Tricholomataceae

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Tricholomataceae
Temporal range: Turonian–recent
Gaska zielonka 4163586757.jpg
Tricholoma flavovirens , near Wellfleet, Massachusetts, USA
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
R.Heim ex Pouzar (1983)
Type genus
Tricholoma
(Fr.) Staude (1857)
Genera
56

The Tricholomataceae are a large family of fungi within the order Agaricales. Originally a classic "wastebasket taxon", the family included any white-, yellow-, or pink-spored genera in the Agaricales not already classified as belonging to e.g. the Amanitaceae, Lepiotaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Pluteaceae, or Entolomataceae.

Contents

The name derives from the Greek trichos (τριχος) meaning hair and loma (λωμα) meaning fringe or border, although not all members display this feature. [2]

The name "Tricholomataceae" is seen as having validity in describing Tricholoma and other genera that form part of a monophyletic family including Tricholoma. To that end, the International Botanical Congress has voted on two occasions (1988 and 2006) to conserve the name "Tricholomataceae" against competing names. [3] This decision does not invalidate the use of segregate families from the Tricholomataceae, but simply validates the continued use of Tricholomataceae. [4]

Taxonomy

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has greatly aided the demarcation of clear monophyletic groups among the Tricholomataceae. So far, some of these groups have been defined cladistically rather than being defined as formal Linnean taxa, though there have been several cases in which older proposed segregates from the Tricholomataceae have been validated by evidence coming from molecular phylogenetics. As of 2006, validly published families segregated from the Tricholomataceae include the Hydnangiaceae, Lyophyllaceae, Marasmiaceae, Mycenaceae, Omphalotaceae, Physalacriaceae, and Pleurotaceae.

In 2014 a study recovered seven monophyletic genera within the Tricholomataceae: Leucopaxillus , Tricholoma , Pseudotricholoma , Porpoloma s.str, Dennisiomyces , Corneriella , and Albomagister . [5] The aim of the study was to delimit the highly polyphyletic Tricholomataceae, and identify monophyletic groups within the tricholomatoid clade, which includes the families Tricholomataceae, Entolomataceae, and Lyophyllaceae. [6] [7] According to this study there have been several different ways of distributing Porpoloma, which is highly polyphyletic. This study suggests that the genus is distributed in four groups within the Trichlomatoid clade; Porpoloma s.str, Corneriella, Pseudotricholoma. and Pogonoloma .

Some species of fungus-growing ants in the genus Apterostigma cultivate species of Tricholomataceae. [8] [9]

The extinct genus Archaeomarasmius , described from Turonian-age New Jersey amber, [1] is one of four known genera of Agaricales in the fossil record. [10]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agaricales</span> Order of mushrooms

The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. As originally conceived, the order contained all the agarics, but subsequent research has shown that not all agarics are closely related and some belong in other orders, such as the Russulales and Boletales. Conversely, DNA research has also shown that many non-agarics, including some of the clavarioid fungi and gasteroid fungi belong within the Agaricales. The order has 46 extant families, more than 400 genera, and over 25,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. Species in the Agaricales range from the familiar Agaricus bisporus and the deadly Amanita virosa to the coral-like Clavaria zollingeri and bracket-like Fistulina hepatica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marasmiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Marasmiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Basidiocarps are most frequently agarics, but occasionally cyphelloid. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contained 54 genera and 1590 species, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has led to a more restricted family concept, so that the Marasmiaceae included just 13 genera, and some 1205 species. It was reduced further down in 2020, to 10 genera and about 700 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hygrophoraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics, including Hygrophorus and Hygrocybe species, DNA evidence has extended the limits of the family, so it now contains not only agarics, but also basidiolichens and corticioid fungi. Species are thus diverse and are variously ectomycorrhizal, lichenized, associated with mosses, or saprotrophic. The family contains 34 genera and over 1000 species. None is of any great economic importance, though fruit bodies of some Hygrocybe and Hygrophorus species are considered edible and may be collected for sale in local markets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Entolomataceae</span> Family of fungi

The Entolomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. The family contains eight genera and 2250 species, the majority of which are in Entoloma. Basidiocarps are typically agaricoid, but a minority are cyphelloid. secotioid, or gasteroid. All produce pink basidiospores that are variously angular (polyhedral), ridged, or nodulose. Species are mostly saprotrophic, though a few are parasitic on other fungi. The family occurs worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hymenogastraceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hymenogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Agaricales with both agaric and false-truffle shaped fruitbodies. Formerly, prior to molecular analyses, the family was restricted to the false-truffle genera. The mushroom genus Psilocybe in the Hymenogastraceae is now restricted to the hallucinogenic species while nonhallucinogenic former species are largely in the genus Deconica classified in the Strophariaceae.

