symbol ( ) ∨ {3,4}
( ) ∨ r{3,3}
( ) ∨ s{2,6}
( ) ∨ [{4} + { }]
( ) ∨ [{ } + { } + { }]
Cells91 {3,4} Octahedron.png
8 ( ) ∨ {3} Tetrahedron.png
Faces20 {3}
Edges18
Vertices7
Dual Cubic pyramid
Symmetry group B3, [4,3,1], order 48
[3,3,1], order 24
[2+,6,1], order 12
[4,2,1], order 16
[2,2,1], order 8
Properties convex, regular-cells, Blind polytope

In 4-dimensional geometry, the octahedral pyramid is bounded by one octahedron on the base and 8 triangular pyramid cells which meet at the apex. Since an octahedron has a circumradius divided by edge length less than one, [1] the triangular pyramids can be made with regular faces (as regular tetrahedrons) by computing the appropriate height.

Contents

Having all regular cells, it is a Blind polytope. Two copies can be augmented to make an octahedral bipyramid which is also a Blind polytope.

Occurrences of the octahedral pyramid

The regular 16-cell has octahedral pyramids around every vertex, with the octahedron passing through the center of the 16-cell. Therefore placing two regular octahedral pyramids base to base constructs a 16-cell. The 16-cell tessellates 4-dimensional space as the 16-cell honeycomb.

Exactly 24 regular octahedral pyramids will fit together around a vertex in four-dimensional space (the apex of each pyramid). This construction yields a 24-cell with octahedral bounding cells, surrounding a central vertex with 24 edge-length long radii. The 4-dimensional content of a unit-edge-length 24-cell is 2, so the content of the regular octahedral pyramid is 1/12. The 24-cell tessellates 4-dimensional space as the 24-cell honeycomb.

The octahedral pyramid is the vertex figure for a truncated 5-orthoplex, CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png.

Truncated pentacross.png

The graph of the octahedral pyramid is the only possible minimal counterexample to Negami's conjecture, that the connected graphs with planar covers are themselves projective-planar. [2]

Example 4-dimensional coordinates, 6 points in first 3 coordinates for cube and 4th dimension for the apex.

(±1, 0, 0; 0)
( 0,±1, 0; 0)
( 0, 0,±1; 0)
( 0, 0, 0; 1)

Other polytopes

Cubic pyramid

The dual to the octahedral pyramid is a cubic pyramid, seen as a cubic base and 6 square pyramids meeting at an apex.

Cubic pyramid.png

Example 4-dimensional coordinates, 8 points in first 3 coordinates for cube and 4th dimension for the apex.

(±1,±1,±1; 0)
( 0, 0, 0; 1)

Square-pyramidal pyramid

Square-pyramidal pyramid
Square pyramid pyramid.png Square pyramid pyramid edgecenter.png
Type Polyhedral pyramid
Schläfli symbol ( ) ∨ [( ) ∨ {4}]
[( )∨( )] ∨ {4} = { } ∨ {4}
{ } ∨ [{ } × { }]
{ } ∨ [{ } + { }]
Cells62 ( )∨{4} Square pyramid.png
4 ( )∨{3} Tetrahedron.png
Faces12 {3}
1 {4}
Edges13
Vertices6
DualSelf-dual
Symmetry group [4,1,1], order 8
[4,2,1], order 16
[2,2,1], order 8
Properties convex, regular-faced

The square-pyramidal pyramid, ( ) ∨ [( ) ∨ {4}], is a bisected octahedral pyramid. It has a square pyramid base, and 4 tetrahedrons along with another one more square pyramid meeting at the apex. It can also be seen in an edge-centered projection as a square bipyramid with four tetrahedra wrapped around the common edge. If the height of the two apexes are the same, it can be given a higher symmetry name [( ) ∨ ( )] ∨ {4} = { } ∨ {4}, joining an edge to a perpendicular square. [3]

The square-pyramidal pyramid can be distorted into a rectangular-pyramidal pyramid, { } ∨ [{ } × { }] or a rhombic-pyramidal pyramid, { } ∨ [{ } + { }], or other lower symmetry forms.

The square-pyramidal pyramid exists as a vertex figure in uniform polytopes of the form CDel node.pngCDel p.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel q.pngCDel node 1.pngCDel r.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel node.png, including the bitruncated 5-orthoplex and bitruncated tesseractic honeycomb.

Bitruncated pentacross verf.png Bitruncated tesseractic honeycomb verf.png

Example 4-dimensional coordinates, 2 coordinates for square, and axial points for pyramidal points.

