Owen gun

Last updated

Owen gun
Owen Gun.jpg
The final design of the Owen machine carbine
Type Submachine gun
Place of originAustralia
Service history
In service1942–1971
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
DesignerLieutenant Evelyn Owen [3]
Designed1931–1938
Manufacturer Lysaght’s Works [3]
Produced1942–1944
No. built45,000 [3]
Specifications
Mass4.23 kg (9.33 lb) without magazine [3]
4.86 kg (10.7 lb) loaded [3]
Length813 mm (32.0 in) [3]
Barrel  length250 mm (9.84 in) [3]
Cartridge 9×19mm Parabellum
Action Blowback, open bolt
Rate of fire 700 rounds/min [3]
Muzzle velocity 366 m/s (1,200 ft/s) [3]
Effective firing range123 metres (135 yd)
Maximum firing range200 metres (220 yd) [3]
Feed system32-round detachable magazine
Sights Iron sights

The Owen gun, known officially as the Owen machine carbine, was an Australian submachine gun designed by Evelyn Owen in 1938. The Owen was the only entirely Australian-designed and constructed service submachine gun of World War II and was used by the Australian Army from 1942 until 1971.

Contents

History

Private Evelyn Owen, circa 1941 Evelyn Owen.jpg
Private Evelyn Owen, circa 1941

The first prototype of the Owen gun was developed by Evelyn Owen in 1931, who finalised the design in 1938, when he was around 23. [4] Owen submitted the design to the Australian military, but was rejected, as they were waiting for the British Sten to finish development. [5] By May 1940, Owen had enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force, and was set to deploy to the Middle East, but after speaking about his design to the manager of a local plant of Lysaght, who had an interest in the design, Owen was transferred to the Central Inventions Board. [4] In June 1941, Owen was discharged from the army and began to manufacture the Owen gun. After conducting tests in September that year, the Owen was found to be more accurate and reliable than competing designs such as the Sten and Thompson. [4]

Production and use

Owen guns on a truck during a Christmas parade in Sydney, 1942 Owen Guns Christmas Parade.jpg
Owen guns on a truck during a Christmas parade in Sydney, 1942

The Owen went into production at the John Lysaght factories at Port Kembla and Newcastle. Between March 1942 and February 1943, Lysaght's produced 28,000 Owen guns. However, the initial batch of ammunition turned out to be the wrong type and 10,000 guns could not be supplied with ammunition. Once again the government overrode military bureaucracy, and took the ammunition through the final production stages and into the hands of Australian troops, at that time fighting Japanese forces in New Guinea. Approximately 45,000 Owens were produced from 1942 to 1944. [6] Contemporary sources vary as to the cost of production during wartime, with some suggesting that the basic cost was as little as A£8 (US$24); a 1945 issue of Popular Mechanics claimed that the Owen cost US$30 (A£12). [7]

Australian soldiers armed with Owen guns in New Britain, April 1945 Owen Gun (AWM 018320).jpg
Australian soldiers armed with Owen guns in New Britain, April 1945

The Owen gun proved popular with soldiers in the Pacific. [5] New Zealanders fighting in the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands campaigns swapped their Thompsons for Owens, as they found Owen guns to be more reliable. [8] During the gun's life, its reliability earned it the nickname "Digger's Darling" by Australian troops, [9] and many of the Australian soldiers who had used the Owen came back to personally thank the Lysaght team as they believed the Owen had saved their lives. [10] General Douglas MacArthur considered equipping American troops in the Pacific with the Owen. [5]

The Owen was later used by Australian troops in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, [5] particularly the scouts in infantry sections. It remained a standard weapon of the Australian Army until 1971, [5] when it was replaced by the F1 submachine gun and, later, the M16. [9]

Design

The Owen has a simple blowback design, firing from an open bolt. It was designed to be fired either from the shoulder or the hip. It is easily recognisable, owing to its unconventional appearance, including the top-mounted magazine, and the side-mounted sight required to allow the firer to aim past it. [11] The placement of the magazine allows gravity to assist the magazine spring in pushing cartridges down to the breech, which improves feeding reliability. Another unusual feature is the separate compartment inside the receiver, which isolates the small-diameter bolt from its retracting handle by means of a small bulkhead. This prevents dirt and mud from jamming the bolt, and makes the Owen a highly reliable weapon. The top-mounted magazine meant that if mud entered the weapon, it would either fall out on its own, or be pushed out by the magazine spring. [12] When tested, the Owen gun was able to continue firing despite being dipped in mud and drenched with sand, while a Sten gun and a Thompson also tested stopped functioning at once. [13] In jungle warfare, where both mud and sand were frequent problems, the Owen gun was highly regarded by the soldiers. [14]

A field stripped Owen. Field stripped Owen.jpg
A field stripped Owen.

