| Paralepista | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Paralepista flaccida | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Tricholomataceae |
| Genus: | Paralepista Raitelh. (1981) |
| Type species | |
| Paralepista flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini (2012) | |
Paralepista is a genus of mushrooms in family Tricholomataceae. Until 2012, its member species were generally assigned either to Lepista or to Clitocybe .
There have long been differing opinions as to how mushrooms which were assigned to genus Lepista (sometimes also placed in genus Clitocybe ) should be classified. The fungi in question all have a white or slightly pink/yellow spore print, finely warty spores, and easily separable gills. [1] [2] In 1981 Jörg H. Raithelhuber identified as separate a subgroup having very crowded strongly decurrent gills and spores which are oval in section to almost spherical, including Lepista flaccida and Lepista gilva. He proposed this subgroup as a new genus Paralepista. [2] [3] In the following years it was recognized at the level of a subgenus (also called "Lepista section Inversae" or "Lepista sect. Gilva), but not as a genus. [1] [2]
Then in 2012 Alfredo Vizzini and Enrico Ercole published a paper which confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis that these mushrooms are a separate clade from other parts of Lepista and Clitocybe. The paper includes a detailed phylogram covering relevant species. Accordingly Vizzini again put forward Raithelhuber's name Paralepista at the genus level, together with a list of the species names which should belong to the genus. [2] The new genus is recognized by Species Fungorum, [4] and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. [5]
Paralepista shares the following characteristics with Lepista . [2]
The following features distinguish Paralepista from other Lepista fungi.
See Vizzini [2] and Species Fungorum for a complete list of species. "Basionym year" means the date of the original description of the species under its present specific name, whichever genus it belonged to at the time.
| Name, author & date | Principal synonym(s) | Basionym year | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| P. ameliae (Arcang.) Vizzini (2012) | Lepista ameliae | 1889 | Yellow cap, found in Mediterranean region, Italy, Southern Germany. [6] [7] |
| P. concentrica Raithelh. (1996) | Lepista concentrica (Raithelh.) Consiglio & Contu (2003) | 1996 | Lepista, not Paralepista, is the preferred genus of this species. |
| P. flaccida (Sowerby) Vizzini (2012) | Lepista flaccida, Lepista inversa, Clitocybe flaccida, Clitocybe inversa | 1799 | Common in Europe, sometimes regarded as two species. See the P. flaccida page for more details. This is the type species. [2] |
| P. gilva (Pers.) Vizzini (2012) | Clitocybe gilva, Lepista gilva | 1801 | Yellowish cap, often spotted, quite common in Europe. [6] [7] |
| P. inversa (Scop.) Raithelh. (1981) | Lepista inversa [8] | 1772 | Generally considered to be part of P. flaccida, see the page of that species for more details. |
| P. lentiginosa (Fr.) Vizzini (2012) | Agaricus lentiginosus | 1838 | There is a currently known mushroom named Lepista lentiginosa (Fr.) Bresinsky (1977), [9] but this belongs in genus Lepista, not Paralepista. Vizzini's Paralepista lentiginosa refers to a definition which is no longer identifiable. [10] |
Clitocybe is a genus of mushrooms characterized by white, off-white, buff, cream, pink, or light-yellow spores, gills running down the stem, and pale white to brown or lilac coloration. They are primarily saprotrophic, decomposing forest ground litter. There are estimated to be around 300 species in the widespread genus.
Collybia nuda, commonly known as the blewit or wood blewit and previously described as Lepista nuda and Clitocybe nuda, is an edible mushroom native to Europe and North America. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790, it was also known as Tricholoma nudum for many years. It is found in both coniferous and deciduous woodlands. It is a fairly distinctive mushroom that is widely eaten. It has been cultivated in Britain, the Netherlands and France. This species was reassigned to the genus Collybia in 2023.
Lepista is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the widespread genus contains approximately 50 species. In 1969, Howard Bigelow and Alex H. Smith designated the group as subgenus of Clitocybe.
Entoloma sinuatum is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to 20 cm (7.9 in) across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.
Collybia personata is a species of edible fungus commonly found growing in grassy areas across Europe and is morphologically related to the wood blewit. This mushroom was moved to the genus Collybia in 2023.
Clitocybe nebularis or Lepista nebularis, commonly known as the clouded agaric, cloudy clitocybe, or cloud funnel, is an abundant gilled fungus which appears both in conifer-dominated forests and broad-leaved woodland in Europe and North America. Appearing in Britain from mid to late autumn, it is edible, but may cause gastrointestinal issues.
Clitocybe rivulosa, commonly known as the false champignon or fool's funnel, is a poisonous basidiomycete fungus of the large genus Clitocybe. One of several species similar in appearance, it is a small white funnel-shaped toadstool widely found in lawns, meadows and other grassy areas in Europe and North America. Also known as the sweating mushroom, it derives this name from the symptoms of poisoning. It contains potentially deadly levels of muscarine.
Paralepistopsis acromelalga is a basidiomycete fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It was formerly classified as Clitocybeacromelalga.
Paralepistopsis amoenolens is an agaric fungus in the Tricholomataceae family. It is commonly known as the paralysis funnel.
Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophic mushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindrical stipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts. Melanoleuca is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species. DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to Amanita and Pluteus and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae.
Aspropaxillus giganteus, also Leucopaxillus giganteus, commonly known as the giant leucopax or the giant funnel, is a saprobic species of fungus in the order Agaricales. As its common names imply, the fruit body, or mushroom, can become quite large—the cap reaches diameters of up to 50 cm (20 in). It has a white or pale cream cap, and is funnel-shaped when mature, with the gills running down the length of the stem. Considered by some to be a choice edible when young, this species has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is typically found growing in groups or rings in grassy pastures, roadside hedges, or woodland clearings. It has been shown to contain a bioactive compound with antibiotic properties.
Infundibulicybe is a genus of fungi that is robustly placed incertae sedis as sister group to the Tricholomatoid clade. It has previously been part of the family of Tricholomataceae, but recent molecular phylogeny has shown it to take an isolated position within the Agaricales.
Clitocybula is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Porotheleaceae but was originally classified within Marasmiaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Georges Métrod in 1952. Species in the genus are commonly known as "coincaps".
Clitocybe brumalis, commonly known as the winter funnel cap, brumalis signifying "wintry", is an inedible mushroom of the genus Clitocybe. It grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, only in winter; sometimes even under snow.
Paralepista flaccida is a species of mushroom found across the Northern Hemisphere. It is known to form fairy rings.
Leucocybe is a recently defined mushroom genus in the family Tricholomataceae. The species resemble Clitocybe and grow in forests or disturbed areas.
Atractosporocybe is a mushroom genus in the family Tricholomataceae in the broad sense. The type species resembles Clitocybe and grows in forests.
Pleurotus cornucopiae is a species of edible fungus in the genus Pleurotus, It is quite similar to the better-known Pleurotus ostreatus, and like that species is cultivated and sold in markets in Europe and China, but it is distinguished because its gills are very decurrent, forming a network on the stem.
Infundibulicybe gibba, and commonly known as the common funnel or funnel cap, is a species of gilled mushroom which is common in European woods.
Paralepistopsis is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae.