Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity—their personal sense of their own gender—and their sex assigned at birth. The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder (GID) in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5. The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.
The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH),formerly the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association (HBIGDA),is a professional organization devoted to the understanding and treatment of gender identity and gender dysphoria,and creating standardized treatment for transgender and gender variant people. WPATH was founded in September 1979 by endocrinologist and sexologist Harry Benjamin,with the goal of creating an international community of professionals specializing in treating gender variance.
The Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC) is an international clinical protocol by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) outlining the recommended assessment and treatment for transgender and gender-diverse individuals across the lifespan including social,hormonal,or surgical transition. It often influences clinicians' decisions regarding patients' treatment. While other standards,protocols,and guidelines exist –especially outside the United States –the WPATH SOC is the most widespread protocol used by professionals working with transgender or gender-variant people.
Leuprorelin,also known as leuprolide,is a manufactured version of a hormone used to treat prostate cancer,breast cancer,endometriosis,uterine fibroids,as part of transgender hormone therapy,for early puberty,or to perform chemical castration of violent sex offenders. It is given by injection into a muscle or under the skin.
Tor Vergata University of Rome,also known as the University of Tor Vergata,is a public research university located in Rome,Italy. Located in the southeastern suburb of Rome,the university combines a liberal arts tradition with emphasis on career orientation in the field of Economics,Engineering,Mathematics and Physics,Natural Sciences,and Medicine.
Triptorelin,sold under the brand name Decapeptyl among others,is a medication that acts as an agonist analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,repressing expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones. They are used for a variety of indications including in fertility medicine and to lower sex hormone levels in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers such as prostate cancer and breast cancer,certain gynecological disorders like heavy periods and endometriosis,high testosterone levels in women,early puberty in children,as a part of transgender hormone therapy,and to delay puberty in transgender youth among other uses. It is also used in the suppression of spontaneous ovulation as part of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation,an essential component in IVF. GnRH agonists are given by injections into fat,as implants placed into fat,and as nasal sprays.
Gender dysphoria in children (GD),also known as gender incongruence of childhood,is a formal diagnosis for children who experience significant discontent due to a mismatch between their assigned sex and gender identity. The diagnostic label gender identity disorder in children (GIDC) was used by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until it was renamed gender dysphoria in children in 2013 with the release of the DSM-5. The diagnosis was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.
The Minister of Health in Italy is one of the positions in the Italian government. The ministry was officially established in 1958,with Vincenzo Monaldi,of the Christian Democracy,serving as the first minister. From 1946 to 1958,the position was held by a High Commissioners for Hygiene and Public Health,who was not a minister but a special commissioner. Nicola Perrotti,of the Italian Socialist Party,served as the first high commissioner.
Transgender youth are children or adolescents who do not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Because transgender youth are usually dependent on their parents for care,shelter,financial support,and other needs,they differ in challenges compared to adults. According to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health,the American Psychological Association,and the American Academy of Pediatrics,appropriate care for transgender youth may include supportive mental health care,social transition,and/or puberty blockers,which delay puberty and the development of secondary sex characteristics to allow children more time to explore their gender identity.
Johanna Olson-Kennedy is an American physician who specializes in the care of children and teenagers with gender dysphoria and youth with HIV and chronic pain. She is board-certified in pediatrics and adolescent medicine and is the medical director of the Center for Transyouth Health and Development at Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Puberty blockers are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists,which suppress the production of sex hormones,including testosterone and estrogen. In addition to their use in treating precocious puberty,which involves puberty occurring at an unusually early age in children,puberty blockers are also used for transgender children to delay the development of unwanted sex characteristics,so as to allow transgender youth more time to explore their gender identity.
Transgender hormone therapy,also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT),is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity. This form of hormone therapy is given as one of two types,based on whether the goal of treatment is masculinization or feminization:
Transgender health care includes the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental health conditions,as well as sex reassignment therapies,for transgender individuals. A major component of transgender health care is gender-affirming care,the medical aspect of gender transition. Questions implicated in transgender health care include gender variance,sex reassignment therapy,health risks,and access to healthcare for trans people in different countries around the world.
Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is a controversial proposed subtype of gender dysphoria said to be caused by peer influence and social contagion. ROGD has not been recognized by any major professional association as a valid mental health diagnosis,and use of the term has been discouraged by professional and academic institutions due to a lack of reputable scientific evidence,major methodological issues in existing research,and likelihood to cause harm by stigmatizing gender-affirming care.
A gender identity clinic is a type of specialist clinic providing services relating to transgender health care.
Jack L. Turban is an American psychiatrist and writer who researches LGBTQ health,with a focus on the mental health of transgender youth. His writing has appeared in The New York Times,The Washington Post,and Vox. He is an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at The University of California San Francisco and affiliate faculty in health policy at The Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies.
The Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) is a nationally operated health clinic in the United Kingdom that specialises in working with children with gender identity issues,including gender dysphoria. Launched in 1989,GIDS is commissioned by NHS England and takes referrals from across the UK,although it is operated at a Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust site. GIDS is the only gender identity clinic for people under 18 in England and Wales and is the subject of much controversy. In July 2022,the NHS decided to close GIDS and replace it with regional healthcare centres in 2023,following the release of an interim report on the provision of gender identity services for children and adolescents conducted by paediatrician Hilary Cass. In May 2023,it was announced that the closure would be delayed until 2024.
Bell v Tavistock was a case before the Court of Appeal on the question of whether puberty blockers could be prescribed to under-16s with gender dysphoria. The Court of Appeal said that "it was for clinicians rather than the court to decide on competence" to consent to receive puberty blockers.
The Meloni government is the 68th government of the Italian Republic,the first headed by Giorgia Meloni,leader of Brothers of Italy,who is also the first woman to hold the office of Prime Minister of Italy. The government was sworn in on 22 October 2022. It was one of the fastest government formations in the history of the Italian Republic. It was variously described as a shift to the political right,as well as the first far-right-led coalition in Italy since World War II.
