Pandora (fungus)

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Pandora
Pandora neoaphidis.jpg
Myzus persicae killed by Pandora neoaphidis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Entomophthoromycota
Class: Entomophthoromycetes
Order: Entomophthorales
Family: Entomophthoraceae
Genus: Pandora
R. A. Humber, 1984 [1]
Synonyms
  • Erynia (Neopandora) Ben-Ze’ev & Kenneth 1982

Pandora is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales. [2] This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012). [3]

It was initially formed by Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933-1997), as a subgenus of Zoophthora. [4] Then American mycologist Richard A. Humber raised it to the genus level. [1] The genus name of Pandora is derived from the Latin word pando which means “to become curved” or “to sag” and the generic suffix “ra” thus describing conidia, which are often with weakly outlined bilateral symmetry. They are on one side (abdominal) slightly flattened and on the opposite (dorsal) side, more convex, on the third (lateral) side, they are somewhat curved towards the abdominal side and slightly asymmetrical. [4]

It has a cosmopolitan distribution. [5]

It is best known by its representative Pandora neoaphidis, which acts as an obligate pathogen in various species of aphids. It is a widespread species that is often found to be the most common fungal insect pathogen on the local aphid community (e.g. in surveys from Argentina, [6] Slovakia, [7] and China. [8] ). It has therefore been the subject of study for biological control. Including usage on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) which predates on spinach (Spinacea oleraceaL.) in Arkansas, America. Up to 95 species of the aphid (world-wide) have been found to be infected by the fungus. From places such as France (Rabasse et al. 1983), Mexico (Remaudiere and Hennebert, 1980), Portugal and Spain (Humber, 1986) and also Japan (Kobayashi et al.,1984). [9] Panicum miliaceum or broomcorn millets were trialled in 2003 as a production base (within labs) for the fungus. [10] However, difficulty with mass production of infectious spores in vitro and the viable formulation and storage into an easily applicable commercial product has halted their direct use as a biological control in 2012. [11]

There is limited evidence that the ladybird Harmonia axyridis , which is invasive in America and Europe, has an advantage over native ladybird species because it feeds more on Pandora-infested aphid cadavers. [12]

Pandora formicae(Humber & Bałazy) Humber is a rare example of the entomophthoralean fungus that has adapted to exclusively infect social insects, such as the wood ant Formica polyctena . The proportion of dead ant bodies with resting spores increased from late summer throughout autumn, which suggests that these fungal spores are the main overwintering fungal structures. [13]

Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (ARSEF13372) is a recently isolated fungus species with high potential for usage in psyllid pest control. Experiments in biomass production are being studied for usefulness. [14]

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum; [15]

Former species; [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Beauveria bassiana</i> Species of fungus

Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the group of entomopathogenic fungi. It is used as a biological insecticide to control a number of pests, including termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and various beetles. Its use in the control of bed bugs and malaria-transmitting mosquitos is under investigation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthorales</span> Order of fungi

The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes. A new subdivision, Entomophthoromycotina, in 2007, was circumscribed for them.

<i>Entomophthora</i> Genus of fungi

Entomophthora is a fungal genus in the family Entomophthoraceae. Species in this genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. The genus was circumscribed by German physician Johann Baptist Georg Wolfgang Fresenius (1808–1866) in 1856.

<i>Myzus persicae</i> Aphid of peach, potato, other crops

Myzus persicae, known as the green peach aphid, greenfly, or the peach-potato aphid, is a small green aphid belonging to the order Hemiptera. It is the most significant aphid pest of peach trees, causing decreased growth, shrivelling of the leaves and the death of various tissues. It also acts as a vector for the transport of plant viruses such as cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), potato virus Y (PVY) and tobacco etch virus (TEV). Potato virus Y and potato leafroll virus can be passed to members of the nightshade/potato family (Solanaceae), and various mosaic viruses to many other food crops.

<i>Entomophaga maimaiga</i> Species of fungus

Entomophaga maimaiga is a Japanese fungus which has shown striking success in managing spongy moth populations in North America.

<i>Entomophaga</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Entomophaga is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family and also the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoromycota</span> Division of fungi

Entomophthoromycota is a division of kingdom fungi. In 2007, it was placed at the taxonomic rank of subphylum in the most recent revision of the entire fungus kingdom. In 2012, it was raised to the rank of phylum as "Entomophthoromycota" in a scientific paper by Richard A. Humber 2012. Divided into three classes and six families, it contains over 250 species that are mostly arthropod pathogens or soil- and litter-borne saprobes.