To facilitate cleaning, the ejector was built into the magazine, rather than the body of the gun. This allowed the barrel to be removed rapidly, by pulling up a spring-loaded plunger in front of the magazine housing. After removing the barrel, the bolt and return spring are removed in a forward direction, completely dismantling the gun. Like the Sten, the Owen had a non-folding wire buttstock, but also had pistol grips like the Austen. [15]

Two horseshoe magazines were constructed in the field, of 60 and 72 rounds. Little information exists as to the success of these experiments. [16]

In 2004, an underground weapons factory was seized in Melbourne, Australia, yielding, among other things, three suppressed copies of the Owen submachine gun and parts to make six more. These had magazines inserted underneath rather than overhead, and were suspected of having been built for sale to local gangs involved in the illegal drug trade. [17]

During Operation Ironside in 2021, an Owen submachine gun, magazines and ammunition suited for the firearm were found alongside a plastic fuel can containing petrol in a parkland on Gleeson Crescent at Rostrevor by STAR Group and Dog Operations Unit officers of the South Australia Police. [18] [19] [20]

Users

Engineering heritage award

The gun received an Engineering Heritage National Marker from Engineers Australia as part of its Engineering Heritage Recognition Program. [29]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Submachine gun</span> Type of automatic firearm

A submachine gun (SMG) is a magazine-fed automatic carbine designed to fire handgun cartridges. The term "submachine gun" was coined by John T. Thompson, the inventor of the Thompson submachine gun, to describe its design concept as an automatic firearm with notably less firepower than a machine gun. As a machine gun must fire rifle cartridges to be classified as such, submachine guns are not considered machine guns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thompson submachine gun</span> American submachine gun

The Thompson submachine gun is a blowback-operated, selective-fire submachine gun, invented and developed by United States Army Brigadier General John T. Thompson in 1918. It was designed to break the stalemate of trench warfare of World War I, although early models did not arrive in time for actual combat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sten</span> Family of submachine guns

The STEN is a British submachine gun chambered in 9×19mm which was used extensively by British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II and during the Korean War. The Sten paired a simple design with a low production cost, facilitating mass production to meet the demand for submachine guns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">M50 Reising</span> Submachine gun

The .45 Reising submachine gun was manufactured by Harrington & Richardson (H&R) Arms Company in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, and was designed and patented by Eugene Reising in 1940. The three versions of the weapon were the Model 50, the folding stock Model 55, and the semiautomatic Model 60 rifle. Over 100,000 Reisings were ordered during World War II, and were initially used by the United States Navy, Marine Corps, and the United States Coast Guard, though some were shipped to Canadian, Soviet, and other allied forces to fight the Axis powers.

The Lanchester is a submachine gun manufactured by the Sterling Armaments Company between 1941 and 1945. It is an evolution from MP28/II and was manufactured in two versions, Mk.1 and Mk.1*; the latter was a simplified version of the original Mk.1, with no fire selector and simplified sights. It was primarily used by the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and to a lesser extent by the Royal Air Force Regiment. It was given the general designation of Lanchester after George Lanchester, who was charged with producing the weapon at the Sterling Armaments Company.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">De Lisle carbine</span> British integrally suppressed firearm

The De Lisle carbine or De Lisle Commando carbine was a British firearm used during World War II that was designed with an integrated suppressor. That, combined with its use of subsonic ammunition, made it extremely quiet in action, possibly one of the quietest firearms ever made.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sterling submachine gun</span> Type of submachine gun

The Sterling submachine gun is a British submachine gun (SMG). It was tested by the British Army in 1944–1945, but did not start to replace the Sten until 1953. A successful and reliable design, it remained standard issue in the British Army until 1994, when it began to be replaced by the L85A1, a bullpup assault rifle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Open bolt</span> System in firearms

A firearm is said to fire from an open bolt or open breech if, when ready to fire, the bolt and working parts are held to the rear of the receiver, with no round in the chamber. When the trigger is actuated, the bolt travels forward, feeds a cartridge from the magazine or belt into the chamber, and fires that cartridge in the same movement. Like any other self-loading design, the action is cycled by the energy released from the propellant, which sends the bolt back to the rear, compressing the mainspring in readiness for firing the next round. In an open-bolt gun firing semi-automatically, the bolt is caught and held at this point by the sear after each shot; and in automatic open-bolt fire, it's caught and held in this manner whenever the trigger is released. In contrast to this, in closed-bolt guns, the trigger and sear do not affect the movement of the bolt directly.

Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gas created by the ignition of the propellant charge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Błyskawica submachine gun</span> Submachine gun

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Austen submachine gun</span> Submachine gun

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">PPSh-41</span> Submachine gun

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Lysaght was founded in 1880 by John Lysaght as a subsidiary to the company John Lysaght and Co. The company pioneered modern steel coating technologies (galvanization). Its coated steel building products were sold under the 'ORB' brand and contributed to Australian architectural style.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Evelyn Owen</span> Inventor of the Owen Gun

Evelyn Ernest Owen was an Australian who developed the Owen gun which was used by the Australian Army in World War II, Korea and Vietnam wars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">F1 submachine gun</span> Submachine gun

The F1 is a 9x19mm Australian submachine gun manufactured by the Lithgow Small Arms Factory. First issued to Australian troops in July 1963, it replaced the Owen machine carbine.