<i>Melanoleuca</i> Genus of fungi

Melanoleuca is a poorly known genus of saprotrophic mushrooms traditionally classified in the family Tricholomataceae. Most are small to medium sized, white, brown, ocher or gray with a cylindrical to subcylindrical stipe and white to pale yellowish gills. The basidiospores are ellipsoid and ornamented with amyloid warts. Melanoleuca is considered a difficult group to study due to their macroscopic similarities among species and the need of a thorough microscopic analysis to separate species. DNA studies have determined that this genus is closely related to Amanita and Pluteus and that it does not belong to the family Tricholomataceae.

<i>Pholiota</i> Genus of mushrooms

Pholiota is a genus of small to medium-sized, fleshy mushrooms in the family Strophariaceae. They are saprobes that typically live on wood. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in temperate regions, and contains about 150 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Atheliaceae</span> Family of fungi

Atheliaceae is a family of corticioid fungi placed under the monotypic order Atheliales. Both the order and the family were described by Walter Jülich in 1981. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 20 genera and approximately 100 species. However, many genera formerly considered to belong in the Atheliaceae have since been moved to other families, including Amylocorticiaceae, Albatrellaceae, and Hygrophoraceae. Despite being a relatively small group with inconspicuous forms, Atheliaceae members show great diversity in life strategies and are widespread in distribution. Additionally, being a group strictly composed of corticioid fungi, they may also provide insights on the evolution of fruiting body forms in basidiomycetes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycenaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Mycenaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi, the family contains 10 genera and 705 species. This is one of several families that were separated from the Tricholomataceae as a result of phylogenetic analyses. Taxa in the Mycenaceae are saprobic, have a cosmopolitan distribution, and are found in almost all ecological zones. The family was circumscribed by Caspar van Overeem in 1926.

<i>Infundibulicybe</i> Genus of fungi

Infundibulicybe is a genus of fungi that is robustly placed incertae sedis as sister group to the Tricholomatoid clade. It has previously been part of the family of Tricholomataceae, but recent molecular phylogeny has shown it to take an isolated position within the Agaricales.

<i>Pseudoomphalina</i> Genus of fungi

Pseudoomphalina is a genus of fungi in the placed in the family Tricholomataceae for convenience. The genus contains six species that are widespread in northern temperate areas. Pseudoomphalina was circumscribed by Rolf Singer in 1956. Pseudoomphalina was found to be paraphyletic to Neohygrophorus in a molecular phylogenetics study and since Pseudoomphalina is an older name, Neohygrophyorus was synonymized with it. The type species of Neohygrophorus was Neohygrophorus angelesianus, now Pseudoomphalina angelesiana. In earlier classifications based on anatomy prior to DNA sequence-based classifications, its unusual combination of features led taxonomists to independently create two subgenera in two genera: Hygrophorus subg. Pseudohygrophorus and Clitocybe subg. Mutabiles; the latter based on Neohygrophorus angelesianus but described under a new species name which is now placed in synonymy, Clitocybe mutabilis. All species of Pseudoomphalina are united by the presence of clamp-connections in their hyphae, an interwoven gill trama and amyloid spores. Pseudoomphalina angelesiana possesses grey-violaceous pigments that turn red in alkali solutions and lacks filiform, hyphal sterile elements in its hymenium and stipitipellis. These were features used to distinguish it from Pseudoomphalina as a genus, but Pseudoomphalina umbrinopurpurascens possesses these same pigments and the filiform elements of Pseudoomphalina. Molecular phylogenetics studies have also found some former species of Pseudoomphalina to belong in other genera. Pseudoomphalina pachyphylla was moved to its own genus, Pseudolaccaria, and Pseudoomphalina clusiliformis was synonymized with it. Pseudoomphalina flavoaurantia and Pseudoomphalina lignicola were found to belong in Clitocybula. Phylogenetically, Pseudoomphalina is in a tricholomatoid clade but not in the Tricholomataceae.