(±1,±1; 0; 0)
( 0, 0; 1; 0)
( 0, 0; 0; 1)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuboctahedron</span> Polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces

A cuboctahedron is a polyhedron with 8 triangular faces and 6 square faces. A cuboctahedron has 12 identical vertices, with 2 triangles and 2 squares meeting at each, and 24 identical edges, each separating a triangle from a square. As such, it is a quasiregular polyhedron, i.e., an Archimedean solid that is not only vertex-transitive but also edge-transitive. It is radially equilateral. Its dual polyhedron is the rhombic dodecahedron.

In geometry, an octahedron is a polyhedron with eight faces. An octahedron can be considered as a square bipyramid. When the edges of a square bipyramid are all equal in length, it produces a regular octahedron, a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each vertex. It is also an example of a deltahedron. An octahedron is the three-dimensional case of the more general concept of a cross polytope.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated octahedron</span> Archimedean solid

In geometry, the truncated octahedron is the Archimedean solid that arises from a regular octahedron by removing six pyramids, one at each of the octahedron's vertices. The truncated octahedron has 14 faces, 36 edges, and 24 vertices. Since each of its faces has point symmetry the truncated octahedron is a 6-zonohedron. It is also the Goldberg polyhedron GIV(1,1), containing square and hexagonal faces. Like the cube, it can tessellate 3-dimensional space, as a permutohedron.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">16-cell</span> Four-dimensional analog of the octahedron

In geometry, the 16-cell is the regular convex 4-polytope (four-dimensional analogue of a Platonic solid) with Schläfli symbol {3,3,4}. It is one of the six regular convex 4-polytopes first described by the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli in the mid-19th century. It is also called C16, hexadecachoron, or hexdecahedroid [sic?].

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vertex figure</span> Shape made by slicing off a corner of a polytope

In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a polyhedron or polytope is sliced off.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Runcinated 5-cell</span> Four-dimensional geometrical object

In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 5-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination of the regular 5-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cubic honeycomb</span> Only regular space-filling tessellation of the cube

The cubic honeycomb or cubic cellulation is the only proper regular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of cubic cells. It has 4 cubes around every edge, and 8 cubes around each vertex. Its vertex figure is a regular octahedron. It is a self-dual tessellation with Schläfli symbol {4,3,4}. John Horton Conway called this honeycomb a cubille.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb</span> Quasiregular space-filling tesselation

The tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, alternated cubic honeycomb is a quasiregular space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space. It is composed of alternating regular octahedra and tetrahedra in a ratio of 1:2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bitruncated cubic honeycomb</span>

The bitruncated cubic honeycomb is a space-filling tessellation in Euclidean 3-space made up of truncated octahedra. It has 4 truncated octahedra around each vertex. Being composed entirely of truncated octahedra, it is cell-transitive. It is also edge-transitive, with 2 hexagons and one square on each edge, and vertex-transitive. It is one of 28 uniform honeycombs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated 24-cells</span>

In geometry, a truncated 24-cell is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular 24-cell.

In geometry, a truncated tesseract is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular tesseract.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated 5-cell</span>

In geometry, a truncated 5-cell is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular 5-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Runcinated 24-cells</span>

In four-dimensional geometry, a runcinated 24-cell is a convex uniform 4-polytope, being a runcination of the regular 24-cell.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rectified 5-simplexes</span>

In five-dimensional geometry, a rectified 5-simplex is a convex uniform 5-polytope, being a rectification of the regular 5-simplex.

In geometry, the 222 honeycomb is a uniform tessellation of the six-dimensional Euclidean space. It can be represented by the Schläfli symbol {3,3,32,2}. It is constructed from 221 facets and has a 122 vertex figure, with 54 221 polytopes around every vertex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truncated 5-orthoplexes</span>

In five-dimensional geometry, a truncated 5-orthoplex is a convex uniform 5-polytope, being a truncation of the regular 5-orthoplex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cubic pyramid</span>

In 4-dimensional geometry, the cubic pyramid is bounded by one cube on the base and 6 square pyramid cells which meet at the apex. Since a cube has a circumradius divided by edge length less than one, the square pyramids can be made with regular faces by computing the appropriate height.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Order-4 octahedral honeycomb</span>

The order-4 octahedral honeycomb is a regular paracompact honeycomb in hyperbolic 3-space. It is paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. Given by Schläfli symbol {3,4,4}, it has four ideal octahedra around each edge, and infinite octahedra around each vertex in a square tiling vertex figure.

References

  1. Klitzing, Richard. "3D convex uniform polyhedra x3o4o - oct". 1/sqrt(2) = 0.707107
  2. Hliněný, Petr (2010), "20 years of Negami's planar cover conjecture" (PDF), Graphs and Combinatorics , 26 (4): 525–536, CiteSeerX   10.1.1.605.4932 , doi:10.1007/s00373-010-0934-9, MR   2669457, S2CID   121645
  3. Klitzing, Richard. "Segmentotope squasc, K-4.4".