| Padina | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Padina sp. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Stramenopiles |
| Phylum: | Gyrista |
| Subphylum: | Ochrophytina |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Dictyotales |
| Family: | Dictyotaceae |
| Genus: | Padina Adans. (1763) |
Padina is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Dictyotaceae.
There was 58 taxonomically accepted Padina species, considered to be a species rich genera showing high species diversity within the genus as shown by recent phylogenetic research and taxonomic studies. [1]
Species identification is considered to be a challenge in the genera, using a variety of morphological and life history traits are needed to be considered however, recent studies have used molecular markers to confirm species identification in a given locality. [2] World Register of Marine Species accepts 71 species (as of July 2023). [3]
As accepted by WoRMS; [3]
Padina exhibits a flabellate-type appearance of its thalli, with a brown, off-white coloration. Its thallus consists of cells that is 2-8 layers thick, fan-shaped with hairs covering its margin. It has a stipe attached to its rhizoidal holdfast with blades conspicuously appearing as several layers of cell thick, with apparent zonations in its thalli producing coextensive rows of hair, distributed in rigid segments. [4] Padina and Newhousia are the only genera in the brown algae group that is calcareous. [1]
Padina species are differentiated based on the cell layer number, sporangial sori arrangement relative to hair bands and hair band presence or lack of on the lower thallus surface. [4]
Padina inhabits tropical regions, although the genus can also be found in cooler temperate waters from South America to Southeast Asia. The genus is distinguishable because of its characteristic shape resembling a peacock tail structure. [5] It can be found a wide range of habitats, ranging from intertidal to subtidal zones. Padina are found to be more prolific in clear waters at a depth of 15–20 m but can be seen up to 110 m in depth, attached to hard substrates or growing as epiphytes on larger seaweeds (e.g. Sargassum). [5] Padina in the Indian Ocean have a much more narrow distribution, in specific localities compared to those in the Pacific with a distribution that is much more overlapping within regions [1]
Padina can be found growing together with Gracilaria, Polysiphonia, Chaetomorpha, and Colpomenia. [6] Padina boergesenii and Padina jamaicensis may exhibit morphological plasticity which may affect herbivore interactions and grazing pressure. [7]
Padina is described to have a life history following diplohaplontic phases and are isomorphic. Its gametophytes are either dioecious or monoecious, located haphazardly in its blades sometimes even on its sori. Padina has hairs on its reproductive organs, on one thallus surface organized in a concentric margin. In some species, these get lost as they mature. Sporangial sori of Padina can be seen on one or both thallus surface, with or without indusium. [1] [4]
No report on Padina cultivation is found.
Approximately 32% of taxonomically accepted Padina species are being investigated for numerous chemical and potential pharmacological applications. [4] Bioactive compounds, including amino acids, terpene sterols, and sulphated polysaccharides were reported to be found in Padina, as well. Fucoidans can be obtained from two Padina species, P. tetrasomatica and P. boergesenii, which can be used in a 2% ointment for wound treatment. Bromo-phenols and other halogenated compounds have also been found in Padina, found to affect the endocrine system by damaging calcium ions in cells. Fucosterol, diterpenes, and fucoxanthin are also found in Padina which can slow down the spread of malignant cells. [4]
Padina has been shown to be capable of adsorption, effectively accumulating numerous pollutants in its biomass. As bioindicators, Padina respond to alterations in temperature, light, nutrients, and other contaminants in marine ecosystems. [8] In one study, the specific growth rate and chlorophyll content of Padina is negatively affected as cadmium concentration increases, suggesting Cd pollution. [9] Hence, Padina are ecologically significant macroalgae which function as excellent bioindicators of aquatic pollution and potentially, remediation in marine ecosystems. [10] As sources of different bioactive compounds, Padina may have potential applications on many pharmacological aspects [4] [11]
Brown algae are a large group of multicellular algae comprising the class Phaeophyceae. They include many seaweeds located in colder waters of the Northern Hemisphere. Brown algae are the major seaweeds of the temperate and polar regions. Many brown algae, such as members of the order Fucales, commonly grow along rocky seashores. Most brown algae live in marine environments, where they play an important role both as food and as a potential habitat. For instance, Macrocystis, a kelp of the order Laminariales, may reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and forms prominent underwater kelp forests that contain a high level of biodiversity. Another example is Sargassum, which creates unique floating mats of seaweed in the tropical waters of the Sargasso Sea that serve as the habitats for many species. Some members of the class, such as kelps, are used by humans as food.
The sea lettuces comprise the genus Ulva, a group of edible green algae that is widely distributed along the coasts of the world's oceans. The type species within the genus Ulva is Ulva lactuca, lactuca being Latin for "lettuce". The genus also includes the species previously classified under the genus Enteromorpha, the former members of which are known under the common name green nori.