Zoophthora is a genus of fungi in the family Entomophthoraceae. Like other taxa in this family, Zoophthora species cause disease in insects and as such are considered entomopathogenic fungi.

<i>Sitobion avenae</i> Species of true bug

Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants. It lives on grasses, sedge and rushes and can be a significant pest of cereals.

<i>Botanophila fugax</i> Species of fly

Botanophila fugax is a species of fly in the family Anthomyiidae. It is found in the Palearctic. The larva is a stem borer.

Erynia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Massospora</i> Genus of fungi

Massospora is a genus of fungi in the Entomophthoraceae family, within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entomophthoraceae</span> Family of fungi

Entomophthoraceae is a family of fungi in the order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most species in the family are obligately entomopathogenic. There are two subfamilies, Erynioideae and Entomophthoroideae, which were proposed in 2005.

Aschersonia aleyrodis is a fungal pathogen affecting various species of insect. It has been shown to control the silverleaf whitefly in laboratory and greenhouse conditions.

Strongwellsea is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. They are known to infect insects. Infected adult dipteran hosts develop a large hole in their abdomens, through which conidia (spores) are then actively discharged while the hosts are still alive.

Tarichium is a genus of fungi within the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

<i>Furia</i> (fungus) Genus of fungi

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Batkoa is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Eryniopsis is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales. This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Meristacrum is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Meristacraceae, of the order Entomophthorales. They are parasites of soil invertebrates, they typically infect nematodes, and tardigrades.

References

  1. 1 2 Humber, R. A. 1984. Mycotaxon, 21, 257-264.
  2. Elya, Carolyn; De Fine Licht, Henrik H. (12 November 2021). "The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century &". IMA Fungus. 12 (34).
  3. Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026
  4. 1 2 Batko, A. 1966. Acta Mycologica, 2, 15-21.
  5. "Pandora Humber". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  6. Scorsetti AC, Humber RA, Garcia JJ, López-LastraCC (2007). "Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fungi (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) of aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) pests of horticultural crops in Argentina. BioControl". Biocontrol. 52: 641–55.
  7. Barta, Marek; Cagáň, L’udovít (2006). "Observations on the Occurrence of Entomophthorales Infecting Aphids (Aphidoidea) in Slovakia". BioControl. 51 (6): 795–808. doi:10.1007/s10526-006-9007-7. ISSN   1386-6141.
  8. Li, Wei; Sheng, Cheng-Fa (2007). "Occurrence and distribution of entomophthoralean fungi infecting aphids in mainland China". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 17 (4): 433–439. doi:10.1080/09583150701213802. ISSN   0958-3157.
  9. Elkassabany, N. M.; Steinkraus, D. C.; McLeod, P. J.; Correll, J. C.; Morelock, T. E. (April 1992). "Pandora neoaphidis (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae): A Potential Biological Control Agent against Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Spinach". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 65 (2): 196–199.
  10. Hua, Li; Feng, Ming-Guang (24 October 2003). "New use of broomcorn millets for production of granular cultures of aphid-pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis for high sporulation potential and infectivity to Myzus persicae". FEMS Microbiol Lett. 227 (2): 311–7. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00711-0 .
  11. Vega FE, Meyling NV, Luangsa-ard JJ, Blackwell M (2012) Chapter 6—fungal entomopathogens. In: Vega FE, Kaya HK (eds) Insect pathology, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 171–220
  12. Roy, H. E.; Baverstock, J.; Ware, R. L.; Clark, S. J.; Majerus, M. E. N.; Baverstock, K. E.; Pell, J. K. (2008). "Intraguild predation of the aphid pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis by the invasive coccinellid Harmonia axyridis". Ecological Entomology. 33 (2): 175–182. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2007.00954.x. ISSN   0307-6946.
  13. 1 2 Małagocka, Joanna; Bruun Jensen, Annette; Eilenberg, Jørgen (February 2017). "Pandora formicae, a specialist ant pathogenic fungus: New insights into biology and taxonomy". J. Invertebr. Pathol. 143: 108–114. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2016.12.007.
  14. Muskat, Linda C.; Przyklenk, Michael; Humbert, Pascal; Eilenberg, Jørgen; Patel, Anant V. (25 April 2022). "Fermentation of the psyllid-pathogenic fungus Pandora sp. nov. inedit. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae)". Biocontrol Science and Technology. 32 (5): 564–585. doi:10.1080/09583157.2022.2035680.
  15. 1 2 "Pandora - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 29 December 2022.