The MCEM-2 was a prototype submachine gun, which never saw widespread production, but was one of the first submachine guns to combine a wrap-around bolt and magazine in pistol grip, features later copied in the Czechoslovak Sa vz. 23, Israeli Uzi, among others. The MCEM-2 was the second prototype in a line of experimental submachine guns designed in Britain in 1944. It was envisaged as a possible replacement for the STEN submachine gun then in service. Jerzy Podsedkowski, a Polish constructor who worked on the Vis and Mors and who fled from occupied Poland to Britain, developed the MCEM-2. It is believed that prototypes of MCEM-2 were made before the end of WW2, and its derivatives MCEM-4 and MCEM-6 were tested soon after the war. The latter modifications differed mostly in adoption of the rate-reducing mechanism, incorporated into the trigger unit; the rate of fire therefore was decreased from 1000 to 600 rounds per minute. Nevertheless, neither prototype was found suitable for adoption, and several years later the British army adopted a more conventional submachine gun, the Sterling-Patchett.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">M3 submachine gun</span> American submachine gun

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References

  1. ↑ "CAPTURED INDONESIAN INFILTRATOR WITH HIS AUSTRALIAN WORLD WAR 2 9MM OWEN MACHINE CARBINE". awm.gov.au.
  2. ↑ "浴火重生——对越自卫反击战对我国轻武器发展的". 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Archer, Dennis (1977). Jane's Infantry Weapons 1977. p. 67. ISBN   978-0-354-00549-4.
  4. 1 2 3 "Private Evelyn Ernest Owen". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Huard, Paul (20 April 2019). "Meet the Owen: The Weirdest Submachine Gun to Fire a Shot". The National Interest. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
  6. ↑ Bardwell, James O. (1995). "The Owen Gun". Machine Guns News (4).
  7. ↑ "Submachine Gun Becomes Pistol by Detaching Butt." Popular Mechanics, November 1945, p. 75.
  8. ↑ Larsen, Colin R. (1946). "Chapter XII – Guadalcanal". Pacific Commandos: New Zealanders and Fijians in Action. A History of Southern Independent Commando and First Commando Fiji Guerrillas. Wellington: Reed Publishing. pp. 93–103. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023.
  9. 1 2 "The 'Digger's Darling'". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  10. ↑ Boleyn, Doug (January 2017). "Nomination of OWEN SUBMACHINE GUN for an Engineering Heritage National Marker" (PDF). Engineering Heritage Sydney. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2022. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  11. ↑ Bishop, Chris (1998). The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Noble. p. 250.
  12. ↑ Mellor, David (1958). Australia in the War of 1939-1945. 4. Vol. 5: The Role of Science and Industry. Australian War Memorial. pp. 329–330.
  13. ↑ Haycock, R.G.; Ross, A.T. (1987). "The Australian Owen Gun Scandal, 1940–45". War & Society. 5 (2): 43, 48. doi:10.1179/106980487790305076.
  14. ↑ Barber, Graeme. "Owen and Austen – The WW 2 'Aussie' Machine Carbine Story". Mainland Arms. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  15. ↑ Forgotten Weapons. "The Diggers' Dismay: Austen Mk I SMG". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  16. ↑ "History of the Owen Machine Carbine (OMC)". diggerhistory.info. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  17. ↑ Brendan Nicholson, Daniel Ziffer (23 July 2004). "Submachine-guns found in weapons factory". The Age. Melbourne.
  18. ↑ "Machine gun found in park at Rostrevor" . Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  19. ↑ "SA Police test Owen gun found as part of Operation Ironside". 9 June 2021.
  20. ↑ "Military machine gun among weapons seized in SA Ironside bust". 9 June 2021.
  21. ↑ McNab, Chris (2002). 20th Century Military Uniforms (2nd ed.). Kent: Grange Books. ISBN   978-1-84013-476-6.
  22. ↑ "Australia's adversaries: Relations with Indonesia during the confrontation". anzacportal.dva.gov.au. Department of Veterans' Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017.
  23. ↑ Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, The War in Laos 1960-75, Men-at-arms series 217, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989, ISBN   9780850459388, p. 36.
  24. ↑ Scarlata, Paul (20 April 2009). "Small Arms of the Koninlijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger, Part 2". Shotgun News. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022.
  25. ↑ "Owen submachine gun". collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Archived from the original on 23 May 2023.
  26. ↑ "The Owen Gun". Nazarian's Gun Recognition Guide. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021.
  27. ↑ Diamond, Jon. "Australia's Owen Gun". Warfare History Network. Archived from the original on 23 May 2022.
  28. ↑ "The Malyan Emergency 1948-1960". iwm.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 July 2022.
  29. ↑ "Overland Telegraph, Adelaide to Darwin, 1872-". Engineers Australia. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2020.

Further reading

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