Halimeda is a genus of green macroalgae. The algal body (thallus) is composed of calcified green segments. Calcium carbonate is deposited in its tissues, making it inedible to most herbivores. However one species, Halimeda tuna, was described as pleasant to eat with oil, vinegar, and salt.
Crustose is a habit of some types of algae and lichens in which the organism grows tightly appressed to a substrate, forming a biological layer. Crustose adheres very closely to the substrates at all points. Crustose is found on rocks and tree bark. Some species of marine algae of the Rhodophyta, in particular members of the order Corallinales, family Corallinaceae, subfamily Melobesioideae with cell walls containing calcium carbonate grow to great depths in the intertidal zone, forming crusts on various substrates. The substrate can be rocks throughout the intertidal zone, or, as in the case of the Corallinales, reef-building corals, and other living organisms including plants, such as mangroves and animals such as shelled molluscs. The coralline red algae are major members of coral reef communities, cementing the corals together with their crusts. Among the brown algae, the order Ralfsiales comprises two families of crustose algae.
Dictyotales is a large order in the brown algae containing the single family Dictyotaceae. Members of this order generally prefer warmer waters than other brown algae, and are prevalent in tropical and subtropical waters thanks to their many chemical defenses to ward off grazers. They display an isomorphic haplodiploid life cycle and are characterized by vegetative growth through a single apical cell. One genus in this order, Padina, is the only calcareous member of the brown algae.
Colpomenia is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Scytosiphonaceae.
The genus Umbraulva, which is a green alga within the Ulvaceae family, was proposed by Bae and Lee in 2001. Three additional species, including U. kuaweuweu, which was subsequently transferred to another genus, have been added to the genus since it originally had the three species that were initially examined to form the genus. Umbraulva species grow upon hard substrates, and inhabit deep subtidal areas. Species within this genus are widely distributed, and have been identified in Asia, Europe, Hawaii, and New Zealand. The morphological traits of Umbraulva vary among species, but commonly, Umbraulva are macroscopic with olive green blades containing the photosynthetic pigment siphonaxanthin. The blades are flattened and ellipsoid in shape, or are narrow and oval shaped, with perforations and/or lobes present throughout the blade. As Umbraulva often appear very similar in morphology to closely related groups, the main manner in which Umbraulva was differentiated from related groups was through the divergence of ITS and partial SSU rDNA sequences from those of other Ulva species. Umbraulva is closely related to Ulva, which due to wide distributions, high carbohydrate levels, and a lack of lignin, is a good candidate for use in biofuel, bioremediation, carbon sequestration, and animal feed production.
Turbinaria is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) found primarily in tropical marine waters. It generally grows on rocky substrates. In tropical Turbinaria species that are often preferentially consumed by herbivorous fishes and echinoids, there is a relatively low level of phenolics and tannins.
Lobophora is a genus of thalloid brown seaweed of the Phylum Ochrophyta; Class Phaeophyceae.
Hypnea is a genus of red algae, and a well known carrageenophyte.
Soranthera ulvoidea, sometimes called the studded sea balloon, is a species of brown algae in the family Chordariaceae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Soranthera. The generic name Soranthera is from the Greek soros (heap) and antheros (blooming). The specific epithet ulvoidea refers to certain resemblances the algae has with Ulva. The name in Japanese is 千島袋のり / ちしまふろくのり literally meaning "Kuril Islands bag nori".
Dictyota is a genus of brown seaweed in the family Dictyotaceae. Species are predominantly found in tropical and subtropical seas, and are known to contain numerous chemicals (diterpenes) which have potential medicinal value. As at the end of 2017, some 237 different diterpenes had been identified from across the genus.
Padina boergesenii, commonly known as the leafy rolled-blade alga, is a species of small brown alga found in the tropical and subtropical western Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. This seaweed was named in honour of the Danish botanist and phycologist Frederik Børgesen.
Saccharina dentigera is a species of brown algae, in the family Laminariaceae. It is native to shallow water in the northeastern Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of Alaska to Baja California.
Zanardinia is a monotypic genus of seaweed in the brown algae. The only species, Zanardinia typus, commonly known as penny weed, is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Padina japonica is a species of small brown alga found in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region.
Mesospora negrosensis is a species of macroalga occurring in the western Atlantic.
Mesospora is a genus of macroalgae that was described by Anna Weber-van Bosse in 1911. Although considered a taxonomic synonym of Hapalospongidion, the World Register of Marine Species cites six accepted species of the genus.
Sphacelaria is a genus of brown macroalgae in the family Sphacelariaceae.