Gender dysphoria (GD) is the distress a person experiences due to a mismatch between their gender identity—their personal sense of their own gender—and their sex assigned at birth. The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of gender identity disorder (GID) in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual DSM-5. The condition was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.
The Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse People (SOC) is an international clinical protocol by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) outlining the recommended assessment and treatment for transgender and gender-diverse individuals across the lifespan including social,hormonal,or surgical transition. It often influences clinicians' decisions regarding patients' treatment. While other standards,protocols,and guidelines exist –especially outside the United States –the WPATH SOC is the most widespread protocol used by professionals working with transgender or gender-variant people.
Leuprorelin,also known as leuprolide,is a manufactured version of a hormone used to treat prostate cancer,breast cancer,endometriosis,uterine fibroids,for early puberty,or as part of transgender hormone therapy. It is given by injection into a muscle or under the skin.
Tor Vergata University of Rome,also known as the University of Tor Vergata,is a public research university located in Rome,Italy. Located in the southeastern suburb of Rome,the university combines a liberal arts tradition with emphasis on career orientation in the field of Economics,Engineering,Mathematics and Physics,Natural Sciences,and Medicine.
Triptorelin,sold under the brand name Decapeptyl among others,is a medication that acts as an agonist analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone,repressing expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones. They are used for a variety of indications including in fertility medicine and to lower sex hormone levels in the treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers such as prostate cancer and breast cancer,certain gynecological disorders like heavy periods and endometriosis,high testosterone levels in women,early puberty in children,as a part of transgender hormone therapy,and to delay puberty in transgender youth among other uses. It is also used in the suppression of spontaneous ovulation as part of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation,an essential component in IVF. GnRH agonists are given by injections into fat,as implants placed into fat,and as nasal sprays.
Gender dysphoria in children (GD),also known as gender incongruence of childhood,is a formal diagnosis for children who experience significant discontent due to a mismatch between their assigned sex and gender identity. The diagnostic label gender identity disorder in children (GIDC) was used by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) until it was renamed gender dysphoria in children in 2013 with the release of the DSM-5. The diagnosis was renamed to remove the stigma associated with the term disorder.
The Minister of Health in Italy is one of the positions in the Italian government. The ministry was officially established in 1958,with Vincenzo Monaldi,of the Christian Democracy,serving as the first minister. From 1946 to 1958,the position was held by a High Commissioners for Hygiene and Public Health,who was not a minister but a special commissioner. Nicola Perrotti,of the Italian Socialist Party,served as the first high commissioner.
Transgender youth are children or adolescents who do not identify with the sex they were assigned at birth. Because transgender youth are usually dependent on their parents for care,shelter,financial support,and other needs,they face different challenges compared to adults. According to the World Professional Association for Transgender Health,the American Psychological Association,and the American Academy of Pediatrics,appropriate care for transgender youth may include supportive mental health care,social transition,and/or puberty blockers,which delay puberty and the development of secondary sex characteristics to allow children more time to explore their gender identity.
Johanna Olson-Kennedy is an American physician who specializes in the care of children and teenagers with gender dysphoria and youth with HIV and chronic pain. She is board-certified in pediatrics and adolescent medicine and is the medical director of the Center for Transyouth Health and Development at Children's Hospital Los Angeles.
Puberty blockers are medicines used to postpone puberty in children. The most commonly used puberty blockers are gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists,which suppress the natural production of sex hormones,such as androgens and estrogens. Puberty blockers are used to delay the development of unwanted secondary sex characteristics in transgender children,so as to allow transgender youth more time to explore their gender identity. The same drugs are also used to treat other conditions,such as precocious puberty in young children and some hormone-sensitive cancers in adults.
Gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT),also called hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or transgender hormone therapy,is a form of hormone therapy in which sex hormones and other hormonal medications are administered to transgender or gender nonconforming individuals for the purpose of more closely aligning their secondary sexual characteristics with their gender identity. This form of hormone therapy is given as one of two types,based on whether the goal of treatment is masculinization or feminization:
Transgender health care includes the prevention,diagnosis and treatment of physical and mental health conditions for transgender individuals. A major component of transgender health care is gender-affirming care,the medical aspect of gender transition. Questions implicated in transgender health care include gender variance,sex reassignment therapy,health risks,and access to healthcare for trans people in different countries around the world. Gender affirming health care can include psychological,medical,physical,and social behavioral care. The purpose of gender affirming care is to help a transgender individual conform to their desired gender identity.
Rapid-onset gender dysphoria (ROGD) is a controversial,scientifically unsupported hypothesis which claims that some adolescents identify as transgender and experience gender dysphoria due to peer influence and social contagion. ROGD is not recognized as a valid mental health diagnosis by any major professional association,which discourage its use due to a lack of reputable scientific evidence for the concept,major methodological issues in existing research,and its stigmatization of gender-affirming care for transgender youth.
A gender identity clinic is a type of specialist clinic providing services relating to transgender health care.
Jack L. Turban is an American psychiatrist,writer,and commentator who researches the mental health of transgender youth. His writing has appeared in The New York Times,The Washington Post,The Los Angeles Times,CNN,Scientific American,and Vox. He is an assistant professor of child and adolescent psychiatry at The University of California San Francisco and affiliate faculty in health policy at The Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies.
The Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) was a nationally operated health clinic in the United Kingdom that specialised in working with children with gender identity issues,including gender dysphoria. The service closed on 28 March 2024 after serious concerns were repeatedly raised over a number of years by several independent NHS whistleblowers.
The Meloni government is the 68th government of the Italian Republic,the first headed by Giorgia Meloni,leader of Brothers of Italy,who is also the first woman to hold the office of Prime Minister of Italy. The government was sworn in on 22 October 2022. It was one of the fastest government formations in the history of the Italian Republic. It was variously described as a shift to the political right,as well as the first far-right-led coalition in Italy since World War II.
Laura Edwards-Leeper is an American psychologist and founder of the first pediatric gender clinic of the United States. She also served as head of the Child and Adolescent Committee for the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.
The Independent Review of Gender Identity Services for Children and Young People was commissioned in 2020 by NHS England and NHS Improvement and led by Hilary Cass,a retired consultant paediatrician and the former president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. It dealt with gender services for children and young people,including those with gender dysphoria and those identifying as transgender in England.