Aureofungus is an extinct monotypic genus of gilled fungus in the order Agaricales. At present it contains the single species Aureofungus yaniguaensis.

<i>Protomycena</i> Extinct genus of fungi

Protomycena is an extinct monotypic genus of gilled fungus in the family Mycenaceae, of order Agaricales. At present it contains the single species Protomycena electra, known from a single specimen collected in an amber mine in the Cordillera Septentrional area of the Dominican Republic. The fruit body of the fungus has a convex cap that is 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter, with distantly spaced gills on the underside. The curved stipe is smooth and cylindrical, measuring 0.75 mm (0.030 in) thick by 10 mm (0.39 in) long, and lacks a ring. It resembles extant species of the genus Mycena. Protomycena is one of only five known agaric fungus species known in the fossil record and the second to be described from Dominican amber.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Porotheleaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Porotheleaceae are a family of saprotrophic, mainly wood-decay fungi in the order Agaricales that are primarily agarics, but also include cyphelloid fungi. The family had been informally cited in the literature as the 'hydropoid' clade. The type genus, Porotheleum, was placed in the phylogenetically defined clade in 2002 but the clade was more strongly supported in 2006 though without including Porotheleum. Its sister group is the Cyphellaceae, both in the 'marasmioid clade'. Some included taxa are cultivated by ants. More recently the family was recognized in three analyses that included Porotheleum.

<i>Albomagister</i> Genus of fungi

Albomagister is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. The genus contains just one named species known from Tennessee and North Carolina, however two other undescribed species have been sequenced. Albomagister was described by mycologists Marisol Sánchez-García, Joshua Birkebak & P. Brandon Matheny in 2014 with Albomagister subaustralis as the type species.

Pogonoloma is a mushroom genus in the family Tricholomataceae in a broad sense. The genus contains two species known from Europe. Pogonoloma was described first as a subgenus of the genus Porpoloma but recent molecular evidence separates the two by several other genera, with Porpoloma remaining within a smaller family Tricholomataceae.

Pseudotricholoma metapodium is a species of agaric in the family Tricholomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of mealy meadowcap. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the mealy meadowcap being assessed as globally "endangered" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

References

  1. 1 2 Hibbett, D.S.; Grimaldi, D.S.; Donoghue, M.J. (1997). "Fossil mushrooms from Miocene and Cretaceous ambers and the evolution of Homobasidiomycetes". American Journal of Botany. 84 (8): 981–991. doi: 10.2307/2446289 . JSTOR   2446289.
  2. ↑ Nilson, Sven; Olle Persson (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 2: Gill-Fungi. Penguin. p. 24. ISBN   978-0-14-063006-0.
  3. ↑ (Redhead 2003, McNeill, et al. 2006)
  4. ↑ (Young, 2002)
  5. ↑ Sánchez-García et al, 2014
  6. ↑ Matheny et al., 2006
  7. ↑ Binder et al.,2010
  8. ↑ Mueller, U. G.; Schultz, T. R.; Currie, C. R.; Adams, R. M.; Malloch, D. (June 2001). "The origin of the attine ant-fungus mutualism". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 76 (2): 169–197. doi:10.1086/393867. ISSN   0033-5770. PMID   11409051. S2CID   19465007.
  9. ↑ Villesen, Palle; Mueller, Ulrich G.; Schultz, Ted R.; Adams, Rachelle M. M.; Bouck, Amy C. (October 2004). "Evolution of ant-cultivar specialization and cultivar switching in Apterostigma fungus-growing ants". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 58 (10): 2252–2265. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01601.x . ISSN   0014-3820. PMID   15562688.
  10. ↑ Hibbett, D.S.; et al. (2003). "Another fossil agaric from Dominican Amber". Mycologia. 95 (4): 685–687. doi:10.2307/3761943. JSTOR   3761943. PMID   21148976.(subscription required)
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