Panagrolaimus superbus

Last updated

Panagrolaimus superbus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Secernentea
Order: Tylenchida
Family: Panagrolaimidae
Genus: Panagrolaimus
Species:
P. superbus
Binomial name
Panagrolaimus superbus
Fuchs, 1930 [1]

Panagrolaimus superbus is a species of terrestrial free-living nematode (roundworm). P. superbus, like other species within the Panagrolaimus genus, exhibits the ability to enter anhydrobiosis for extended periods of time. [2]

Contents

Ecology

P. superbus is a non-parasitic terrestrial bacterivore, commonly found on grasses such as rye. [3] [4] It is found in continental Europe, as well as Surtsey, Iceland. [5] [3]

Metabolism

In order to combat rapid desiccation, P. superbus has several constitutive genes that allow the accumulation of trehalose, even under normal metabolic circumstances, that acts as a protective layer and an intracellular protection mechanism. [5] [6] P. superbus also has several inducible genes that upregulate in response to desiccation, genes responsible for enzymes such as gpx, dj1 and 1 Cys-Prx to help scavenge and reduce reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein kinases that phosphorylate heat shock proteins such as Hsp27 to stabilise microfilaments, and casein kinase 2 that helps in DNA repair, among others. [7] P. superbus's ability to enter anhydriobiosis has given it polyextremotolerance, a tolerance of various extreme environments, being the first multi-cellular organism able to withstand immersion and reproduce in heavy water, albeit with a reduced metabolic rate, withstand immersion in gallium, and tolerate g-forces up to 400,000 times the Earth's. [8] [9] [10]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bdelloidea</span> Class of parthenogenetic freshwater rotifers

Bdelloidea is a class of rotifers found in freshwater habitats all over the world. There are over 450 described species of bdelloid rotifers, distinguished from each other mainly on the basis of morphology. The main characteristics that distinguish bdelloids from related groups of rotifers are exclusively parthenogenetic reproduction and the ability to survive in dry, harsh environments by entering a state of desiccation-induced dormancy (anhydrobiosis) at any life stage. They are often referred to as "ancient asexuals" due to their unique asexual history that spans back to over 25 million years ago through fossil evidence. Bdelloid rotifers are microscopic organisms, typically between 150 and 700 µm in length. Most are slightly too small to be seen with the naked eye, but appear as tiny white dots through even a weak hand lens, especially in bright light. In June 2021, biologists reported the restoration of bdelloid rotifers after being frozen for 24,000 years in the Siberian permafrost.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thymidine kinase</span> Enzyme found in most living cells

Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase : 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21. It can be found in most living cells. It is present in two forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. Certain viruses also have genetic information for expression of viral thymidine kinases. Thymidine kinase catalyzes the reaction:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptobiosis</span> Metabolic state of life

Cryptobiosis or anabiosis is a metabolic state in extremophilic organisms in response to adverse environmental conditions such as desiccation, freezing, and oxygen deficiency. In the cryptobiotic state, all measurable metabolic processes stop, preventing reproduction, development, and repair. When environmental conditions return to being hospitable, the organism will return to its metabolic state of life as it was prior to cryptobiosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octopamine</span> Group of stereoisomers

Octopamine (molecular formula C8H11NO2; also known as OA, and also norsynephrine, para-octopamine and others) is an organic chemical closely related to norepinephrine, and synthesized biologically by a homologous pathway. Octopamine is often considered the major "fight-or-flight" neurohormone of invertebrates. Its name is derived from the fact that it was first identified in the salivary glands of the octopus.

Hirschmanniella oryzae, i.e. rice root nematode (RRN), is among the major pests of rice and is the most common plant-parasitic nematode found on irrigated rice. Recent modifications in cultivation practices have led to a substantial increase in rice production, which has been accompanied by heightened levels of RRN. The proportional increases in RRN with rice production can be explained by the nematode's impeccable adaptation towards constantly flooded conditions in which irrigated rice is often being grown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anaplastic lymphoma kinase</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) also known as ALK tyrosine kinase receptor or CD246 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALK gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MKNK1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MKNK1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MKNK2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MKNK2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PFKFB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PFKFB1 gene.

Osmoprotectants or compatible solutes are small organic molecules with neutral charge and low toxicity at high concentrations that act as osmolytes and help organisms survive extreme osmotic stress. Osmoprotectants can be placed in three chemical classes: betaines and associated molecules, sugars and polyols, and amino acids. These molecules accumulate in cells and balance the osmotic difference between the cell's surroundings and the cytosol. In plants, their accumulation can increase survival during stresses such as drought. In extreme cases, such as in bdelloid rotifers, tardigrades, brine shrimp, and nematodes, these molecules can allow cells to survive being completely dried out and let them enter a state of suspended animation called cryptobiosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tardigrade</span> Phylum of microscopic animals, also known as water bears

Tardigrades, known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals. They were first described by the German zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze in 1773, who called them Kleiner Wasserbär. In 1777, the Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani named them Tardigrada, which means "slow steppers".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nematode</span> Phylum of worms with tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends

The nematodes, roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Most species are free-living, feeding on microorganisms, but there are many that are parasitic. The parasitic worms (helminths) are the cause of soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions. Plants and animals living in arid or periodically arid environments such as temporary streams or ponds may face the challenge of desiccation, therefore physiological or behavioral adaptations to withstand these periods are necessary to ensure survival. In particular, insects occupy a wide range of ecologically diverse niches and, so, exhibit a variety of strategies to avoid desiccation.

Polypedilum vanderplanki or the sleeping chironomid, is a dipteran in the family Chironomidae. It occurs in the semi-arid regions of the African continent. Its larvae are found in small tubular nests in the mud at the bottom of temporary pools that frequently dry out during the lifetime of P. vanderplanki larvae. Under these conditions, the larvae's body desiccates to as low as 3% water content by weight. In the dehydrated state the larvae become impervious to many extreme environmental conditions, and can survive temperatures from 3 K to up to 375 K, very high levels of gamma-rays, and exposure to vacuum. It is one of few metazoans that can withstand near complete desiccation (anhydrobiosis) in order to survive adverse environmental conditions. Slow desiccation enabled larvae to synthesize 38 μg trehalose/individual, and all of them recovered after rehydration, whereas larvae that were dehydrated 3 times faster accumulated only 6.8 μg trehalose/individual and none of them revived after rehydration. Late Embryo Abundant (LEA), anti-oxidant, and heat-shock proteins may also be involved in survival. This species is considered the most cold-tolerant insect species, able to survive liquid helium (−270 °C) exposure for up to 5 min. with a 100% survival rate when desiccated to 8% water content.

<i>Bursaphelenchus</i> Genus of roundworms

Bursaphelenchus is a genus of nematodes (roundworms) in the order Aphelenchida. Most are obligate mycophages, but some feed on wood, with two species, the red ring nematode and the pine wood nematode, economically significant as pests of coconut palms and of pine trees, respectively. Given that Bursaphelenchus species are usually hard to distinguish from one another except by trained nematologists with access to microscopes or DNA sequence analysis, the entire genus is put under quarantine in some countries. Where this is not the case however, these nematodes are becoming established as model organisms for nematode developmental biology, ecology and genetics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antarctic microorganism</span>

Antarctica is one of the most physically and chemically extreme terrestrial environments to be inhabited by lifeforms. The largest plants are mosses, and the largest animals that do not leave the continent are a few species of insects.

Pasteuria is a genus of mycelial and endospore-forming, nonmotile gram-positive bacteria that are obligate parasites of some nematodes and crustaceans. The genus of Pasteuria was previously classified within the family Alicyclobacillaceae, but has since been moved to the family Pasteuriaceae.

Paratrichodorus is a genus of terrestrial root feeding (stubby-root) nematodes in the Trichodoridae family (trichorids), being one of five genera. They are economically important plant parasites and virus vectors. The females are didelphic, and are distributed worldwide.

Panagrolaimus detritophagus is a terrestrial free-living nematode (roundworm). It has been reported in California, South America and Europe. It is the type species of the genus Panagrolaimus. In 2018, it, along with another nematode species became the first multicellular organism to be thawed back into a living state after prolonged cryopreservation. Pleistocene permafrost was obtained from the Kolyma River lowland, and thawed. The worms moved and ate after being thawed. They had been frozen for 30–40 thousand years, based on the age of that deposit.

Tardigrade specific proteins are types of intrinsically disordered proteins specific to tardigrades. These proteins help tardigrades survive desiccation, one of the adaptations which contribute to tardigrade's extremotolerant nature. Tardigrade specific proteins are strongly influenced by their environment, leading to adaptive malleability across a variety of extreme abiotic environments.

References

  1. "Panagrolaimus superbus". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  2. Shannon AJ, Tyson T, Dix I, et al. (19 June 2008). "Systemic RNAi mediated gene silencing in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus". BMC Molecular Biology . 9 (58): 58. doi: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-58 . PMC   2453295 . PMID   18565215.
  3. 1 2 Muschiol D, Traunspurger W (2007). "Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus sp. and Poikilolaimus sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania". Nematology . 9 (2): 271–284. doi:10.1163/156854107780739117 . Retrieved 8 November 2022 via EBSCO Information Services.
  4. Williams MS, Seraphin S (September 1998). "Heavy metal biomineralization in free-living nematodes, Panagrolaimus spp". Materials Science and Engineering C . 6 (1): 47–51. doi: 10.1016/S0928-4931(98)00034-4 .
  5. 1 2 Shannon AJ, Browne JA, Boyd J, et al. (15 June 2005). "The anhydrobiotic potential and molecular phylogenetics of species and strains of Panagrolaimus (Nematoda, Panagrolaimidae)". The Journal of Experimental Biology . 208 (12): 2433–2445. doi: 10.1242/jeb.01629 . PMID   15939782. S2CID   14863741 . Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  6. McGill LM, Shannon AJ, Pisani D, et al. (6 March 2015). Liang W (ed.). "Anhydrobiosis and Freezing-Tolerance: Adaptations That Facilitate the Establishment of Panagrolaimus Nematodes in Polar Habitats". PLOS One . 10 (3): e0116084. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1016084M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116084 . PMC   4352009 . PMID   25747673 . Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  7. Tyson T, Zamora GO, Wong S, et al. (26 January 2012). "A molecular analysis of desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus using expressed sequenced tags". BMC Research Notes . 5: 68. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-68 . PMC   3296651 . PMID   22281184.
  8. Souza TJ, Carli GJ, Pereira TC (28 March 2017). "Survival potential of the anhydrobiotic nematode Panagrolaimus superbus submitted to extreme abiotic stresses". ISJ-Invertebrate Survival Journal. 14 (1): 85–93. doi: 10.25431/1824-307X/isj.v14i1.85-93 . Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  9. Pereira TC, Giuliatti S, Contiliani DF, et al. (30 October 2022). "An Animal Able To Tolerate D2O". ChemBioChem . 22 (6): 988–991. doi:10.1002/cbic.202000642. PMID   33125805. S2CID   226218470 via Wiley.
  10. Contiliani DF, Ribeiro YA, Moraes VN, et al. (18 May 2020). "Panagrolaimus superbus tolerates hypoxia within Gallium metal cage: implications for the understanding of the phenomenon of anhydrobiosis". The Journal of Nematology. 52 (52): 1–6. doi:10.21307/jofnem-2020-046. PMC   7266057 . PMID   32421263.